斑节对虾营养需求的研究进展

简要综述了斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon)营养需求方面的最新研究进展，旨在为斑节对虾配合饲料的生产提供有益的参考。     

The Effects of Prophylactic Formalin Bath Treatment on Blood Glucose in the Giant Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon

Abstract— Juvenile Penaeus monodon prawns were bathed in seawater-formaldehyde concentrations of 312, 625, and 1,250 ppm for up to 6 h. The tests were conducted at concentrations in excess of those previously published, in order to examine maximum tolerance levels to formaldehyde. Physiological stress was monitored by measurement of blood glucose levels. Under controlled laboratory conditions, 12 h food deprived juvenile prawns exposed to formaldehyde concentrations of 312 ppm did not exhibit signs of stress. However, bathing in formaldehyde concentrations of 625 and 1,250 ppm, caused significant increases ( P < 0.05) in blood glucose levels after 2 and 4 h, respectively. There were no mortalities in any treatment group. In contrast, juvenile prawns from grow-out ponds bathed in 625 ppm of formaldehyde immediately after 2.5 h of transport did not exhibit significant increases in blood glucose. This may be due to their nutritional status and these results are discussed. No significant change in blood glucose levels was observed in bilaterally eyestalk ablated prawns after exposure to 1,250 ppm formaldehyde. The increase of blood glucose due to formaldehyde treatment is presumably mediated by a stress response, which includes crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), and not a result of non-specific cell lysis and death.     

斑节对虾水质因子耐受性研究

在室内条件下进行了斑节对虾短期内对水温、盐度、pH、低氧的耐受性实验。结果表明:该虾类对这几个主要水质因子的耐受能力强。当水质因子呈渐变时,虾对水温、盐度、pH 的耐受极限分别 T:16～39℃,S:2～55‰,pH:6.71～9.04;而在急变情况下,虾对这些参数的耐受性减弱。该虾对低氧的耐受性随不同温、盐度而定,在适宜的温、盐度范围内(T:25～30℃,S:20～35‰),虾对低氧的耐受性最强,此时致死溶解氧的临界值为0.5～1.5ppm,在其它温、盐度,溶解氧为0.9～2.75ppm 时虾即发生侧倒,表明此时对低氧的耐受性下降。     

The Effects of Different Types of Stress on Blood Glucose in the Giant Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon

Abstract— Juvenile Penaeus monodon prawns were exposed to a variety of putative stressom and blood glucose concentrations monitored as an index of metabolic stress. Prawns were held under controlled conditions and food deprived for 12–18 h before blood sampling. Juvenile prawns maintained in tanks at densities of 9, 23, 36 and 50 prawns/m² for 4 wk did not have significantly different baseline levels of blood glucose, with mean concentrations varying from 1.1 to 1.3 mmol/L. In contrast, as an index of overall condition, antennal length and rostral spine length were significantly degraded in the 36 and 50 prawns/m² groups compared to the 9 and 23 prawns/m² groups ( P < 0.05). Blood glucose levels were significantly elevated after prawns were exposed to air for 10 min and also increased Significantly when dissolved oxygen was decreased from 6.5 mg/L to 2.1 mg/L. ( P < 0.05). Gassing of water from pH 8.5 to 5.9 with carbon dioxide, with a corresponding decrease of dissolved oxygen from 6.6 to 5.9 mg/ L, induced a rapid and significant rise in blood glucose levels from 1.1 to 2.3 mmol/L. In contrast, a decrease of water pH from 8.3 to 5.9 with sulfuric acid, did not result in a significant change in blood glucose concentrations. These findings are discussed in relation to pond management for maintaining prawns in a low stress environment.     

