感染犬新孢子虫泌乳奶牛流产后的早期恢复

本文旨在评价感染犬新孢子虫奶牛流产后的繁殖性能。在92头流产奶牛中,有68头牛为犬新孢子虫血清阳性,有24头为阴性。只给每天产奶量在25kg以上的流产后发情牛输精,在流产的30d中,当发情第一次输精时检查子宫复旧正常。在92头流产奶牛中,有73头(79.3%)妊娠,这其中有57头(83.8%)是犬新孢子虫血清阳性,有16头(66.7%)为阴性。经t-检验和秩和检验分析,妊娠天数及泌乳次数在犬新孢子虫血清阳性和阴性牛间没有差异,而犬新孢子虫血清阳性牛从流产到第一次人工授精的间隔时间、妊娠所需的授精次数,以及从流产到下一次妊娠的间隔时间都显著低于血清阴性牛(P0.0001)。经Log线性回归分析发现,牛群、泌乳次数、流产时的妊娠天数,以及从流产到人工授精所需时间对牛群没有显著影响。据优势比分析,犬新孢子虫血清阳性牛在流产后第一次人工授精妊娠的几率是血清阴性牛的6.22倍。在流产30d内对53头犬新孢子虫血清阳性牛(78%)授精,有26头(49%)妊娠,而仅1个血清阴性牛(4.2%)在30d内待授精,并且第一次授精后仍未孕。这些结果表明,感染犬新孢子虫的奶牛流产后一个月内可以授精,并有很高的生育率。建议早期检查犬新孢子虫血清阳性流产奶牛子宫复旧状况。     

荷斯坦奶牛性控冻精人工授精应用效果的研究进展

近年来,对性别控制的研究呈现出迅速发展的趋势。应用性控冻精进行人工授精,是快速增加优质高产奶牛数量的有效途径。奶牛性控冻精的人工授精技术是将奶牛种公牛的精液通过精子分离仪使含X、Y染色体精子得到有效地分离,再将分离后得到的X精子冷冻制成冻精,进行人工授精,从而使母牛怀孕产母犊的技术。     

奶牛性控冻精人工授精技术研究进展及应用前景

奶牛的性别是由性染色体决定的.在生产中人们希望母牛多产母犊以加快奶牛群的扩繁速度和提高牛群的产奶量,因此对奶牛性别控制的研究就成为了奶牛繁殖科研工作者所关心的课题.奶牛性控冻精人工授精技术是将奶牛种公牛的精子通过精子分离仪使含X、含Y染色体精子得到有效的分离,将分离后得到的X精子进行分装冷冻制成冻精细管,进行奶牛的人工授精,从而使母牛怀孕产母犊的技术.根据有关专家的研究结果进行综合分析,采     

奶牛性控冻精人工授精技术研究进展及应用前景

奶牛的性别是由性染色体决定的。在生产中人们希望母牛多产母犊以加快奶牛群的扩繁速度和提高牛群的产奶量,因此对奶牛性别控制的研究就成为了奶牛繁殖科研工作者所关心的课题。奶牛性控冻精人工授精技术是将奶牛种公牛的精子通过精子分离仪使含X、含Y染色体精子得到有效的分离,将分离后得到的X精子进行分装冷冻制成冻精细管,进行奶牛的人工授精,从而使母牛怀孕产母犊的技术。     

不同种公牛精子受精能力的差异及影响因素

种公牛精液品质的优劣,与人工授精的妊娠率和体外受精胚胎的发育率密切相关。无论是体外受精技术还是人工授精技术,均要求种公牛的精子具有较好的受精能力。本文阐述了影响种公牛精液品质的因素以及不同种公牛精液体外受精和人工授精结果的差异,从而得出无论是常规精液还是性控精液,人工授精和体外受精的妊娠率都会因为种公牛的不同而有所差异,以此体现了选择一头高受精率种公牛的重要性。     

