施磷水平对不同基因型大豆叶片及子粒可溶性蛋白含量的影响

磷以多种方式参与植物体内各种生物化学过程,对促进植物的生长发育和新陈代谢起着重要的作用[1]。可溶性蛋白质是植物所有蛋白质组分中最活跃的一部分,包括各种酶源、酶分子和代谢调节物[2]。磷是作物体内氮素代谢过程中的组成成分之一,与蛋白质的代谢关系极为密切[3-6]。因此,通过测定大豆叶片和子粒可溶性蛋白含量可了解多少施磷量更有利于促进大豆氮代谢。关于大豆可溶性蛋白含量与氮素关系的研究较多[7-11],而有关磷的研究报道较少。为此,本研究探讨不同施磷水平对高蛋白、高油和中间型3种基因型大豆生育期内叶片和子粒可溶性蛋白含量的…     

Improved method to obtain pure alpha-galactosides from lupin seeds

Improvement of a previously described method of purification of alpha-galactosides, members of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs), has been developed for lupins. The considerable amount of sucrose present in the RFO preparations obtained by the previous method has been removed by modifying the purification stage on diatomaceous earth and charcoal. The present method allows for the preparation of high-purity RFOs containing approximately 99.4% of RFOs in the form of a white fine powder, which provides new perspectives for the production of pure alpha-galactoside preparations for their use as prebiotics in functional foods.     

Applications of mineral nitrogen increase the yield and content of crude protein in narrow-leaf lupin seeds

Abstract

In a plant pot experiment with non-inoculated seed stock of narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius, L.) of the variety ‘Prima’ we explored the effects of nitrogen compounds applied in the form of NH₄NO₃ on different dates (before sowing, after emergence and during flowering) and at various levels (0–0.5–2–3 g N per pot) on changes in the number of pods per plant, the 1000-seed weight, seed yields and the content of crude protein in seeds. The experiment included four treatments; the first was a control treatment not fertilized with nitrogen. In the other treatments we applied nitrogen either as a single application before sowing or in three split applications. In all the nitrogen-fertilized variants the number of pods per plant, total seed yields per plant and the concentration of crude protein all increased compared to the unfertilized control variant. The highest levels of nitrogen (3 g N per pot) reduced the 1000-seed weight compared to the unfertilized control variant. The total application of 2 g N per pot split into application before sowing (0.5 g N), after emergence (0.5 g N) and during flowering (1 g N) resulted in a highly significant increase in the number of pods per plant (+78%), the 1000-seed weight (+20.1%) and therefore higher seed yields per plant (+139.8%) compared to the control treatment not fertilized with nitrogen. Increasing levels of nitrogen linearly increased the content of crude protein in seeds during harvest from 24.2% to 40.6%, thus increasing the nutritional quality of the seeds.     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of alkaloids composition in the seeds of a white lupin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis> L.) collection

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) has unexploited potential as a crop plant due to its high seed yield as well as protein and oil content in seeds. Well-characterized collections of gene resources are very important for breeding as a source of genetic variation. This paper presents the results of analyses for total content and qualitative composition of alkaloids in seeds of 367 L. albus accessions from the Polish Genebank. Accessions were divided into four classes of origin: wild collected material, land races, breeding lines, and cultivars. Apart from the expected broad variation as well as strong differentiation in the alkaloid content, a clear influence of domestication was observed. This was shown as an apparent decrease in the alkaloid content in breeding lines and cultivars classes. The total alkaloid content varies from 0.02 to 12.73% of the seed dry weight. Six major alkaloids (abundance >1%) were revealed: lupanine (28.22–94.49%, mean 76.06% in total content), 13-hydroxylupanine (0.10–32.78%, mean 8.23%), multiflorine (0.00–21.67%, mean 5.52%), albine (0.00–18.55%, mean 4.48%), angustifoline (0.24–12.14%, mean 2.07%), 11,12-seco-12,13-didehydromultiflorine (0.00–12.28%, mean 1.74%). Owing to its abundance, lupanine was found to be the most closely correlated to the total alkaloid content.     

