Virulence of Salmonella enteritidis phagetypes 4, 8 and 13 and other Salmonella spp. for day-old chicks, hens and mice.

Virulence of three Canadian poultry strains of Salmonella enteritidis, namely phagetypes (PT) 4, 8 and 13, and one Salmonella heidelberg strain was assessed in orally and intraperitoneally inoculated one-day old chickens and compared to the virulence of a human S. enteritidis PT 4 strain from the United Kingdom (UK). The two PT 4 strains were also compared in orally inoculated adult laying hens. In addition, orally inoculated Balb/c mice were used to evaluate virulence of the above strains and two strains of Salmonella typhimurium containing different plasmids. In orally inoculated one-day old chickens, the UK S. enteritidis PT 4 strain was more virulent than the Canadian PT 4 strain. The UK PT 4 strain was also more virulent and invasive in adult laying hens than the Canadian PT 4 strain. The S. enteritidis PT 8 strain and one S. typhimurium strain isolated from a chicken hatchery were the most virulent for orally inoculated Balb/c mice. This strain of S. typhimurium contained the 60 megadalton plasmid associated with virulence for Balb/c mice which was not present in the S. typhimurium strain isolated from a pig with septicemic disease.     

Comparative plasmid profile analysis of Salmonella typhimurium var. Copenhagen strains from a Salmonella outbreak in hospitalized horses]

From April 1990 through June 1991 clinical salmonellosis and asymptomatic faecal excretion of Salmonella spp. were seen in hospitalized horses at two veterinary hospitals. 76 Salmonella strains from hospitalized horses and 18 strains from horses without any clinical contact were characterized by serotyping and plasmid profile analysis. From April 1990 through January 1991 97.8% of the hospitalized horses were infected with strains of S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen, which were closely related according to their similar plasmid patterns. Other strains of S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen and serotype S. enteritidis were isolated not before February 1991. In the same period various plasmid profile types of S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen and strains of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis and S. lexington were isolated from horses of the control group. Our results suggest that the high incidence of salmonellosis and latent salmonella infection in hospitalized horses was mainly due to the spread of one particular strain of S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen and that this strain was obviously acquired during hospitalisation.     

表达猪链球菌溶血素基因的减毒沙门氏菌的构建及鉴定

将猪链球菌溶血素（suilysin，SLY）基因克隆入原核表达栽体pBV220，将重组质粒再导入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SV4089株，经PCR和酶切鉴定，构建成携带猪链球菌溶血素基因的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。结果表明：该减毒株具有相对安全性；用酶切和PCR鉴定法证实在无抗生素存在的条件下携带重组质粒的减毒株比较稳定；SDS-PAGE显示SLY能在宿主菌中进行表达。该结果为进一步研究制备猪链球菌口服活疫苗奠定了基础。     

Virulence determinants of Salmonella typhimurium from animal sources

Two hundred seventy-eight strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from 1973 to 1981 from animal sources in New York State were studied for possible virulence determinants and for a serotype-specific plasmid possibly linked with virulence. Of the strains, 98% possessed type-1 fimbriae. All strains possessed flagella and were motile. One hundred twenty-three strains (44%) treated with mitomycin C tested positive for the cholera-Escherichia coli heat labile family of toxins by a kinetics-based ELISA; when treated with mitomycin C and extracted with polymyxin B, 249 (90%) were positive in the kinetics-based ELISA. All strains were negative in the Biken test. A smooth cell wall was found in 99% of the strains. Sixty-one percent (169) of the strains had a 62-Md plasmid. Seventy-six (27%) of the strains had detectable plasmids ranging in size from 1 to 124 Md.     

