冀北山地3种典型林分类型物种多样性研究

以围场县木兰林管局3种典型森林植被类型为研究对象,从乔木层、灌木层和草本层分别对其物种数和多样性进行了比较。结果表明:落叶松桦木混交林内植物种类有56种,山杨桦木混交林内有53种,油松蒙古栎混交林有44种,乔木层物种多样性差别不明显,灌木层生物多样性指数总体上油松蒙古栎混交林>山杨桦木混交林>落叶松桦木混交林。草本层生物多样性指数除Simpson指数外,其他3个指数规律一致,即油松蒙古栎混交林>山杨桦木混交林>落叶松桦木混交林。     

冀北山地3种典型林分涵养水源功能的定量分析

从森林林冠层、林下枯落物层、土壤层3个生态作用层对冀北山地森林生态系统水文生态效应进行研究,运用层次分析与数学软件MATLAB相结合的方法,综合评价冀北山地落叶松桦木针阔混交林、山杨桦木阔叶混交林、油松蒙古栎针阔混交林3种主要森林植被类型的涵养水源功能的强弱,并进行了排序。结果为:落叶松桦木针阔混交林(0.348 4)>油松蒙古栎针阔混交林(0.334 1)>山杨桦木阔叶混交林(0.317 5)。事实证明,层次分析法是评价森林涵养水源功能的一种非常有效的数量化方法。     

内蒙古大青山森林植物群落与碳储量的调查研究

根据内蒙古大青山山地分布的天然林植被和大规模分布的人工林植被构成的森林生态系统,分别就白桦次生林、华北落叶松人工林、油松人工林和虎榛子灌木林等4个主要森林类型进行了林分生物量与森林群落结构的调查。估算了大青山4种主要森林植物类型地上部分碳储量总量为305．25t/hm2,为大青山森林生态功能评价提供依据。     

灵空山主要森林类型枯落物生物量及持水性能

通过对太岳灵空山四种主要森林类型 :油松纯林、辽东栎林、松栎混交林、油落桦栎混交林的枯落物生物量及其持水性能的调查分析 ,总结出不同森林类型的生物量、最大持水量、分解率的大小排序。为研究森林的水土保持、水源涵养功能以及进一步综合评价该区的森林生态功能提供了科学依据     

灵空山主要森林类型枯落生物量及持水性能

通过对太岳灵空山四种主要森林类型：油松纯林、辽东栎林、松栎混交林、油桦栎混交林的枯落物生物量及其持水性能的调查分析，总结出不同森林类型的生物量、最大持水量、分解率的大小排序。为研究森林的水土保持、水源涵养功能以及进一步综合评价该区的森林生态功能提供了科学依据。     

不同坡位油松白桦混交林特征分析

为了给华北地区森林经营与管理提供依据,以北沟林场油松白桦混交林为调查对象,运用标准地调查法,并采用样方收获法、全挖法和方差分析法分析研究不同坡位对油松白桦混交林生长以及乔、灌、草和枯落物层生物量的影响。结果表明:下坡各混交树种的胸径、树高均大于中坡和上坡;不同坡位混交林乔木层生物量的变化规律表现为下坡最大、中坡次之、上坡最小,灌、草及枯落物层生物量的变化趋势与乔木层正好相反,为上坡最多、中坡次之、下坡最少;各层次生物量在不同坡位上所占比例趋势由大到小依次为乔木层、枯落物层、灌木层、草本层,以乔木层占绝对优势,下坡、中坡、上坡的乔木层生物量分别占各坡位总生物量的95.51%、92.03%、90.08%。灌木层的植被主要以桦木科、蔷薇科、忍冬科、豆科及杜鹃花科为主,桦木科、蔷薇科植物的生物量在坡位上的变化规律均表现为上坡最高、中坡次之、下坡最低,忍冬科则正好相反,而豆科和杜鹃花科植物的生物量在坡位上的变化规律表现为中坡最高、上坡次之、下坡最低,但不同坡位上均以蔷薇科植物的生物量最多,豆科和杜鹃花科植物的生物量较少。不同坡位油松各器官生物量的分配规律由大到小依次为干、枝、根、叶,不同坡位白桦各器官生物量的分配规律由大到小依次为干、根、枝、叶,且不同坡位油松和白桦干的分配率表现为下坡最大、中坡次之、上坡最小,而枝、叶和根的分配率与干的正好相反,表现为上坡最大、中坡次之、下坡最小。     