Effects of Salinity and Na+/K+ Ratio on Osmoregulation and Growth Performance of Black Tiger Prawn,Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798, Juveniles Reared in Inland Saline Water

A 60‐d growth trial was conducted with the black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon (ca. 0.8 g juveniles) at CIFE Rohtak Centre to evaluate the effects of salinity and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio of inland saline water on shrimp growth, survival, and osmoregulation. Three different salinities (5, 10, and 15 ppt) and five different Na⁺/K⁺ ratios (25:1, 45:1, 65:1, 85:1, and 27.9:1), for a total of 15 treatments were prepared by ionic manipulation. The medium with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 27.9 was reconstituted seawater and was used as the reference treatment. At the end of the 60‐d trial both salinity and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio significantly influenced the survival and growth of shrimp in inland saline water (P < 0.05). Final mean individual weight, weight gain (%) (WG [%]) increased with decreasing Na⁺/K⁺ ratios. Survival rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 45 and 27.9 at salinities 10 and 15 ppt, respectively. Minimum growth and survival (0–24%) were observed in mediums with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 85 at all salinities. Serum osmolality and osmoregulatory capacity were similar across all treatments at identical salinities except for sodium to potassium ratio (Na⁺/K⁺) 85. The serum sodium and potassium levels did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) for mediums with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 25, 45, 65, and 27.9 at all salinities. Significantly different (P < 0.05) serum sodium levels were observed in mediums with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 85 at all salinities at the end of the trial. The serum potassium levels were significantly low in treatments with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 85. There was no significant difference in the serum magnesium levels between treatments and the serum calcium levels were significantly lower for shrimp reared in the reference mediums. Results of this study confirm that P. monodon can be successfully cultured in low salinity waters with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio ranging between 25 and 45:1.     

Cu2+和Cd2+对斑节对虾幼虾的毒性作用

研究了Cu^2 和Cd^2 对斑节对虾幼虾 的急性和亚急性毒性作用，获得了Cu^2 和Cd^2 的半致死浓度、安全浓度和累积量。     

Joint Action of Ammonia and Nitrite on Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon Postlarvae

Tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL6) were exposed to a mixture of ammonia and nitrite by the static renewal method. When the toxicity ratio of the ammonia-nitrite mixture was 1:1, the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 values were 2.20, 1.43 and 0.84 toxicity units which were equivalent to 12.66 mg/L ammonia-N (0.60 mg/L NH₃-N) plus 14.91 mg/L nitrite-N, 8.23 mg/L ammonia-N (0.39 mg/L NH₃-N) plus 9.69 mg/L nitrite-N, and 4.83 mg/L ammonia-N (0.23 mg/ L NH₃-N) plus 5.69 mg/L nitrite-N. When the toxicity ratio of the ammonia-nitrite mixture was 51, the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 values were 2.50, 1.56 and 0.85 toxicity units which were equivalent to 23.98 mg/L ammonia-N (1.13 mg/L NH₃-N) plus 5.65 mg/L nitrite-N; 14.96 mg/L ammonia-N (0.71 mg/L NH₃-N) plus 3.52 mg/L nitrite-N, and 8.15 mg/L ammonia-N (0.39 mg/ L NH, N) plus 1.92 mg/L nitrite-N. A mixture of ammonia and nitrite exerted greater toxicity than high concentrations of either ammonia or nitrite alone. The combined effect of ammonia and nitrite on P. monodon postlarvae was antagonistic for 48 and 72 hours exposure, but synergistic after 96 hours exposure.     

在斯里兰卡养殖斑节对虾及防病技术

１９９６年,由于病毒性虾病暴发,期里半卡８０％以上养虾场濒于绝产。笔者在Ａ．Ｅ．虾场利用３０个０．５ｈｍ６２的池塘进行养虾防病试验。采取的措施是：将１０个池改为海水沉淀消毒池。２０个养虾池铲除淤泥,翻耕曝晒,遍洒生石灰。选择健壮虾苗暂１５－３０天后放入养殖池,每池放养１０－１２．５万尾。池四角各设一台水车式增氧机,使池水溶氧始终保持３ｍｇ／Ｌ以上。     