精子动力学分析与其体内、体外受精能力的相关性

旨在通过对精子动力学参数的分析,预测其在体外受精和人工授精中的受精能力。本研究采用计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA)对3头荷斯坦公牛的性控分离精子进行动力学检测;同时进行体外受精和人工授精试验,统计体外受精的受精率、卵裂率、囊胚率、囊胚细胞数(TCN)、内细胞团细胞数/囊胚细胞数比例(ICM/TCN)和人工授精妊娠率。结果发现,精子的路径速度(102.82、91.55、80.67)、曲线速度(201.75、180.23、168.58)、侧摆幅度(9.33、8.31、7.42)在公牛A、B、C间呈显著差异(P0.05),并与其体外受精过程中的受精率、胚胎卵裂率呈显著正相关。公牛A精子的鞭打频率(20.36)、直线性(46.06)显著高于公牛B(18.05、42.00)、C(16.23、40.81),且与体外受精的囊胚率呈显著正相关(P0.05)。公牛A、B精子的活力(38.00、36.50)、直线速度(80.62、79.00)显著高于公牛C(29.00、68.20),该参数与ICM/TCN呈正相关(P0.05)。然而精子动力学的所有参数均与人工授精的妊娠率之间无相关性。综上表明,精子的动力学参数可以预测体外受精中公牛的受精能力,但对其人工授精结果的预测还需要进一步研究。     

和牛胚胎移植后代超数排卵和胚胎移植试验

为了研究胚胎移植后代超数排卵技术,试验使用120,160,200 mg促卵泡素(FSH)对172头和牛胚胎移植后代母牛进行超数排卵,并用9头公牛的精液进行人工授精,选择956头青年奶牛和564头泌乳奶牛作为受体进行胚胎移植,对使用不同剂量FSH和不同精液的胚胎生产情况和受体移植妊娠率进行统计。结果表明:供体超数排卵获得5. 30枚平均可用胚胎; 120 mg FSH超数排卵供体获得(6. 00±0. 22)枚平均可用胚胎,显著高于160,200 mg FSH超数排卵供体(P0. 05),平均退化胚胎和平均未受精卵数均差异不显著(P0. 05); 015,305号公牛精液人工授精后获得6. 40,7. 40枚平均可用胚胎,显著高于107,003,629号公牛(4. 20,4. 50,4. 70枚,P0. 05);青年奶牛和泌乳奶牛受体胚胎移植妊娠率差异不显著(P0. 05)。说明和牛胚胎移植后代母牛使用低剂量FSH和高活力公牛精液进行超数排卵,可以增加可用胚胎数量,受体移植妊娠率未受影响。     

性控冷冻精液人工授精对青年奶牛繁殖性能的影响

为了研究使用性控冷冻精液(以下简称性控冻精)进行人工授精对青年奶牛繁殖性能的影响,选择10名输精员和6头公牛性控冻精对1851头青年奶牛随机进行人工授精,第1次人工授精时全部使用性控冻精,返情的母牛分别使用常规精液和性控冻精人工授精,统计分析妊娠率、产犊数、母犊数等繁殖指标。结果表明:性控冻精人工授精后代母犊率显著高于常规精液人工授精后代母犊率(P0.05);不同公牛性控冻精和不同输精人员的人工授精情期受胎率存在差异(P0.05);性控冻精人工授精对青年奶牛流产率、产犊率和犊牛初生重等没有显著影响(P0.05)。青年奶牛第1次人工授精配种适合选择性控冻精,能显著提高后代母犊率。     

夏季高温对种公牛精子畸形率影响的初步研究

奶牛育种是一项基础性、长期性的工作,但效益非常显著。根据美国农业部数据,育种在饲料营养、繁殖育种、疾病控制、饲养管理等主要技术因素中,对奶牛生产的贡献比例最大,达到40%。种公牛耐寒、怕热,最适宜生活的环境温度为11~18 ℃,外界气温的变化对种公牛的影响较大,特别是上海夏季高温、高湿严重,极易造成种公牛采食量下降、体温升高、精液品质和产量下降。本研究对2014年上海奶牛育种中心公牛站10 头荷斯坦种公牛精液精子畸形测定资料与上海地区气温变化情况进行分析,得出高温对种公牛冷冻精液精子畸形率影响较大,气温越高,精子畸形率越高的结论。春季和夏季公牛精子畸形率差异显著（P<0.01）,种公牛冷冻精子畸形率在2—4月最低,7—9月最差,因此采精最佳季节为10月至翌年6月。     

奶牛性控授精技术要点及注意事项

奶牛性别控制人工授精技术是指将牛的精液根据含X染色体和Y染色体精子的DNA含量不同而把这两种类型的精子有效的进行分离后,将含X染色体的精子分装冷冻后,用于牛的人工授精,而使母牛怀孕产母牛犊的技术;该技术是在常规人工授精技术基础上发展起来的一项奶牛高新繁殖技术,是动物繁殖史上的第三次革命。使用奶牛性控冻精人工授精技术,其后代产母犊率达90%以上,实现了奶牛快繁扩群的目的,加快了牛群遗传改良速度,对转变奶牛生产潜力、提高奶牛养殖业经济效益具有现实意义。     