Relation of plasmids to virulence and other properties of salmonellae from avian sources

A collection of 185 isolates of 34 serovars of Salmonella from avian sources was examined for plasmids, drug resistance, biochemical properties, serum resistance, and virulence. No serovars other than S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and S. heidelberg showed evidence of serovar-associated plasmids. All S. enteritidis isolates carried a single plasmid of 36 Mdal and were resistant to guinea pig serum; one strain that was tested was virulent. Of 27 isolates of S. typhimurium, 11 possessed a 60-Mdal plasmid and 17 harbored a 2.3-Mdal plasmid. Among isolates of S. heidelberg, 21 of 24 carried a 2.2-Mdal plasmid. The only biochemical property that varied was fermentation of inositol, which tended to be related to serovar. Of 172 isolates, 54 were resistant to at least one drug. Multiple drug resistance was usually associated with R plasmids, and transmissible plasmids that encoded resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamicin were demonstrated. Of 117 isolates tested, 43 were resistant to guinea pig serum. Resistance appeared to be a characteristic of isolates rather than serovar and could not be related to plasmids. Twenty-five isolates highly resistant to guinea pig serum were all susceptible to the bactericidal action of chicken serum. In tests for virulence using intraperitoneally (i.p.) and orally inoculated Balb/c mice and day-old chicks, only i.p.-inoculated chicks proved useful in demonstrating large differences among isolates: LD50's ranged from 10(0) to 10(8).     

Hybridization studies with a DNA probe derived from the virulence region of the 60 Mdal plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium.

Plasmid DNA of 68 strains of Salmonella that belonged to 18 serovars and exhibited 48 different plasmid profiles was examined for hybridization with a 32P-labelled DNA probe which consisted of a 3750 base pairs (bp) HindIII-HindIII fragment derived from the virulence region of the 60 megadalton (Mdal) plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium. The 32 Mdal plasmid of S. cholerae-suis, the 50 Mdal plasmid of S. dublin, the 36 Mdal plasmid of S. enteritidis, the 60 Mdal plasmid of S. gallinarum, the 60 Mdal plasmid of S. pullorum, and the 60 Mdal plasmid of S. typhimurium, plasmids that have been associated with virulence, all hybridized with the probe. Digestion of plasmid DNA of these strains with PvuII and hybridization with the probe revealed that the plasmids of strains of all six serovars contained fragments of approximately 2520 and 1520 bp that hybridized with the probe. Similarly, hybridization with BglI digests of DNA of the virulence-associated plasmids of strains of these six serovars showed that all six plasmids contained a fragment of approximately 3690 bp that hybridized with the probe. No other plasmids of these strains nor any plasmids of 12 other Salmonella serovars hybridized with the probe. Chromosomal DNA did not hybridize with the probe. The 60 Mdal plasmids of S. gallinarum and S. pullorum showed similar digestion patterns with restriction endonucleases BglI, BglII and PvuII.     

表达IBDV VP2蛋白重组减毒沙门菌活载体疫苗株的构建及免疫原性分析

通过PCR克隆出IBDV VP2基因,将其插入到表达载体pYA3341中,构建重组质粒pYA3341-VP2。将重组质粒电转入鼠伤寒沙门菌疫苗株X4550（缺失Asd、Cya、Crp基因）,获得重组疫苗菌株X4550（pYA3341-VP2）。进行重组菌VP2蛋白表达的鉴定;测定重组菌的稳定性、生长曲线、安全性以及小鼠免疫试验。结果表明,酶切鉴定证实重组质粒构建成功;SDS-PAGE和Western blot证实重组菌表达的VP2蛋白能与鸡抗IBDV阳性血清特异性结合;重组菌株在体外营养选择压力下,可稳定地携带重组质粒传代繁殖,在体内可稳定地定居于肠系膜淋巴结和脾脏;小鼠口服试验证实重组菌无毒性作用;口服重组菌免疫小鼠,ELISA检测产生了抗IBDV抗体;中和试验表明产生的抗体具有中和活性。本试验成功构建了能稳定表达IBDV VP2蛋白的口服减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌疫苗株X4550（pYA3341-VP2）,为研究IBD口服基因工程疫苗奠定了基础。     