The role of alkaloids in the feeding behaviour of slugs (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora) as pests of narrow-leafed lupin plants

The degree of damage done to lupin plants by slugs is highly dependent on the species and the cultivar of plant. A study was carried out, in laboratory conditions and on small plots, to investigate the extent of damage done to plants of eight cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin when exposed to grazing by Arion vulgaris, Arion rufus and Deroceras reticulatum. Five sweet and three bitter cultivars of lupin were selected, respectively, having low- and high-alkaloid content. The contents of the dominant lupine alkaloids in these plants were determined. It was found that the susceptibility of the plants to slug damage is dependent on their content of alkaloids. The plants of high-alkaloid cultivars (Karo, Mirela and Oskar) were less heavily damaged by the studied species of slugs. The greatest differences were recorded for A. vulgaris and D. reticulatum, while the differences for A. rufus were smaller. For all studied slug species, the differences were statistically significant. The results of carried out experiments may potentially be of use in the selection of cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius to be grown in areas inhabited by these slug species.     

不同水稻品种获取氮能力的差异

采用溶液培养方法研究了不同水稻品种获取氮能力的差异及其原因。结果表明,在不同供氮水平下,不同水稻品种吸氮能力差异显著。随着供氮水平的提高,南光、豫粳7号、黔育421和武运粳7号的氮积累总量增加显著,说明这4个水稻品种对氮的响应度高;而桂单4号、ELIO、云粳38和4007的氮积累总量增加不显著,说明它们对氮的响应度低。对氮响应度高的4个水稻品种的平均吸氮速率随着供氮水平的增加其增幅显著,而其总根长的变化幅度则较小。水稻氮积累总量与总根长和平均吸氮速率的相关关系的分析结果表明,平均吸氮速率对水稻苗期获取氮能力的贡献率大于其总根长的贡献率。     

Nitrogen regime of soils with different macrosymbiont genotypes

The specificity of the nitrogen regime in gray forest and meadow-chernozemic soils under the effect of different genotypes of peas (Pisum sativum L.) was shown under field and optimal hydrothermal conditions. The dynamics of the nitrogen form ratios in soils with and without symbiotic nitrogen fixation was studied. The role of the macrosymbiont type genotype in the accumulation of ammonium, nitrate, and microbial nitrogen in soils was revealed.     

Distribution of melatonin in different zones of lupin and barley plants at different ages in the presence and absence of light

In animals, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has several physiological roles, mostly related with circadian and seasonal rhythms. In 1995, it was detected in a variety of edible plants, and it is known that melatonin from plant foods is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and incorporated in the blood stream. This indoleamine also crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placenta, being incorporated at the subcellular level. The possibility of modulating blood melatonin levels in mammals and avians through the ingestion of plant foodstuffs seems to be an interesting prospect. However, data concerning the melatonin content of edible plants are scarce and have not been contrasted. Obtained with very different analytical techniques, in some cases inappropriate, the quantitative data show a high degree of variation. Possibly for the first time in plants, we have used liquid chromatography with time-of-flight/mass spectrometry to identify melatonin. This sophisticated technique, combined with the more commonly used liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for melatonin quantification, has permitted us to describe the distribution of this compound in different organs and zones in plants. Also, changes in melatonin levels with age and the possible influence of a light/dark photoperiod or constant darkness on its levels are studied. The proposal, applied here to lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), may also serve as a model for application to other plant foodstuffs.     