Artificial insemination outcomes in beef females using bovine sperm with a detectable fertility-associated antigen

In this study, semen samples from 25 bulls that had passed a breeding soundness evaluation were analyzed for the presence or absence of a 31-kDa protein, known as fertility-associated antigen (FAA), on spermatozoal membranes. Eighteen bulls had FAA on sperm (FAA-positive) and seven were devoid of FAA on sperm (FAA-negative). A single ejaculate from each bull was extended and frozen with 25 to 30 x 10(6) sperm in .5-mL straws. Crossbred replacement heifers (n = 865) were estrus-synchronized and artificially inseminated either at timed AI or 12 h after they were detected in estrus. Mature cows (n = 285) were inseminated 12 h after they were detected in estrus during a 45-d AI period. Pregnancy rates (pooled) to first AI service for females (n = 764) inseminated with FAA-positive sperm were 65.6% and were 49.7% for females (n = 386) inseminated with FAA-negative sperm (P < .005). Among the estrus-synchronized replacement heifers, pregnancy rates to synchronized AI service for heifers (n = 550) inseminated with FAA-positive sperm were 62% and were 45.7% for heifers (n = 315) inseminated with FAA-negative sperm (P < .005). These data indicate that pregnancy rates to first AI service at spontaneous and synchronized estrus are higher when using semen from bulls with detectable FAA on spermatozoal membranes compared to semen from bulls devoid of FAA on membranes. Fertility-associated antigen is an important determinant for fertility potential of sperm from bulls to be used in AI breeding programs.     

The thermoresistance test of spermatozoa and fertility in bulls

The spermiograms of 17 bulls were studied and 160 ejaculates were subjected to the thermoresistance test (38 degrees C) to evaluate sperm survival after thawing. After the first insemination of 10 682 cows, statistically significant differences were found in the fertilizing capacity of the ejaculates with various values of the thermo-resistance test. The best sperm fertilizing capacity was obtained in the ejaculates which retained progressive movement in 40% of the spermatozoa after two hours of exposure to the thermoresistance test. Out of the 1496 cows inseminated, 971 (i.e. 64.9%) got in calf, whereas after the insemination of 4216 cows with semen where only 30% of spermatozoa moved progressively at the end of the test, the number of pregnant dams was 2403, i.e. 56.98%; this difference is statistically significant (p0.05). At a lower sperm activity in the test the fertility after the first insemination was even lower. Although there was some difference in the individual fertility of bulls (54 to 67%), a positive relationship between the results of the thermoresistance test and fertility was recorded in all bulls.     

In vitro evaluation of cryopreserved bovine sperm and its relation to field fertility in fixed‐time artificial insemination

This study aimed to assess characteristics of bovine cryopreserved sperm and evaluate its relation to field fertility in fixed‐time artificial insemination (FTAI). Semen samples of 16 bulls were used to inseminate 811 Nellore cows, and four of these bulls were also used to inseminate 101 Nellore heifers. Samples of the same ejaculate used for FTAI from each bull were analysed in the laboratory after thawing. Sperm motility and vigour were subjectively assessed by light microscope, and integrity of the plasma and acrosome membranes, and H₂O₂ production were evaluated by flow cytometer. Relation among sperm characteristics and pregnancy rate of cows and heifers were evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Subjective sperm motility and vigour did not affect the probability of pregnancy in cows or heifers. In univariate analysis for pregnancy in cows, sperm traits related to acrosome injury positively affected probability of pregnancy mainly when associated with plasma membrane integrity; H₂O₂ production seems to be less important than plasma membrane integrity in affecting probability of pregnancy. In multivariate analysis, sperm traits related to injured acrosome positively affected probability of cow and heifer pregnancies while intact acrosome was negatively related to cow pregnancy. Intact plasma membrane and high H₂O₂ production were positively related to cow pregnancy but negatively related to heifer pregnancy. Results suggest that a capacitation‐like status of the acrosome may benefit probability of pregnancy in cows.     