甘肃子午岭林区不同林分水源涵养能力研究

通过对甘肃子午岭林区针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、油松纯林的乔木植被、乔灌植被、乔灌草等植被类型的树冠截持量、地表径流量、枯落物持水量和土壤含水量测定分析发现:针阔混交林树冠截持量高于阔叶混交林和油松纯林;针阔混交林乔灌草植被地表径流量(3.24mm)、土壤侵蚀模数(0.46 t/(km~2·a))最小;枯落物已分解层持水率(19.68%)最高,土壤层年均水源涵养量(318.28mm)高于枯落物层(187.17mm),混交林水源涵养能力高于纯林。综合分析得出:针阔混交林乔灌草植被水源涵养能力最大(592.18mm),油松纯林乔木植被水源涵养能力最小(376.92mm)。可以通过造林树种搭配和人工促进天然更新等措施,调整林分结构和植被类型分布,增强林分水源涵养功能。     

广西龙桥林区不同植被类型水文效益的研究

1985～1987年,在广西龙桥林区,对杉木、马尾松人工纯林和柠檬桉与马尾松人工混交林,以及天然灌木草本群落4种不同植被类型对降水的截留、地表径流及调蓄功能等水文效益进行测定,结果表明,对降水的截留效果以马尾松林为最好,混交林次之,杉木林较差,在同一植被类型的不同层次,以乔木层的截留量占绝对优势;对减少地表径流和延缓洪峰的效果,以层次结构较为复杂的混交林最佳。在同一植被类型内部结构特征的诸因子中,活地被物层的总盖度和草本层的生物量,是影响地表径流的主导因子:植被土壤对降水的调蓄功能,以混交林为最好。其他3种植被类型差异不大。说明在山地防护林建设中,营造针阔叶混交林,使其形成复层林,并保护好灌木草本层和死地被物层,对增强森林的调蓄能力具有重要的意义。     

广元3种林分类型生物产量与磷素空间格局的研究

本文以川北低山暴雨区水土流失定位观测站内的3个不同植被恢复模式为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内实验相结合的方法,对湿地松纯林,刺槐纯林及湿地松刺槐混交林生态系统内生物量及各器官磷素分配格局进行了分析,研究表明:1、3种不同植被类型林分生物量大小顺序为湿地松纯林>混交林>刺槐纯林,在生物量组成上,均为乔木层生物量大于灌木层及层间植物的生物量;2混交林中湿地松和刺槐的树叶、树皮及刺槐果的磷素含量分别大于纯林中的对应器官的磷素含量,湿地松纯林和混交林中枝的磷素含量分别是0.261 g.kg-1和0.264 g.kg-1,而刺槐树枝的磷素含量在纯林和混交林中分别为0.454 g.kg-1和0.348 g.kg-1;混交林中林分总磷素含量大于湿地松林分磷素含量而小于刺槐林分磷素含量,其乔木层和灌木层中的磷素含量的大小顺序与林分磷素总含量一致。     

黄土高原南部丘陵沟壑区水土保持林培育技术

本文介绍了适宜黄土高原中、南部丘陵沟壑区植被恢复的油松沙棘混交林、沙棘侧柏混交林、油松白榆沙棘混交林、油松侧柏黄松混交林、油松辽东栎混交林、核桃油松沙棘混交林、侧柏刺槐混交林、文冠果沙棘混交林、短梗胡枝子林和火炬树灌木林共10种高效水土保持乔灌木植被类型及其适宜的立地环境,以期为黄土高原中、南部的丘陵沟壑区植被恢复提供参考。     