表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗株的构建及动物免疫试验

本试验旨在构建表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV) GP5蛋白的口服重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌活载体疫苗株.PCR克隆除去信号肽序列的PRRSV ORF5基因,将其插入到表达载体pYA3341中,构建重组质粒pYA3341-ORF5.将重组质粒电转入鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗株X4550(缺失Asd、Cya、Crp基因),获得重组疫苗菌株X4550(pYA3341-ORF5).鉴定重组菌GP5蛋白的表达;测定重组菌定居特性及安全性;检测免疫小鼠血清抗体;流式细胞仪检测重组菌对小鼠T淋巴细胞CD4+和CD8+亚群的影响;最后进行免疫猪血清抗体检测.结果表明,酶切鉴定证实重组质粒构建成功;Western blot证实重组菌表达的GP5蛋白能与PRRSV阳性血清特异性结合;重组菌在体内可较稳定地定居于小鼠的肠系膜淋巴结和脾脏中,并在其中表达出GP5蛋白;小鼠口服试验证实重组菌无毒性作用;重组菌口服免疫小鼠可以产生抗GP5蛋白抗体且抗体具有中和活性;重组菌株能不同程度地使CD4+、CD4+/CD8+升高,而使CD8+下降,表明重组菌对细胞免疫功能具有调节作用;淋巴细胞增殖试验表明,重组菌能诱发小鼠产生较强的细胞免疫应答;重组菌口服免疫猪可以产生抗GP5蛋白抗体.本试验成功构建了能稳定表达PRRSV GP5蛋白的口服减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗株,为研究PRRSV口服基因工程疫苗奠定基础.     

通过16S rDNA全序列分析及鉴定牛沙门氏菌

通过16S rDNA全序列的DNA同源性分析以及PCR-RFLP分析,对从山东某奶牛场送检的腹泻死亡的犊牛内脏中分离到的一株沙门氏菌进行了血清型鉴定,得到其系统发育树状图。系统发育树分析表明,该沙门氏菌菌株与GENEBANK上发表的27株沙门氏菌的16S rDNA同源性较高,为97~99%,该沙门氏菌菌株与鼠伤寒沙门氏菌LT2(Salmonellatyphimurium LT2)的同源性最高,达到了99.7%,表明该沙门氏菌菌株为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。     

Use of molecular fingerprinting to assist the understanding of the epidemiology of Salmonella contamination within broiler production

1. We analysed Salmonella isolates by conventional sero- and phage-typing, as well as by molecular techniques within the broiler production chain in two integrated companies. The most prevalent serovars were selected for genetic fingerprinting. 2. Isolates were first screened by plasmid profiling; subsequently, the most common plasmid types within the prevalent zoonotic serovars (enteritidis and typhimurium) and S. agama were further characterised by PstI-SphI ribotyping, and XbaI pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). 3. Salmonella binza, S. kedougou, and S. 4,12:d:- were endemic in the feed mills over long periods of time, and a variety of plasmid types for each of the serovars were found in the premises. 4. A similar situation was found with S. binza and S. senftenberg within the hatchery in company B. The Salmonella serovars which were resident in those locations were also the ones most widely distributed throughout the broiler flocks. 5. Plasmid profiling was useful to subdivide clusters of isolates within serovars, but for each serovar a high percentage (36 to 79%) of the isolates tested fall within a prevalent plasmid type. 6. A more detailed genetic analysis of the isolates by a multiple typing approach allowed for further strain differentiation, and allowed some epidemiological conclusions to be drawn.     