斑节对虾室外人工育苗试验报告

<正> 斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)又称角虾、青根虾,台湾称草虾,它个体大,生长速度快,且对饵料选择不严格(偏植物性),广盐性,耐高温,离水后的抵抗耐力强,具有活虾出口的优越条件,是虾类养殖的理想品种,是东南亚各国及我国南方、台湾省对虾养殖的主要品种。近几年来,斑节对虾工厂化育苗取得了可喜的成绩,产量逐年增     

Broodstock Condition and Egg Quality in Tiger Prawn, Penaeus monodon, Resulting from Feeding Bioencapsulated Live Prey

This study was motivated by the need to find a solution to poor egg quality and the resulting mass mortality of hatchery-produced larvae of the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. The approach adopted sought to improve the broodstock condition and determine its effect on egg quality using rates of fertilization, hatching and metamorphosis. Broodstock specimens were given four separate dietary treatments (D1–D4), all of which comprised squid and trash fish plus supplements. D2, D3 and D4 were supplemented with bloodworm, bioencapsulated bloodworm and a commercial broodstock diet, respectively. Tricalcic phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) was used to enrich the live bloodworm. The bioencapsulated ration performed better than regular bloodworm and other diets. This was evident from the bioencapsulation results which showed the highest rate of hatching, survival of nauplii and larvae metamorphosing into zoea stage.     

Influence of Enriched Live Prey and Other Artificial Diets on RNA and DNA Concentration in the Ovary of Tiger Prawn,Penaeus monodon

Abstract

Separate batches of tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, were fed three different diets, and the effect of these nutritional treatments on RNA and DNA concentrations in the ovary was examined. The given diets did not produce any significant difference in the concentrations of the nucleic acids. DNA remained remarkably stable. RNA/DNA ratio varied from 2.18 to 3.62 and largely followed the pattern similar to that of RNA. Differences in the RNA/DNA ratio did not suggest actual quantitative change in DNA per cell. Cause and effect relations need to be differentiated by analysis of nucleic acid contents at cell level for further insights into the possible link between the dynamics of change in the nucleic acids and broodstock nourishment.     

Reproductive performance and mature gonad morphology of triploid and diploid Black Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) siblings

Sibling harvest age Black Tiger shrimp triploids and diploids of both sexes were reared to reproductive maturity, crossed with wild caught females and males, conditioned for spawning and a comprehensive reproductive performance trial was undertaken. Ovarian development, spawning frequency, fecundity, hatch rate, gonad morphology, male reproductive tracts and thelycum impregnation rates of the wild female × triploid male cross were assessed. After ablation, ovarian development and cycling between wild G₀ diploid and G₁ diploids was not significantly different, whereas G₁ triploids failed to show any signs of ovarian development and cycling, thus resulting in no G₁ triploid female spawnings. There were 10 G₀ diploid female × G₀ diploid male first‐spawnings and 9 G₀ diploid female × G₁ diploid male first‐spawnings, all of which produced viable nauplii. In comparison, there were 7 G₀ diploid female × G₁ triploid male first‐spawnings, none of which produced viable nauplii. The 26 wild G₀ diploid female spawnings had more eggs than the 1 G₁ diploid female spawning. Gonad morphology and male reproductive tract assessments showed impaired reproductive development in triploid gonadal tissues of both sexes (compared with sibling diploids and wild shrimp) to a point where complete maturation had not occurred. The thelycum of 16 wild G₀ diploid females crossed with G₁ triploid males had no visible spermatophore present, suggesting that G₁ triploid males are incapable of developing viable spermatophores and mating with females. This study demonstrates that the triploid females and males are incapable of producing viable gametes and are thus reproductively sterile.     

