NOAA/AVHRR冬小麦苗情长势遥感动态监测技术研究

<正> 本文结合河南省7000余万亩冬小麦生产实际,经过近5年的探索,深入研究了冬小麦光谱反射特性及NOAA气象卫星AVHRR遥感绿度解译规律,“绿度值”的构成及其与小麦农学参数间的关系;冬小麦苗情长势农学指标及其与气象条件的统计关系;冬小麦苗情长势宏观遥感动态监测绿度指标模型。实际证明,利用卫星遥感资料,对大面积冬小麦苗情长势进行跟踪监测,具有宏观、客观、科学、经济的特点。它对领导指挥小麦生产,进行高效管理,趋利避害,夺取好收成有着重要意义。同时,它也进一步开发了气象卫星遥感在农业领域的应用潜力。     

应用智能化遥感解译方法监测贵阳市土壤侵蚀

对大区域土壤侵蚀进行监测是十分困难的 ,但非常重要。本文介绍了应用智能化遥感解译方法监测贵阳市的土壤侵蚀状况的情况。研究主要内容有 :( 1 )建立土壤侵蚀知识数据库。智能化遥感解译方法是通过激发土壤侵蚀专家知识库研究遥感影像。当专家解译训练区时 ,计算机记录专家知     

甘南玛曲县草地沙化遥感监测研究

通过对黄河上游玛曲县不同时期的航片、卫片影像的解译判读,结合地形图、土地利用图以及前期草地沙化监测资料,论述了玛曲县草地沙化的调查研究方法,地表景观特征与遥感解译标志,草地沙化的分布规律及其动态分析评价。     

青海省草地资源评价模型

利用气象卫生遥感绿度值资料，结合农牧业气象旬报，设计了青海省草地资源评价模型，并对１９９４年河南县的牧草长势进行了评价分析。     

土壤侵蚀遥感监测方法及其思考

土壤侵蚀监测一直是遥感和地理信息系统应用的一个重要领域。纵观国内外土壤侵蚀遥感监测方法,概括起来有遥感影像目视解译监测法、遥感光谱分析监测法、人机交互式解译监测法、智能化土壤侵蚀监测法和模型参数化监测法5种。分析各种方法的优势及其在实际应用中所面临的困难,提出基于知识库与空间信息耦合的土壤侵蚀监测方法,以满足水土保持及其管理工作的需要。     

基于3S和实测相结合的冬小麦估产研究

该文运用3S集成技术（地理信息系统、遥感和全球定位系统）,进行冬小麦产量估测的应用研究。结果表明, 3月下旬是运城地区冬小麦面积监测的最佳时相,4月上、中旬是该区冬小麦产量估算的最佳时期。用遥感信息中的TM提取冬小麦面积,AVHRR提取绿度信息,效果较好。根据归一化植被指数的大小把冬小麦分为3类,同类麦田在不同区域的实测产量差异很大。分析研究区域自然地理特征和关键期气象资料,以归一化植被指数、极高温度、相对湿度为主因子建立了冬小麦遥感—气象—产量综合模型。     

3S技术在丹江口水库水源区水土流失动态监测中的应用

主要介绍了3S技术在丹江口水库水源区水土流失动态监测项目中的应用。首先阐述了3S技术的特点、项目实施基本指标和项目作业技术系统;其次重点叙述了3S技术在项目实施中的技术流程,包括资料收集、地形图矢量化、矢量数据空间分析、TM遥感影像处理、野外调查建立解译标志、遥感解译、土壤侵蚀强度计算、解译成果野外校核、数据库集成和用户界面开发10个步骤。最后列举了项目实施成果,并就3S技术在区域水土流失监测中的优势进行了叙述。     

卫星遥感绿度资料在小麦气象服务中的应用研究

对小麦各生育期的日数、某生育期卫星遥感绿度值与正积温的关系进行了定量分析,得出了其间的定量关系,为卫星遥感绿度资料在小麦生产气象服务中的应用提供了新的途径。     

基于TM遥感影像的河口流态信息半定量化研究

在结合潮位资料初步判断涨落潮情的基础上,利用Gabor滤波和纹理熵计算等纹理特征分析方法,从TM遥感影像中解译流线,提取流向,表征流速(分级),由此实现了流态信息的半定量化解译。并以长江口-杭州湾北岸Mike21_FM潮流数学模型的模拟结果对该方法的试验结果进行了验证,得出TM遥感解译的典型涨、落潮流的平均流向均方根误差(RMSE)为9.33°,平均的流速大小分级吻合度为73.1%。研究表明,基于纹理特征分析方法进行的河口流态信息遥感解译是可行的,该方法可以实现流态信息的半定量化,具有一定的创新性。     

耕地"非农化"遥感解译样本分类体系及应用

了解耕地"非农化"的时空格局及其演变过程，是合理制定土地利用政策的重要依据；卫星遥感具有大范围的时空监测能力，基于遥感影像进行耕地监测，极为高效。针对耕地"非农化"类型复杂多样、"非农化"遥感监测分类体系缺乏的问题，该研究提出了耕地"非农化"遥感解译样本分类体系，进而构建耕地"非农化"遥感解译样本库。针对样本采集效率低、质量差的问题，该研究提出了一种基于地理国情监测成果的快速样本采集方法，用于快速获取高精度、高可靠性的"非农化"遥感解译样本。为验证方法的可行性和有效性，选取湖北省范围作为研究区域，利用该研究所提出的耕地"非农化"样本体系和样本采集方法，采集了覆盖平原、丘陵、山地、高山等地形的9类样本，并形成了深度学习模型训练的样本库；选择EfficientNet深度学习网络提取湖北省耕地"非农业"空间分布。结果表明：1）基于地理国情监测成果的样本采集方法可以极大地利用地理国情监测数据空间、属性精度高的特点，快速、精确定位变化样本。2）依据分类体系采集的样本用于模型优化后，样本数量超过5 000时，模型精度有明显提高。在验证区域，采用目视解译和外业核查点的方式进行精度验证，其正检率分别为67.0%和76.5%，召回率分别为77.9%和76.5%。3）利用样本体系训练构建的网络模型相较于全要素样本训练模型，精度有显著提高，5个核查区正检率均提高20个百分点以上。因此，该研究提出的方法可以提高耕地"非农化"遥感监测的效率和精度，可适用于区域尺度的耕地遥感季度监测。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

Quality of used-snow discharged in the ST-Lawrence river,in the region of the Montreal Harbor

Snow disposal creates problems each year in Montreal. Snow dumping in water courses is favored due to both esthetic and economic considerations. Used snow must be considered as a potential pollutant. Its impact on the aquatic receiving environment is not well known. With river dumping in progress, snow samples were collected at 3 sites: Concorde Bridge, and at piers 30 and 52 in Montreal Harbor. Analysis of 28 routine parameters demonstrated that the quality of snow ultimately dumped in the river varies considerably according to its sources and the time it remains in the streets. Used-snow from residential areas was shown to be less polluted than the snow from commercial areas. Furthermore, from the total number of sampled districts, used-snow dumped at pier 30 appears to be relatively more polluted as it originated from downtown areas where vehicle circulation is more dense. Heavy metals in particles sizes between 0.45 and 63 μm represented more than 70% of the measured suspended solids which reflects the risk of bioaccumulation via benthic organisms. Principal component analysis of present data suggests that with analysis of chlorides, suspended solids and Pb alone, it is possible to approximately determine the quality of used-snow.