Isolation,Identification and Pathogenicity of Salmonella typhimurium from Guizhou Pony

To investigate the reason of the diarrhea in Guizhou pony,we used the feces of pony as experimental material to isolate and detect pathogenic bacteria.S6 strain was isolated from SS and XLD medium,and identified using Gram staining,biochemical tests and molecular phylogeny methods.The results showed that S6 strain could growth on SS and XLD medium,and the Gram staining was negative.Biochemical test suggested that its phenotype features were accordance with Salmonella.The 16S rRNA gene sequence of S6 strain was determined in a nucleotide sequence identity of 99% with Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 (NR_119108).Based on the morphological and molecular phylogenetic results,the strain was identified as Salmonella typhimurium S6 strain.It was virulent to mice with the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 4.71×10² CFU.Then,we amplified the invasion protein A (invA) gene by PCR method.The invA gene isolated from S6 strain contained 6 to 8 bp different from the known gene,which resulted in only one amino acid substitution.The mutant sites of invA gene might attribute to the pathogenicity of S6 strain.The detection rate of Salmonella was 57% in Guizhou pony population.It was inferred that the diarrhea in Guizhou pony might be caused by virulent Salmonella typhimurium.     

贵州矮马鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及其致病力研究

为了探究贵州矮马的腹泻病原,试验以腹泻粪样为材料进行病原菌的分离鉴定。经SS和XLD培养基筛选,得到1株菌株S6,经革兰氏染色、生理生化检验以及16S rRNA基因序列比对分析,S6菌株可在SS和XLD琼脂培养基表面生长,革兰氏染色呈阴性;生理生化检验结果与沙门氏菌的生化特性相符;16S rRNA基因序列与已知的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ATCC 13311（登录号：NR_119108）的亲缘关系最近,序列同源性为99％。形态学和分子系统学分析表明,该菌株为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。采用PCR方法从S6菌株基因组中得到侵袭蛋白A（invasion protein A,invA）基因,与已知基因序列有6~8 bp不一致,编码的氨基酸发生了一个替换。通过改良寇氏法测定S6菌株对小鼠的半数致死量（LD₅₀）为4.71×10² CFU,属于强致病力菌株。推测S6 invA基因的变异可能与菌株的毒力强弱有关。贵州矮马群体中沙门氏菌的检出率为57％。本研究提示贵州矮马的腹泻病原之一可能是强毒力的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。     

Immune response of pigs to parenteral vaccination with an aromatic-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhimurium.

Cellular and humoral immune responses to parenteral vaccination with an aromatic-defined (aroA) Salmonella typhimurium and to oral challenge with the S. typhimurium parent strain were examined in pigs. The effectiveness of aroA S. typhimurium vaccination for prevention of clinical disease following challenge was also evaluated. A split litter model was utilized and analysis of variance was by least squares. The statistical model accounted for the effects of vaccination and litter. Parenteral vaccination of pigs with the aroA mutant induced a significant O-polysaccharide (O-ps) specific lymphocyte blastogenic response as well as a significant antibody response to O-ps, lipopolysaccharide and killed bacteria. The aroA strain was avirulent in pigs, was not shed in the feces and significantly reduced the severity of diarrhea following oral challenge.     

Characterization of Salmonella Dublin and Salmonella Typhimurium (Copenhagen) Isolates from Cattle

Brackelsberg, C.A., Nolan, L.K. and Brown, J., 1997. Characterization of Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates from cattle. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (6), 409-420Eight Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) and eight Salmonella dublin isolates from cattle were compared by their antibiotic resistance patterns, by their production of colicin, aerobactin, haemolysin and capsule, by their possession of transmissible R plasmids and the spvC gene, and by their ability to invade and replicate within cultured epithelial cells. The two groups differed in their antibiotic resistance profiles, with more of the host-adapted S. dublin isolates resistant to tetracycline than were the non-host-adapted S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) group, but more of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates resistant to the other antibiotics tested. None of the isolates produced colicin, but all produced aerobactin. One isolate in each group was encapsulated. All of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) and S. dublin isolates contained plasmids, and all of them contained the spvC-homologous sequences. Four of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates were able to transfer an R plasmid to a recipient organism by conjugation. One of the five S. dublin isolates, which showed resistance to some of the antibiotics tested, was able to transfer an R plasmid by conjugation. Both groups of isolates invaded cultured epithelial cells to a similar degree after 1 h, but the S. dublin isolates reached significantly higher levels within the cells than did S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) after 9 h. This ability may, in part, explain the association of S. dublin with more severe forms of salmonellosis and prolonged carrier states. Further study of the intracellular growth of these isolates seems warranted.     