Dietary astaxanthin levels affect colour,growth, carotenoid digestibility and the accumulation of specific carotenoid esters in the Giant Tiger Shrimp,Penaeus monodon

The carotenoid astaxanthin (Axn) plays a vital role in shrimp pigmentation, with direct influence on product quality, and forms a significant cost component of shrimp aquaculture feeds. However, the effects of dietary Axn on other measures of shrimp physiological performance are varied, and the efficiency of carotenoid uptake from the diet and deposition in shrimp tissues is poorly defined. This study fed juvenile shrimp (Penaeus monodon) diets that contained 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg^?1 Axn for 6 weeks. Shrimp fed carotenoid‐free diets had significantly reduced colour and growth than those fed carotenoids, but survival was unaffected. Carotenoid digestibility improved as dietary carotenoid levels increased, and was 98.5% in shrimp fed 100 mg kg^?1 Axn. After 6 weeks, whole body carotenoid levels were significantly depleted in 0 or 25 mg kg^?1 fed shrimp, compared with those fed 50 or 100 mg kg^?1 or compared with initial shrimp. This study also showed that Axn monoesters were enriched with saturated fatty acids, whereas Axn diesters were enriched with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Combined, these studies demonstrate that a total dietary carotenoid intake of between 25 and 50 mg kg^?1 Axn is required for normal shrimp growth and health in P. monodon. Evidence suggests that there is a functional role for the accumulation of carotenoids and the formation of specific Axn fatty acid esters, and these may be linked to the metabolism, storage, mobilization or deposition of Axn within various tissues.     

A Microsatellite DNA Marker Developed for Identifying Disease‐resistant Population of Giant Black Tiger Shrimp,Penaeus monodon

White spot disease caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) poses major problems that result in huge economic losses each year in shrimp aquaculture throughout the world. In the present study, microsatellite‐based DNA fingerprints have been compared between naturally occurring WSSV disease‐resistant and susceptible populations of giant black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, to find DNA markers. For the first time, we report here a microsatellite locus, which, after amplification by polymerase chain reaction, provides a highly statistically significant DNA fingerprint of 71 bp, only in disease susceptible populations but not in disease‐resistant shrimp populations, whereas a 317 bp band is common in both. The absence of the former DNA marker will be very useful to identify disease‐resistant broodstock of P. monodon for marker‐assisted selection in breeding programs to generate disease‐free shrimps (P. monodon) in the aquaculture industry.     

Concentration and Composition of Astaxanthin in Black Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon Postlarvae Fed Artemia sp. Nauplii or Mauxia Shrimsp Acetes intermedius

Minced Taiwan mauxia shrimp Acetes intermedius , an alternative to brine shrimp Artemia sp. nauplii, has long been used as a principal or supplemental feed in prawn hatcheries in Southeast Asia and India. In this study, black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae were fed with frozen brine shrimp nauplii (diet B) or minced Taiwan mauxia shrimp (diet M) for 4 wk to compare their astaxanthin concentration and composition, survival, and growth. Diet B contained two and a half times more total carotenoid (TC) than diet M, with canthaxanthin as a major (79%) carotenoid, but without astaxanthin, a predominant carotenoid in crustaceans. Of its TC in diet M, 55% was β-carotene and 17% astaxanthin. B-prawn (postlarvae fed with diet B) had a similar growth rate as M-prawn and twice the survival rate as M-prawn. The concentrations of total astaxanthin (TA), free astaxanthin (FA), astaxanthin monoester (MA), and astaxanthin di-ester (DA) in B-prawn were all higher than those in M-prawn. Except for FA, no reduction of TA, MA, or DA concentration during the feeding interval was found in B-prawn. However, concentrations of TA, FA, MA, and DA in M-prawn all decreased. TC content of the experimental diets had a greater influence on resulting prawn astaxanthin concentration and composition than carotenoid compositions of the diets.     

