Environmental Concerns of Phosphorus Management in Potato Production

Phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural systems are a cause of degraded surface water quality of lakes and streams. In freshwater systems, P is often the most limiting nutrient for algae growth and an increase in P additions to these systems can cause a shift in ecology. These shifts can result in a degradation of the water resource as habitat or for recreation. In an effort to combat the negative effects of agriculture management practices on surface water quality, federal and state regulations require some level of assessment to guide P applications. Areas with large amounts of potato production are of particular concern with respect to P loss since potatoes are a high P demanding crop and are inefficient users of applied P. In many cases, soils in potato production are managed with a higher soil test P concentration compared to other crops and P applications for optimum production exceed P removal. When potato production fields are maintained at high soil test P levels, this may increase the risk of P loss in runoff. However, based on soils and landscape positions where potatoes are grown, there may be little risk of transport. While there appears to be little risk of P loss on low-sloping, sandy soils, output from the Wisconsin Phosphorus Index suggests that more steeply sloping fields can pose some risk, especially when soil test P concentrations exist at above optimum levels. At high soil test P levels, no P may be required for optimum yield in rotated crops, but production practices of these crops may need to be altered to reduce P losses. Furrow-irrigated and tile-drained fields may also pose risks of P loss to the environment. While the P demands of potato are greater than those for most crops, it is likely that most of this P will not be exported via surface runoff. Careful management considerations must be made when producing potatoes on high sloping soils, especially those close to surface water bodies. Future considerations of P management and water quality will focus on assessing leaching risk of P and this contribution to surface waters.     

钾肥在马铃薯上的肥效试验研究

半干旱地区在常规施肥基础上增施钾肥具有显著的增产增效作用 ,以施 6 0～ 90kg/hm2的K2 O效果较好 ,较无肥对照增产 75 4 9 5～ 94 0 0 5kg/hm2 ,净增产值 30 4 5 0 5～ 386 2 5 5元 /hm2 ,较单施氮、磷肥对照增产 2 799 0～ 4 6 5 0 0kg/hm2 ,净增产值 1183 5～ 2 0 0 1 0元 /hm2 ,使马铃薯商品薯率提高 0 1%～ 5 3%。     

氯化钾不同施用量对马铃薯产量的影响

试验结果表明 :施用氯化钾能明显提高大薯块比例 ,增加马铃薯平均块茎单重和马铃薯产量 ,但氯化钾施用量有一极限值 ,超过这一极限值将导致减产。其肥料效应方程为 :y =5 40 +12 1x- 4x2 ,施用氯化钾经济效益十分明显 ,最高经济效益为施用氯化钾 12 5kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,增加收入与投入的差值为 75 3 11元 / 6 6 7m2 。     

马铃薯生产的氮肥管理策略

氮是影响马铃薯产量和品质的重要因素,多年来中国马铃薯生产过程中氮肥管理始终缺乏科学的指导,导致许多优质马铃薯品种的产量优势和品质优势难以得到充分的发挥。通过合理施用氮肥,协调马铃薯茎叶生长与块茎生长,促进块茎的形成和膨大,减少氮肥损失,提高氮肥利用率,是马铃薯氮肥管策略的重要内容,同时也是农业可持续发展的重要保障。针对氮肥施用量和施用时期对马铃薯生长与块茎产量的影响及马铃薯氮素营养诊断措施,综述国内外马铃薯氮肥管理的研究结果,以期为中国马铃薯养分管理提供研究思路,同时也为马铃薯生产的氮肥施用策略提供参考。     

磷肥用量对冬作马铃薯镁素积累与分配特征的影响

以费乌瑞它脱毒种薯为材料,通过大田试验研究4个磷肥水平,即0(P0)、45.0(P1)、90.0(P2)、135.0(P3)kg/hm~2对冬作马铃薯镁积累与分配特征的影响。结果表明:各处理马铃薯整株镁积累量呈先升高后降低变化趋势,齐苗后17~45 d为快速积累期,在齐苗后59 d出现峰值,齐苗后73 d,各处理全株镁积累量表现为:P1P2P3P0;块茎镁积累量呈持续升高趋势,齐苗后73 d,各处理块茎镁积累量表现为:P1P2P3P0,但各处理间并未产生显著差异;各处理镁在叶片中的分配比例均呈逐渐降低趋势;镁在茎中的分配比例整体呈逐渐降低趋势,变幅不大,而在块茎中的分配比例呈持续上升趋势;整个生育期间,镁在各生育阶段各器官的分配比例呈现:叶茎(齐苗后3 d);叶茎块茎(齐苗后17 d);叶块茎茎(齐苗后31~45 d);块茎叶茎(齐苗后59~73 d)的动态变化过程,镁在块茎中的分配率以P1处理最大,为60.38%。供试条件下,磷肥施用量在P1水平下可提高马铃薯镁积累量,P2、P3水平的用量则会降低镁的积累;平均每生产1 000 kg块茎,植株需从土壤中吸收镁0.253 kg.     