小白菜硝酸盐积累量基因型差异机理研究

以高硝酸盐积累品种四月慢和低硝酸盐积累品种华冠青梗菜为材料,采用溶液培养方法,测定了0.2和2mmol/L NO3-处理下的硝酸盐积累量和硝酸还原酶活性,并应用Real-Time PCR技术检测了NO3-吸收基因NRT1和NRT2的表达量。结果表明:(1)除0.2 mmol/L NO3-处理时的叶片硝酸盐含量没有显著差异外,四月慢植株各部位的硝酸盐含量都显著高于华冠青梗菜,高浓度培养使品种间硝酸盐积累量差异增加,四月慢对NO3-水平增加的响应能力强于华冠青梗菜。(2)吸收液NO3-浓度12~0 mmol/L范围内,四月慢对NO3-离子吸收速率显著高于华冠青梗菜,且在高浓度下表现更显著。(3)在2 mmol/L NO3-处理下,NRT2在根、叶片、叶柄中的表达量都是四月慢显著高于华冠青梗菜,NRT1的表达量只有在根中四月慢显著高于华冠青梗菜,而在叶片和叶柄中都没有显著差异;在0.2 mmol/L NO3-处理下,NRT1和NRT2表达情况相同,都是在叶片和叶柄中四月慢显著高于华冠青梗菜,而在根中表达量品种间没有显著差异。(4)NRT1和NRT2的表达在一定程度上可以解释硝酸盐积累量的差异,可能还有其他的基因对硝酸盐积累的基因型差异起重要作用,尤其是0.2 mmol/L NO3-处理时。(5)四月慢的硝酸还原酶活性显著高于华冠青梗菜,即四月慢对硝酸根同化利用的能力强于华冠青梗菜。     

Birds of different biogeographic origins respond in contrasting ways to urbanization

Impacts of urbanization on ecological systems are expected to increase during the 21st century, and identifying which species may not survive under urban constraints is of practical importance to conservation biology. I study whether a species’ biogeographic origin might be a useful predictor of vulnerability to urban pressures, and if this depends on the geographic scale of the study. By means of multivariate ordination analyses and computer intensive, Monte Carlo simulation techniques, I study the patterns of zoogeographical affinity (a proxy for biogeographic origin) of passerine birds living in 14 non-urban (NU) and 11 urban (U) sites throughout Mexico, a biodiversity rich and urbanizing country between the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions; at a regional scale, I also study differences between NU and U sites in the state of Puebla, in the ‘Temperate Sierras’ ecoregion. Differences in zoogeographical affinities between NU and U sites were statistically significant, and were mainly caused by changes in the number of neotropical and nearctic species. In terms of the ‘equivalent number of zoogeographical classes’, a useful measure of zoogeographical diversity, bird assemblages in urban settings were less diverse than those simulated by random drawings from the corresponding species pools. In fact, urbanization seems to be provoking the selective removal of neotropical and endemic species from urban assemblages, whereas at the same time retaining more-than-expected nearctic (temperate) species; birds with nearctic affinities could be successful candidates to ‘urban exploiters’ in the study case. At a landscape scale, results suggest that urbanization is creating holes in the geographic range of both neotropical passerines and birds endemic to Mexico, which are selectively removed by the urban filter, and can be identified as those more heavily threatened by urbanization if proactive strategies to conserve biodiversity in urban ecosystems are not implemented. Among other reasons for the observed patterns, the tropical niche conservatism is invoked as an explanation.     

不同基因型谷子对干旱胁迫的调控机制

[目的]对不同基因型谷子在干旱胁迫下的生理指标及差异基因的转录水平进行综合评价,以深入认知谷子的抗旱调控机制,为选择谷子抗旱种质资源提供理论依据.[方法]供试材料为7个基因型谷子品种(系),测定干旱胁迫前后不同基因型谷子茎部脯氨酸、丙二醛和可溶性糖3种渗透调节物质含量和过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶3种抗氧化酶...     

Assessment of different wheat genotypes with altered genetic background in response to different salinity levels

This experiment was conducted in a glasshouse at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Zarghan, Iran, in 2016. Sixteen wheat genotypes were compared under four salinity levels [control, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] in terms of grain yield, chlorophyll (SPAD), flag leaf area, Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, catalase, and peroxidase activities in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Overall, results indicated that apparently no single parameter or a specific group of parameters could be suggested as factors of the most responsive element to different salinity stress levels. In other words, the tolerance mechanism of wheat genotypes is a complex response of multiple factors as a network path. Furthermore, different salinity levels led to different responses of wheat genotypes, which were detectable by the results of the mean comparison and analysis of variance. These results also proved the influential effects of the genetic background on salinity response and tolerance of wheat genotypes. In addition, antioxidants acting as defense barriers against reactive oxygen species are very important constituents against salinity, since higher antioxidant activity leads to alleviate the oxidative stress caused by salinity. Higher osmolyte concentration regulating the selective uptake of useful ions can prevent excess accumulation of toxic ions, which contribute to salinity stress damages. A high variation related to the measured traits in this study under both normal and salinity stress conditions was achieved, which could be applied in screening and breeding programs for salinity stress tolerance. Moreover, the responses of different genotypes varied regarding the different traits; SU-0129 as a novel genotype has proved to be the best choice for further breeding research based on the overall traits and, in particular, grain yield and tolerance stress index.     