Oral vaccination with attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing Cap protein of PCV2 and its immunogenicity in mouse and swine models

Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) was selected as a transgenic vehicle for the development of oral vaccines against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). The Cap-encoding gene of PCV2 was amplified by PCR and cloned into expression vector pYA3341. The recombinant plasmid pYA3341-Cap was transformed into attenuated S. typhimurium X4550. BALB/c mice were inoculated orally with various doses of attenuated S. typhimurium X4550/pYA3341-Cap. The bacterium was safe to mice at dose of 2×10(9)cfu and eventually eliminated in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes at 4 weeks post-immunization. The flow cytometry analysis showed that the percentage of CD4(+) T cells and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio were increased significantly in mice immunized with attenuated S. typhimurium X4550/pYA3341-Cap. Vaccine tests in swine showed that the oral immunization with attenuated S. typhimurium X4550/pYA3341-Cap could elicit significantly higher Cap antibody titers in the treated swine than the control groups. Virus neutralization test showed that serum from the swine treated with attenuated S. typhimurium X4550/pYA3341-Cap had significant levels of neutralization activities. The swine lymphocyte proliferative responses indicated that attenuated S. typhimurium X4550/pYA3341-Cap could induce obvious cellular immune response. An in vivo challenge study showed the swine treated with attenuated S. typhimurium X4550/pYA3341-Cap had significantly lower PCV2-associated lesions and PCV2 viremia than the control groups. The results indicated that attenuated S. typhimurium X4550/pYA3341-Cap can be a potential vaccine against PCV2 infections.     

Reciprocal competitive exclusion of salmonella and Escherichia coli by native intestinal microflora of the chicken and turkey

Both the native intestinal microflora of chickens that protected chicks against salmonellae and Escherichia coli and native turkey intestinal microflora were evaluated for their reciprocal protective capacity in both species against Salmonella typhimurium and a pathogenic strain of E. coli. Nalidixic-acid-resistant forms of the S. typhimurium and E. coli strains were used in seeder-bird and individual-bird challenge tests. Reciprocal protection was provided by native chicken and turkey intestinal microflora in chicks and poults against S. typhimurium and the pathogenic strain of E. coli. The chicken and turkey microflora appeared to be equally effective in protecting the two species from S. typhimurium, but protection against E. coli was somewhat greater in the chicken than in the turkey.     

Comparative immunogenicity of M. hyopneumoniae NrdF encoded in different expression systems delivered orally via attenuated S. typhimurium aroA in mice

The Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ribonucleotide reductase R2 subunit (NrdF) gene fragment was cloned into eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression vectors and its immunogenicity evaluated in mice immunized orally with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA CS332 harboring either of the recombinant expression plasmids. We found that NrdF is highly conserved among M. hyopneumoniae strains. The immunogenicity of NrdF was examined by analyzing antibody responses in sera and lung washes, and the cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was assessed by determining the INF-gamma level produced by splenocytes upon in vitro stimulation with NrdF antigen. S. typhimurium expressing NrdF encoded by the prokaryotic expression plasmid (pTrcNrdF) failed to elicit an NrdF-specific serum or secretory antibody response, and IFN-gamma was not produced. Similarly, S. typhimurium carrying the eukaryotic recombinant plasmid encoding NrdF (pcNrdF) did not induce a serum or secretory antibody response, but did elicit significant NrdF-specific IFN-gamma production, indicating induction of a CMI response. However, analysis of immune responses against the live vector S. typhimurium aroA CS332 showed a serum IgG response but no mucosal IgA response in spite of its efficient invasiveness in vitro. In the present study we show that the DNA vaccine encoding the M. hyopneumoniae antigen delivered orally via a live attenuated S. typhimurium aroA can induce a cell-mediated immune response. We also indicate that different live bacterial vaccine carriers may have an influence on the type of the immune response induced.     