农家肥、氮肥、磷肥配施对马铃薯产量的影响

试验通过对农家肥(X1)、氮肥(X2)、磷肥(P2O5,X3)3因子进行二次回归饱和D-最优设计,研究了不同肥力因子对马铃薯产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:在一般情况下,适当施用农家肥、氮肥以及磷肥都与鲜薯产量成正效应,且氮肥稳定增产作用最大;从产量、经济效益来看,主效因子的最佳农艺措施水平是:农家肥79223.19～118504.10kg.hm-2、氮肥(N)0～120.8523 kg.hm-2、磷肥(P2O5)0～114.34 kg.hm-2,而其主效因子的最优化措施中心组合值是:农家肥98863.64kg.hm-2、氮肥(N)60.426kg.hm-2、磷肥(P2O5)57.17kg.hm-2。     

Potato Management Challenges Created by Phosphorus Chemistry and Plant Roots

A primary objective of phosphorus (P) management is to maintain optimal levels of P in the soil solution at the root surface. Potato plants typically have low root density, resulting in higher solution P concentration needs and critical soil test levels than most other common crop plants. The chemistry of P in fertilized soils makes maintaining these high P concentrations a challenge. Phosphorus has a very high affinity for the soil solid phase with iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) dominating reactions in moderately acid soils and calcium (Ca) in alkaline soils. Guidelines for P stewardship for potato production are: (1) adopt practices that develop soil conditions that favor root growth and development; (2) make source, rate, time and placement decisions for nutrient applications that maintain optimal soil solution P concentrations during critical growth stages; and (3) use soil and water conservation practices to minimize P losses from the root zone and the field.     

磷素营养诊断技术的发展及其在马铃薯生产中的应用前景

利用磷素营养诊断技术,科学地指导作物生产中的磷肥施用,可大幅度提高磷肥利用效率,减少肥料浪费与降低环境风险。从植株外观诊断、土壤分析诊断、无损测试法、植物组织分析诊断、生理生化分析诊断等方面综述了磷素营养诊断技术的原理、优缺点及其应用,并在分析马铃薯生产中开展磷素营养诊断意义的基础上,提出了磷素营养诊断亟待解决的问题,为马铃薯磷肥高效管理提供参考。     

测土配方施肥对讷河马铃薯产量的影响

通过对4个农户马铃薯测土配方施肥试验,结果表明,与当地习惯施肥相比,应用测土配方施肥技术能够改善马铃薯主要经济性状,促进马铃薯健康生长,提高马铃薯产量和产值。扣除投入成本,测土配方施肥比当地习惯施肥每667m2净增产值102.45～142.55元,平均127.0元;较对照667m2净增产值89.35～136.25元,平均每667m2109.5元。     

民乐县马铃薯氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量及配比试验

试验以马铃薯品种大西洋和尿素、过磷酸钙以及硫酸钾镁肥料为供试材料,采用"3414"田间试验设计,研究氮、磷、钾肥对马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明:氮、磷、钾不同施肥量对马铃薯的经济性状影响不大,对马铃薯产量影响较大,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 150 kg、K2O 150 kg马铃薯的产量最高,产量为51 669 kg/hm2,并根据试验结果得出马铃薯肥料效应方程,计算出马铃薯最佳施肥量和最大施肥量。     

马铃薯施用缓控释肥、生物有机肥肥效试验

为研究缓控释肥、生物有机肥对马铃薯的增产增收效果,以当地主推品种‘合作88’为试验材料,以当地农民习惯施肥为对照,研究了施用推荐施肥、缓控释肥和生物有机肥对马铃薯产量、产量构成因素和经济效益的影响。结果表明,马铃薯施用缓控释肥、生物有机肥对改善马铃薯产量构成因素不明显,但是可以明显提高产量和经济效益。产量增幅在7.88%~14.92%,其中处理4(施用推荐施肥减20%+生物有机肥80 kg/667m~2)的产量最高,较处理1(习惯施肥)增产428 kg/667m~2,达到3 297 kg/667m~2,增产14.92%;马铃薯经济效益增加幅度在1.73%~13.81%,其中处理4(推荐施肥减20%+生物有机肥)较处理1(习惯施肥)增加收益605元/667m~2;使用生物有机肥的经济效益要高于使用缓控释肥和常规肥料;建议在种植马铃薯时,可以适当减少化肥的使用量,增加生物有机肥的使用量,起到减肥增收的作用。     

Important Threats in Potato Production and Integrated Pathogen/Pest Management

Since the 1970s climate in Europe warmed rapidly. Over the next years climate is expected to become gradually milder and more humid in northern Europe and hotter and drier in southern Europe. These changes are forecasted to be responsible for major changes in the distribution of plant and animal species, pathogen/pest prevalence and their biodiversity. On the other hand, some changes in variability and epidemiology of pathogens are affected by biological factors. In the first part of this paper an overview is given of pathogens and pests that are potentially affected by climate change and are or will become a significant threat in potato production. The second part of the paper deals with integrated crop protection of potato against various pathogens and pests, considered the best solution for these disease and pest problems. Management of persistent and recurrent diseases and pests of potato requires the integration of many control measures to achieve an efficient crop protection. The protection of potato has to start very early before planting.     