Phenolic composition of strawberry genotypes at different maturation stages

The effects of maturation (green, pink, and ripe) on phenolic composition of strawberry cultivars Camarosa, Dorit, Chandler, and Osmanli and their hybrids were investigated using a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin were individually quantified for each stage. The highest amounts of anthocyanins were obtained from ripe fruits whereas ellagic acid was found as the main phenolic in the green fruits. Phenolic concentrations were found statistically different in green and ripe fruits. One hybrid was found to have higher phenolic contents than the other genotypes. The p-hydroxybenzoic and p-coumaric acid levels changed during maturation, but no differences in contents of flavonoids in green and ripe fruit were detected.     

两种磷效率小麦在不同土壤上根际特征的差异

以磷高效型小麦小偃54和磷低效型小麦京411为研究对象设计三室根箱试验,通过测定生物量、吸磷量、pH和酸性磷酸酶,对比两种小麦在不同磷水平(P0 mg/kg土、100 mg/kg土)及两种不同土壤上(石灰性黑垆土、酸性红壤)根际特征的差异。试验结果表明,黑垆土上,增施磷肥使小偃54的总生物量增加了14.99%,京411增加了26.53%,总吸磷量二者分别增加了99.29%和83.70%;红壤的速效磷含量高,施肥仅提高了磷低效型小麦京411的生物量。黑垆土上磷胁迫并未造成小偃54与京411各部分生物量和吸磷量的显著性差异,但小偃54的根际pH降低值和酸性磷酸酶的活性却已显著高于京411;P0处理时,红壤上小偃54的地上部和总生物量显著高于京411,虽然红壤的速效磷含量高于黑垆土,但在P0处理时两种小麦在两种土壤上的生物量和吸磷量并无显著性差异。就根际分泌物而言,石灰性黑垆土上,小偃54的根系在低磷胁迫下通过降低pH和分泌酸性磷酸酶来活化土壤中难溶态的磷,而在红壤上小偃54的pH和酸性磷酸酶的活性保持稳定。酸性红壤中两种小麦酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于石灰性黑垆土。由此可见,两种磷效率小麦在两种不同性质土壤上活化机理存在差异。     

Phosphorus adsorption and desorption behavior on sediments of different origins

Purpose  

The aim of this study was to assess phosphorus-retention (P_ret) capacities via P adsorption (P_ads) and desorption (P_des) by sediments collected from six different sources associated with various origins, physical, and chemical characteristics.     

Multivariate statistical analysis of the color-anthocyanin relationships in different soilless-grown strawberry genotypes

Apart from the need to assess the color of foods due to its preponderant role in their acceptability, there is currently a new trend consisting in the study of the relationships between the color and the pigments accounting for it. The color of five strawberry varieties cultivated in two different soilless systems has been studied, and an array of multivariate statistical methods have been performed to single out the color parameters that best discriminate among the different samples surveyed and to correlate them with the pigment content. It is concluded that there is not a direct relationship between the external and flesh colorations of the berries. Additionally, after discriminant methods were applied, it was noticed that, taking into account the strawberry varieties, >90% of the cases could be correctly classified, a noticeably lower percentage of correct classification (around 60%) being obtained when the type of cultivation system was selected as the criterion for discrimination. The best correlations of pigment-color coordinates were found between pelargonidin-3-rutinoside and the external a* (r= -0.87) followed by pelargonidin-3-glucoside and the internal L* (r= -0.72).     