饲养管理方式对甘南牦牛繁殖力及杂交后代影响的研究

[目的]为了研究加强种公牛和母牦牛的饲养管理对母牦牛的繁殖效果和杂交后代生长发育的影响.[方法]本试验用大通牦牛和其冻精杂交甘南牦牛,通过对试验组的种公牛、母牦牛和杂交后代进行补饲、延长放牧时间和提前断奶等措施,研究了203头母牦牛的繁殖效果和其杂交后代的生长发育情况.[结果]表明,自然交配试验组发情率、受胎率、繁殖成活率分别比对照组提高9.19%、11.03%、14.10%,流产率和犊牛死亡率降低3.3%、3.87%;人工授精组发情率、受胎率、繁殖成活率分别提高6.74%、5.48%、10.52%,流产率和犊牛死亡率降低4.07%、4.62%.加强母牦牛的饲养管理,所产犊牛的初生重比传统饲养管理条件下母牦牛所产的犊牛初生重公母分别增加2.92 kg和2.07 kg,提高19.80%和14.22%.6月龄体重分别增加12.82 kg和12.23 kg,提高17.45%和16.88%.[结论] 用大通牦牛改良甘南牦牛,采用人工授精和自然交配都有良好的效果,加强种公牛、母牦牛饲养管理是提高牛群繁殖力的有效方法,对后代生长发育影响明显.     

Abaxial tail attachment of bovine spermatozoa and its effect on fertility

The prevalence of abaxial sperm tails, accessory tails and double tails, was determined from semen evaluation records of 600 western Canadian range bulls and 449 bulls in Canadian artificial insemination centers. Spermatozoa with abaxial tails were produced by 10.5% of bulls, however, only 0.48% produced sperm with greater than 50% abaxial tails, and 0.86% of the 1049 bulls produced sperm with accessory and double tails. Three experiments were done to determine the importance of abaxial sperm tails to fertility. In experiments 1 and 2, frozen semen with 88%, 50% and 0% abaxial tails was used to inseminate synchronized heifers, which were allowed to develop pregnancy, and superovulated heifers, which were slaughtered prior to embryo recovery seven days after breeding. In experiment 3, a bull which produced 100% abaxial sperm was used in a competitive mating situation with three control bulls in a herd of 118 cows. The combined results of these experiments indicate that spermatozoa with abaxial tail attachment fertilize ova at a normal rate and are not associated with any increase in embryonic death.     

A field study of the effects of a monovalent Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strain hardjobovis vaccine administered with oxytetracycline on reproductive performance in beef cattle

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether vaccination with a monovalent Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strain hardjobovis vaccine coupled with parenteral long-acting oxytetracycline treatment would improve the reproductive performance of beef cows. DESIGN: Randomized controlled field trial. ANIMALS: 1,446 Angus-cross beef cows in 8 locations. PROCEDURES: Cows were given 2 doses, 4 weeks apart, of vaccine (treatment; n=741) or placebo (control; 705). Cows in the treatment group were also given a single dose of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation (20 mg/kg [9.1 mg/lb], SC) at the time of booster vaccination. Estrus synchronization was performed, followed by fixed-time artificial insemination; bulls were introduced 14 days after insemination. Serum and urine samples were obtained on a random subset of cows (n=194) for detection of serologic titers and leptospiruria, and locations were categorized as positive or negative for leptospirosis on the basis of detection of leptospiruric cows. RESULTS: No differences in pregnancy and calving rates between treatment and control groups were detected. Pregnancy rate following artificial insemination was lower among cows in locations positive for leptospirosis than among cows in locations negative for leptospirosis; however, overall pregnancy rate, calving rate following artificial insemination, and overall calving rate did not differ between groups when cows were grouped on the basis of location leptospirosis status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that under the conditions of the present study, administration of a monovalent Leptospira vaccine in conjunction with systemic administration of oxytetracycline did not significantly improve reproductive performance of beef cows.     