不同氮磷钾用量对水稻产量的效应研究

通过在云南省陆良县四个坝区的水稻土壤上布置R323ROC设计的肥料效应试验,建立陆良县水稻N、P、K不同施肥量与产量关系的施肥模型,解析和模拟寻优结果表明,施N、P、K肥对水稻产量具有明显的增产作用,增产效果K〉N〉P;获得最高及最佳经济产量的施肥量为N90．15-329．85kg/hm^2,P_2O_5 60．1-239．9kg/hm^2,K2O 105～179．1kg／hm^2,产投比为3．66-8．27：1。     

覆膜滴灌条件下磷肥后移对玉米物质生产与磷素吸收利用的调控效应

通过两年田间试验,研究覆膜滴灌等磷量投入条件下,不同施用时期及比例(P1,100%基肥;P2,40%基肥+60%拔节肥;P3,40%基肥+40%拔节肥+20%大喇叭口肥;P4,40%基肥+20%拔节肥+20%大喇叭口肥+20%开花肥)对玉米产量、物质生产与磷素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,分次施磷处理(P2、P3、P4)玉米产量均高于P1处理,P4处理玉米产量与P1处理差异达显著水平(P0.05)。施磷显著提高玉米吐丝期至成熟期干物质量和磷素吸收量,吐丝期干物质量与磷素吸收量以P1处理最高,灌浆期至成熟期干物质量与磷素吸收量以P4处理最高。     

沼肥与有机肥和化肥在马铃薯生产中的配合施用试验

为探讨沼肥、圈肥和化肥等几种肥料对马铃薯产量构成因素与经济现状的影响程度,探索沼肥对有机肥和化肥的替代关系,特进行了沼肥与有机肥和化肥在马铃薯生产中的配合施用试验。结果表明,施用沼肥和配合施用肥料的处理大薯率占64.9%～83.2%,比对照增加1.9%～20.2%,处理12的大薯率最多(83.2%);处理3的产量最高(49.49 t·hm~(-2)),说明,圈肥在马铃薯生产中的作用不可替代,沼肥与等量的圈肥和复合肥及尿素配合虽不能更好地增加马铃薯的产量,但能提高大薯率。建议在马铃薯生产中最好用沼肥、圈肥、复合肥和尿素配合施用,既能改善土壤结构,又能使马铃薯具有更好的经济性状和市场竞争力。     

古田马铃薯氮磷钾肥料效应及其施肥指标体系的研究

为了解古田马铃薯N、P、K肥料施用效果, 通过马铃薯“3414”田间肥效试验和土壤养分分析,建立古田土壤马铃薯养分丰缺指标。结果表明：古田县冬种马铃薯在现有土壤养分肥力水平下,施用N、P、K 肥料依然是提高马铃薯产量和增加经济效益的主要措施。施用N、P、K肥料分别增产24.0％、10.8％和22.1％, 施肥处理增加单产的效果依次是N＞K＞P。施肥增加经济效益依次是P＞N＞K。N、P2O5、K2O的产投比分别为12.6、13.7和9.3。对古田县冬种马铃薯而言,马铃薯土壤低肥力等级N、P、K养分临界指标含量分别是：＜109.9、6.4与92.3 mg/kg;而高肥力等级土壤N、P、K养分临界指标则分别为：＞248.9、49.6和151.8 mg/kg。古田县冬种马铃薯平均最高产量的N、P、K施用量分别为：（205.1±31.3）、（88.5±40.5）和（302.1±57.3）kg/hm2 ;取得最佳经济产量的N、P、K施用量分别为：（178.4±42.8）、（68.2±37.3）与（265.2±79.1）kg/hm2;三要素最佳比例为1 ∶ 0.4 ∶ 1.5。     

微生物肥料在马铃薯上的应用研究

1　前　言微生物肥料的应用已经被证明是农业可持续发展的有效途径,是生产绿色食品、推广绿色革命的重要内容,目前已在很多种作物上得到了广泛的应用,并取得了明显的社会和经济效益。选择适用于马铃薯生长的微生物肥料,不仅可以改进现有的栽培模式,达到高产、高效、优质的目的,还是发展生态农业,保护生态环境的客观要求。为此,1999年5月至7月,我们对4种目前有较大影响的微生物肥料进行了对比试验。2　材料与方法21　试验材料(1)“肥力高”微生物肥料。(2)“金必来”牌生物钾肥王。(3)“阿姆斯”牌生物磷钾肥。(4)“大中”牌薯类专用生物有机…