荒漠啮齿类共存机制

自从“竞争排斥”理论被提出以来,生态相似物种在同一空间的共存机制一直是群落生物学研究中的焦点之一。关于这个问题的研究涉及许多不同类型的动物群落。本文综述了国内外相关荒漠啮齿群落物共存机制的研究。     

短花针茅荒漠草原斑块尺度物种多样性及其共存格局

阐明斑块尺度上物种共存格局,对于深入认识荒漠草原破碎化草地生物多样性的维持机理具有重要意义。按斑块的土壤生境退化程度,选取短花针茅荒漠草原3类典型群落斑块为研究对象,对比分析不同斑块的物种构成、多样性及物种间的共存关系格局。结果表明：① 斑块A属单优种短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）群落;斑块B为短花针茅+草木樨状黄耆（Astragalus melilotoides）群落;斑块C为苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）+老瓜头（Cynanchum komarovii）+猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）群落。② 群落结构中斑块A和斑块B多样性相近,均高于无短花针茅生长的斑块C。③ 基于零模型的分析结果显示,物种共存格局的复杂性和强度为：斑块A>斑块B>斑块C,且下降趋势明显,斑块A存在的16组显著物种对中有4组为显著竞争关系,而斑块C中的物种对减少到7组,且仅存在猪毛蒿与苦豆子组显著竞争物种对。结论：表明未沙化的土壤生境斑块是荒漠草原破碎化草地生物多样性维持的一个重要前提,土壤生境的退化显著降低了斑块内部群落组织的复杂性和物种间相互作用的强度,不利于群落的自我维持。     

绿洲生态系统的群落特征——以荒漠河岸林生态系统为例

以胡杨为代表的荒漠河岸林生态系统的群落组成及结构特征 ,反映了干旱区天然绿洲的独特景观。它们主要依靠洪水泛滥形成的有利自然地理环境而生存 ,气候背景及地形地貌所影响的水盐、水热的时空分布差异 ,是群落演替的主要原因。绿洲的生态安全受区域地质背景和地貌格局的控制 ,也受到气候条件的制约。自然界的各种物理的、化学的和生物的相互作用 ,对于绿洲的发育和发展具有决定性的作用 ,人类的社会经济活动对绿洲的演化起着加速和促进的作用。应以保护生物多样性为核心 ,以水资源的合理利用为出发点 ,保证生态用水 ,遵循生态学原理和群落演替规律 ,进行绿洲系统的生态建设。     

乡村生态学研究的尺度与等级特征

乡村生态学 ( Village ecology)的尺度和等级特征依赖一定空间区域 ,不同尺度所研究村落的特征也不尽相同 ,空间尺度的大小很大程度上决定于所研究村落的复杂性、稳定性及特征。在特定的空间尺度下 ,乡村的组成要素随着时间尺度的变化而变化 ,但变化速率受空间尺度大小的制约。乡村生态学研究具有等级结构 ,空间尺度决定所研究单元的等级位置。行政村 (中心村 )和自然村 (自然屯 )是乡村生态学研究的基本尺度     

景观格局定量分析中的不确定性

景观生态学作为一门交叉学科,随着遥感与地理信息系统的发展,景观格局定量分析成了景观生态研究中的重要数量方法。景观格局定量分析方法作为研究景观结构组成特征和空间配置关系的重要方法,它的不确定性制约着景观生态学的发展及在实践中的指导作用。克服定量分析过程中的不确定性是景观生态学一个重要的研究课题。从景观格局定量分析的数据源、方法和全过程与解释,阐明不确定性在不同分析阶段的产生、传递和累积,探讨不确定性的解决方法。     

荒漠河岸林生态系统的结构分析

在以塔里木河为中心的荒漠河岸林生态系统中，植物种类及生活型单一；动物种群不够丰富，荒漠环境下的微生物种群在河岸林风沙土中，细菌，放线菌及真菌数量分别占63.1%,26.8%和10.1%，在柽柳根际土壤中，细菌及放线菌分别占96.74%和3.26%，而胡杨根际土壤中则全部为真菌，生物种群的这种特点，决定了荒漠生态系统中生态过程的特殊性，生产用水及生态用水的矛盾长期得到解决，造成了天然植被衰退，土壤干旱，盐渍化，沙漠化发展，加之大风及沙尘暴频繁，生态环境脆弱特征明显，以胡杨为建群种的荒漠生态系统的组成群落十分多样，随着系统内的水文，土壤，植被，地形及气候条件的相应更替，群落的结构及组成也自然要随之变化，最终一种生态系统将为不同群落生态系统所替代，以水资源为中心，大力营造生态工程，优化系统结构，实午动态监测与管理，实现荒漠河岸林生态系统的可持纽发展。     