不孕奶牛宫颈黏液相关ASA免疫印迹分析

为探讨和分析免疫性不孕奶牛和可孕奶牛宫颈黏液ASA能够识别的精子膜抗原及其差异,本试验通过提取精子膜总蛋白,对24头免疫性不孕奶牛和14头可孕奶牛宫颈黏液ASA能够识别的精子抗原进行了比较分析。免疫印迹试验结果显示,不孕奶牛宫颈黏液ASA对分子质量为88-90ku、66ku、55~57ku、25-27ku的精子膜抗原有特殊免疫性反应,识别抗原率为100％（24／24）、100％（24／24）、87．5％（21／24）、70．8％（17／24）;而可孕奶牛宫颈黏液AsA对分子质量为88-90ku、55-57ku、25-27ku的识别率仅为21．4％（3／14）、14．2％（2／14）、14．2％（2／14）,可孕奶牛宫颈黏液不能识别分子质量为66ku#~精子膜抗原。结果表明,不孕奶牛宫颈黏液ASA~g够识别更多的精子膜抗原,这些精子膜抗原可能与免疫性不孕有密切相关,对其深入的研究将有助于免疫性不孕相关精子膜抗原的筛选和鉴定。     

奶牛人工授精受胎率影响因素和提高措施

奶牛人工授精是以人工方法,采用机械手段采集优质种公牛的精液,再经过机械手段将特定处理后的精液输入母牛生殖道的一种生产技术方式。人工授精操作能极大减少种公牛的养殖数量,节约养殖成本,提高优质种公牛的利用效率,加快品种改良进程,促进育种工作的开展。但由于奶牛人工受精是一个侵入性的操作,一旦操作不合理或者各个细节把握不完善,会造成繁殖母牛出现严重的繁殖障碍,降低母牛的受胎率,不利于提高品种改良和扩大养殖效益。该文主要论述奶牛人工受精受胎率的影响因素,提出相应的改进措施。     

黑白花公牛冻精受精力的检测—穿透仓鼠卵的试验

本试验用SPA法(Sperm Penetration Assay)即精子穿透分析法对8头黑白花公牛冻精的受精力进行检测,以预测各公牛精液受精力的水平。结果:每卵表面平均精子数为3.2～9.5个,每卵内精子数为1.6～3.4个,被穿透的卵子比例即穿透率为34.9～65.7％,具雄原核的卵子比例即原核卵率为16.0～32.4％。这些数值与各公牛冻精授精500多头母牛的效果作对照,8头公牛平均80(70～90)天的不返情率为56％(45.8～71.1％),不返情率与雄原核卵率,穿透率呈高度正相关,相关系数分别为 0.82和 0.92。 另一组试验结果表明:授精时间对穿透率特别是对雄原核形成有很大影响。授精2小时后观察,没有雄原核形成,只有附着于卵子表面的精子;授精4小时后,精子已通过卵黄膜进入卵内,并开始形成雄原核;授精6小时后形成发育良好的雄原核。 这些观察结果有助于利用这项技术在生产上对公牛精液的受精力进行客观评定,为选择后备公牛提供重要的生理指标,特别是对评定冷冻精液的品质具有一定的参考价值。并为精子顶体反应、受精机理、体外受精、遗传学和胚胎学等领域的研究提供新的手段。     

Evaluation of oestrus observation and conception rates in suckling beef cows using whole milk progesterone concentration

A 2-sample regime was used to measure whole milk progesterone concentration on the day of oestrus and insemination (Day 0) and 6 days later (Day 6) in a sample of 50 primiparous and 100 multiparous suckling beef cows. Exposure to teaser bulls and observation by cattlemen identified the occurrence of oestrus. Three sets of criteria used to define ovulatory oestrus were compared: a) milk progesterone concentration less than 6 nmol/l on Day 0; b) milk progesterone less than 6 nmol/l on Day 0 and rising to greater than 6 nmol/l on Day 6; c) milk progesterone less than 6 nmol/l on Day 0 and rising to greater than 6 nmol/l on Day 6, or cow diagnosed pregnant to 1st insemination. Using only a single milk sample on Day 0 (criterion a) would have resulted in the positive predictive value of heat detection being estimated at 98.7%. Using a pair ed measurement (criterion b) resulted in a significantly lower estimate of 84.7%. The inclusion of cows that conceived despite not showing a marked rise in milk progesterone concentration (criterion c) resulted in a more accurate estimate of 89.3 %. Use of a 2-sample regime also allowed calculation of conception rates while eliminating the effect of heat detection errors. In the cows sampled, of those in ovulatory oestrus that were inseminated, 73.1% conceived to the 1st insemination. These results demonstrate that artificial insemination within a limited breeding season can be successful if nutrition is optimal and management is intensive. The use of a 2-sample milk progesterone test may be a valuable tool in investigating heat detection and conception problems in beef herds in which artificial insemination is used.