不同基因型小麦变水处理的产量效应研究

试验研究不同基因型小麦各时期水分变动对产量的影响结果表明,拔节期水分变动对小麦产量的影响较大,干旱减产效应下普通小麦拔节期干旱处理比充分供水处理减产29.45%,而灌浆期水分亏缺处理仅减产12.70%;与水分胁迫处理相比,普通小麦拔节期复水处理增产42.83%,灌浆期复水增产22.29%,而不同基因型间小麦栽培一粒(A1)拔节期复水仅增产8.76%,栽培二粒(A2)拔节期复水产量下降4.38%。     

磷胁迫下不同基因型甜菜的光合特征

采用盆栽砂培在室内人工可控和室外自然环境条件下,利用前期研究已经获得的对低磷胁迫抗性弱 （品14）、中（品17）和强（品20）的3类种质材料各1个,进行了长期低磷胁迫(P 1 mol/kg)条件下不同基因型甜菜光合特性的研究。结果表明,1）低磷胁迫显著（P0.05）降低了甜菜叶片无机磷和叶绿素含量,品20的降幅显著低于品14。2）低磷胁迫对3个品种的气孔导度、蒸腾速率均有显著或极显著（P0.01）的负效应;对胞间CO2浓度的效应因品种而异,与P 100 mol/kg处理比,品14显著下降,品17无变化,品20显著增加。3）与P 100 mol/kg处理比,低磷胁迫使3个品种单叶光合速率降幅均达到了极显著水平,但不同品种之间表现各异;品14降幅最大,品20最小,品17居中,且3个品种间的差异均达到了显著或极显著。4）不同生长条件使甜菜对低磷胁迫在单叶光合速率方面产生不同的抵抗能力;在室内培养条件下,同样的磷胁迫水平对各品种甜菜光合作用的阻碍均显著小于自然环境。5）低磷胁迫条件下,甜菜各品种在植株磷含量、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和单叶光合速率等性状上的抗胁迫指数大小与品种自身的抗低磷胁迫强弱的顺序完全一致,即品20品17品14。     

不同基因型棉花根系对局部供磷的响应特征

【目的】 养分异质性存在于自然土壤或农田土壤,探讨不同基因型棉花根系对异质性养分的响应,对提高棉花磷利用效率具有重要意义。 【方法】 本试验在土培条件下,设磷均质供应和磷局部供应两种供磷方式,根箱自上而下分为三层 (上层0—20 cm、中层20—40 cm、下层40—60 cm)。磷均质供应方式下根箱每一层的磷肥用量均为P₂O₅ 100 mg/kg,磷局部供应方式下磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 300 mg/kg,全部集中施在中层 (20—40 cm),上下两层均不施磷,两种供磷方式下氮钾肥均按N 150 mg/kg和K₂O 5 mg/kg均匀加入至根箱各层 (施钾量按75 kg/hm2计算),利用根箱分层研究2种基因型棉花根系对局部供磷 (20—40 cm) 响应的差异。 【结果】 局部供磷能显著改变棉花的根系形态,磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’和磷高效基因型‘新陆早19号’总根长、根系表面积、根系总体积、比根长、中层细根长度分别增加了38.0%、41.9%、97.6%、27.3%、35.9%和34.5%、21.7%、39.0%、22.5%、42.8%。棉花对局部供磷的响应存在基因型差异,磷高效基因型‘新陆早19号’的总根长、根系表面积、根系总体积、比根长、中层细根长度均显著高于磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’,分别是磷低效基因型‘新陆早13号’的1.23、1.31、1.73、1.07、1.30倍。主成分分析表明,棉花根系的可塑性主要受养分供应方式影响,而根系的基本构架主要受基因型控制。偏最小二乘回归分析表明,总根长、中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度、根系表面积和根系总体积的VIP值超过1,对地上磷吸收起着明显重要的作用,其中中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度10%的增加量可以引起地上部磷吸收2.33%的增加,即中层 (20—40 cm) 细根 (0—0.4 mm) 长度对植株磷吸收的贡献最大。 【结论】 在局部供磷区,磷高效基因型棉花具有更高的环境适应能力。对于高效和低效基因型,都应采取局部供磷的方式,优化根系分布和生长,提高棉花获取异质性磷养分的能力,以发挥棉花的最大生物学潜力,提高养分利用率,减少肥料用量,保护生态环境。