Comparison of Juvenile Spotted Wolffish, Anarhichas minor, Growth in Shallow Raceways and Circular Tanks

Abstract.— We compared growth properties of juvenile spotted wolffish with initial mean weight (±SE) 105.9 (±3.1) g reared in shallow raceways and conventional circular tanks in a 202-d-long growth trial at ambient temperature (approximately 4.0 C). From Day 41 onward, the fish in the shallow raceways was significantly larger, and final mean weights were 356.3 (±18.2) and 318.2 (±15.6), in the shallow raceways and the circular tanks, respectively. Overall, growth rates were 14% higher (0.62%/d) in the shallow raceway group compared to the circular tanks (0.52%/d). Feed conversion efficiency differed and was 17% higher in the shallow raceways (1.01) compared to the circular tanks (0.84). Correlation between adjacent growth rates was more profound in the circular tanks (mean Spearmans rank, r _Sp = 0.38) than in the shallow raceways (mean r _Sp = 0.15). This could indicate a stronger social hierarchy in conventional tanks leading to suppressed growth, which is in line with the growth data presented in this study. The findings of the present study may have important consequences for optimization of commercial production of spotted wolffish and could be applicable to other bottom-dwelling species.     

Comparison of microsatellite and SNP DNA markers for pedigree assignment in Black Tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon

Custom‐built single‐nucleotide‐polymorphism (SNP) marker systems that are compatible with Sequenom^® chemistry are compared with a general purpose microsatellite marker system in their ability to accurately assign Black Tiger shrimp parentage. The microsatellite system consisted of 13 markers, while the SNP systems comprised of 63 (SNPa), 59 (SNPb) or 122 markers (SNPab). Comparisons were made using animals from commercial breeding lines with thresholds for assignment derived using simulated genotypes. Pedigree assignment for commercial lines was highest when panel SNPab was used. Panel SNPa, panel SNPb and Msat functioned with an overall similar level of power for pedigree assignment, however, for some families, the Msat panel was not as powerful. Pedigree assignment for the simulated diploid genotypes was higher for all SNP panels compared with Msat. Overall the three SNP panels provided parentage assignment rates suitable for commercial shrimp breeding programs with assignment rates in the simulated genotypes greater than 96.8% and correct assignments greater than 99.3%. Compared with the microsatellite panel, custom‐built SNP panels, whether they operate as single panels, or as a combined panel, have improved power to perform dam and sire assignment to progeny and provide faster turnaround time as they are compatible with Sequenom^® chemistry.     

A Comparison of Inert Markers Used to Estimate Protein Digestibility in the Leader Prawn Penaeus monodon

Abstract.— Acid insoluble ash, chromic oxide and ytterbium acetate were evaluated as digestibility markers in practical diets for leader prawns Penaeus monodon . Apparent protein digestibility coefficients ranged from 79.4% for chromic oxide to 82.6% for ytterbium acetate and were similar regardless of the marker used (P < 0.05). Coefficients of variation of protein digestibility coefficients ranged from 2.1% for ytterbium acetate to 4.9% for acid insoluble ash. Methods for selecting dietary markers for use are discussed.     

斑节对虾6个家系生长、饲料利用和全虾营养成分的比较

以海南三亚野生斑节对虾( Penaeus monodon )为亲本,建立6个家系(hsy5-5,hsy7-7,hsy8-5,hsy10-10,hsy12-13和hsy15-15)进行生长、饲料利用和混养生长试验,同时分析各个家系全虾的营养成分.在生长和饲料利用试验中,家系hsy10-10的增重率和饲料系数优于其它家系;hsy8-5、hsy10-10和hsy12-13的成活率高于hsy5-5、hsy7-7和hsy15-15,但差异不显著( P ＞0.05).在混养生长试验中,水泥池混养时,家系hsy10-10的成活率高达90%,分别比hsy8-5、hsy12-13、hsy7-7、hsy15-15和hsy5-5家系高出13.3%、13.3%、20.0%、23.3%和30.0%;hsy10-10和hsy8-5的月总增重率高于其它4个家系;池塘混养时,hsy10-10家系的平均体重高于6个家系平均值的13.1%.结果表明,家系hsy10-10的成活率、增重率和饲料系数均优于其它家系,且含有最高的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和最低的水分.