Characterization of a plasmid-encoded adhesin of an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strain isolated from a case of swollen head syndrome (SHS)

An avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strain designated SHS4, isolated from a chicken with clinical signs of swollen head syndrome (SHS), adhered to but did not invade Hep-2 and tracheal epithelial cells. The PCR amplified fimA, csgA and tsh gene sequences. It produced Ia, Ib, E1, E3, K, and B colicins, but not colicin V and aerobactin. It harboured two plasmids of 60 and 98MDa and was resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline. Conjugation with a nalidixic acid (Na) resistant K-12 recipient strain (MS101) showed that the 98MDa plasmid did not transfer, whereas transfer of the 60MDa plasmid resulted in concomitant transfer of adhesion to Hep-2 and tracheal epithelial cells, production of the colicins Ia, E1, E3, and K, and the tsh-related DNA sequence. Transposon (TnphoA) mutagenesis of strain TR4 gave rise to strain Mut23, which lost its adhesive capacities, but was still able to express the same colicins as did strain TR4. PCR was able to amplify the tsh-related DNA sequence in this strain and a molecular probe based on transposon TnphoA indicated that the transposon was inserted in the 60MDa plasmid. Based on these results, we suggest that the 60MDa plasmid have adhesion genes, which may be responsible for the initial colonization of the upper respiratory tract of chickens.     

Construction and evaluation of a delta cya delta crp Salmonella typhimurium strain expressing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 LPS as a vaccine to prevent airsacculitis in chickens.

Avian pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli cause a number of extraintestinal diseases in poultry, including airsacculitis and colisepticemia. Expression of O78 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is frequently associated with pathogenic isolates. Salmonella, a common poultry contaminant, is a major public health concern. The purpose of this work was to develop an E. coli vaccine for poultry with the use of an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium carrier that would benefit both the bird and the consumer. Orally administered attenuated S. typhimurium delta cya delta crp strains have been shown to provide excellent protection against wild-type Salmonella challenge in chickens. This work describes the construction of a delta cya delta crp derivative of an avian pathogenic S. typhimurium that expresses both the homologous group B determinants (O1,4,5,12) and the heterologous E. coli O78 LPS O antigens. This was accomplished by inserting the E. coli rfb region, which encodes the genes required for O78 expression, into the chromosomal cya gene of S. typhimurium, creating a defined deletion/insertion mutation. A delta crp mutation was introduced in a subsequent step. Expression of both O antigens was stable in vitro and in vivo. Vaccination of white leghorn chicks at day of hatch and 14 days with the recombinant vaccine strain induced serum immune responses against both S. typhimurium and E. coli LPS and protected the birds against subsequent challenge with an avian pathogenic E. coli O78 strain. Introduction of a mutation in rfc, which encodes the O antigen polymerase, reduced the chain length of the S. typhimurium LPS without affecting the expression of O78. The rfc mutation further enhanced the ability of the vaccine strain to protect chickens against E. coli challenge.     

Immunization of calves with live and inactivated whole-cell vaccines against Salmonella typhimurium infection

Eight calves were immunized with live auxotrophic Salmonella typhimurium mutants (aro -SL 1479, gal E 3821) and twelve calves with phenol-killed whole-cell S. typhimurium vaccine, respectively. The clinical status of the animals was followed and serial reisolation of vaccine and challenge strains from faeces was attempted. The immunization of calves with the live aro- auxotrophic S. typhimurium SL 1479 mutant proved to be unsuitable due to the death of calves after revaccination. The calves immunized with live auxotrophic gal E S. typhimurium CCM 3821 mutant proved to be protected against challenge with virulent S. typhimurium 4/5 strain administered orally at a dose of 10(6) colony forming units (CFU). The postvaccination complications showed serious shortcomings. The immunization of calves with three doses of whole-cell inactivated vaccine containing 5 strains of S. typhimurium was effective against oral challenge with virulent S. typhimurium 4/5 at a dose of 10(6) CFU.