替代稳态下阜康北部荒漠生态弹性的时空格局

替代稳态下的荒漠生态系统生态弹性反映了系统承受环境干扰后的恢复能力，这对认识荒漠生态系统过程具有重要的理论意义。当前研究主要集中在湖泊和森林生态系统，而有关荒漠生态系统弹性的研究普遍未考虑替代稳态，也鲜有考虑弹性的时间变化。本研究以阜康北部的古尔班通古特沙漠南缘至沙漠腹地样带为例，运用2001年1月至2020年12月的MODIS全球植被指数遥感数据，采用BFAST(Breaks for Additive Season and Trend)和状态空间建模对数据进行处理和提取，通过不同状态的退出时间量化得出不同时段替代稳态条件下的生态弹性，同时根据计算结果分析了该地区生态弹性时空演变特征及其影响机制。研究结果表明：（1）研究区弹性+和弹性-整体呈现先下降后上升的趋势，但沙漠边缘至腹地空间差异显著。（2）生态弹性对降水变化存在滞后响应。（3）降水季节变化的差异会降低降水量与生态弹性之间的相关性。综上所述，生态弹性的空间分布总体受降水格局控制，但立地条件导致的植被空间异质性增加了生态弹性空间分布的复杂性，而生态弹性与降水变化的关系取决于植被群落构成、植物对降水变化响应、降水量变化趋势和季节分布...     

沙冬青属[Ammopiptanthus（Maxim．）Chenf．]植物群落特征分析

通过对珍稀濒危的沙冬青属2种沙冬青群落的区系组成、生活型、生态型组成、群落中物种恒有度、群落结构、多度、盖度特征的对比研究，发现其群落组成均以藜科、菊科、豆科占优势，以温带分布和泛地中海分布为主，且早生的多年生草本、半灌木等比重较大，均表现出草原化荒漠的特点，群落结构中灌木层和草本层明显，具较强的相似性；二者共有科、属虽较多，但共有种数少，群落中常见种不同，蒙古沙冬青群落物种组成和区系组成比新疆沙冬青丰富，结构也较复杂，群落类型较多，多度和盖度也大，但均一性较差；新疆沙冬青群落早化程度较高。从整体上看，2种沙冬青群落结构简单，物种多样性较低，多度、盖度不高，很容易受到破坏，新疆沙冬青群落比蒙古沙冬青群落更容易被破坏。     

典型黄土残塬沟壑区啮齿动物群落分布格局及其时空动态

为研究典型黄土残塬沟壑区啮齿动物群落的分布格局及其对环境变化的响应，于1990—2020年对山西省隰县林草区、沟底作物区、塬面作物区和塬面果园区4种不同样区的啮齿动物群落进行调查，分析不同时间段啮齿动物的群落结构、多样性特征和空间生态位。结果显示，研究期间隰县啮齿动物整体密度呈高—低—高的趋势，由1990—1994年的12.71%逐步下降到2005—2009年的3.39%，之后又上升至2015—2020年的7.83%；作物区的啮齿动物群落多样性特征与林草区、塬面果园区的多样性特征有显著差异，而沟底作物区和塬面作物区的啮齿动物群落多样性特征无显著差异；不同啮齿动物间的Pianka空间生态位重叠指数显示啮齿动物对环境资源的需求和利用有一定的差异性。表明生境类型会影响啮齿动物群落的分布格局，而环境的变化是导致其格局变化的重要因素。     

塔里木盆地东南缘绿洲鼠类群落的空间配置

鼠类群落是在长期进化中,各种鼠类对栖息地选择、适应和种间生存竞争的结果,是整个生物群落的重要组成部分,对决定整个生态系统的结构和功能起着重要的作用。近年,国内对高寒荒漠(刘季科1979)、温带草原(钟文勤等,1981,周庆强等,1982)、北方丘陵山地(张洁,1984)、南方山地(洪朝长,1987)、热带森林(吴德林等,1988)的鼠类群落进行了研究,然而缺乏地带景观中不同隐域性鼠类群落的比较研究。1989年4—6月,我们对塔里木盆地东南缘公路沿线诸绿洲逐一考察,结合新疆综合考察(钱燕文等,1965)和新疆地方病研究所的调查结果(王思博等,1983)。试图分析绿洲鼠类群落结构、群落空间配     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.