秦岭林区天然油松林结构研究初报

对秦岭林区天然油松林年龄结构，直径结构分析研究表明，天然油松林按林层和林龄可划为单层异龄林和复层异龄林两类。单层异龄林的天然更新表现出明显的连续性和阶段性，而复层异龄油松林的年龄结构出现多世代波动现，直径结构的波动随林龄的增加，其偏度具有一定的方向性。     

Evaluating spatial structure of a mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest based on neighborhood relationships in Mudanfeng National Nature Reserve,China

China’s 13 th 5-year forestry plan explicitly requires the end of commercial harvesting and the improved management of natural forests by means of adjusting and optimizing forest structure and developing high-quality forest production.This requires the quantification of stand structure and species diversity.In this study,species distribution,association and size differentiation in a mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold&Zucc.)forest in Mudanfeng National Nature Reserve were analyzed using three spatial structure indices:uniform angle index,complete mingling index,and size differentiation index.The results show that the species were randomly distributed,with a moderate size differentiation and high mixed structure.Three dominant species exhibited different patterns in terms of the three indices and their bivariate distribution.Overall,Korean pine showed an opposite trend to Manchurian maple(Acer mandshuricum Maxim.),whereas the distribution pattern of Manchurian linden(Tilia mandshurica Rupr.&Maxim.)was similar to that of the entire stand.Our work contributes to further the knowledge of population structure in order to optimize the structure of secondary forests and plantations.     

油松—白桦混交林种间关系研究

在调查河北隆化县油松－白烨混交林的林木生物量（地上部生物量及根系生物量）、林下草灌木、林地枯落物的总量以及不同混交距离油松地上地下部分生长发育状态的基础上，研究了混交林的种间关系。结果表明，该混交林作为华北地区广泛分布的一种林型，林下草灌木繁茂，林地枯落物分解迅速，有利于土壤理化性质和林分营养状况的改善，种间关系处于基本协调状态。由于林龄及密度原因，混交林生物量略低于油松纯林，在混交林中白桦对油松的生长有一定的抑制作用，抑制作用因混交距离而变化。本文提出了合适的混交距离和混交方式。     

近自然森林经营理论在龙里林场国家储备林改培中的应用

指出了龙里林场现有国家储备林中以马尾松人工林为主,树种结构单纯、层次结构简单、生态效益差、生态系统脆弱,容易发生雪压、风倒、火灾,松毛虫危害严重。为了改善林场马尾松人工林的健康状况,提高物种多样性和生态稳定性,优化林分的树种、水平、垂直结构,进一步提高林分质量,模仿马尾松自然演替规律,通过择伐,在林下补植了乡土珍贵树种,以把马尾松人工林尽可能地改造为接近自然状态的异龄针阔混交林,结果表明:近自然改造具有如下优点:①确保了持续的主林层郁闭,实现了森林的永续利用。②将培育珍贵树种与马尾松大径材有机结合起来,兼顾了森林的经济、生态、社会效益。③有利于提高林分质量,保证了森林的健康可持续发展。     

不同森林植被下土壤微生物量碳和易氧化态碳的比较

土壤碳库平衡是土壤肥力保持的重要内容[1].不同森林类型,由于其凋落物数量、类组及分解行为不同,因而形成的土壤碳库大小与特征将存在较大差别.常绿阔叶林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamp.)林、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)Hook.)林和毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis(Carr.)H.de Lehaie)林是我国亚热带最主要的4种森林类型.     

Modelling the Growth and Management of Mixed Uneven-aged Maritime Pine - Broadleaved Species Forests in Galicia,North-western Spain

The state of mixed forests of maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.) and broadleaved species in the coastal region of Galicia (north-western Spain) was described using data from 213 circular sample plots selected among the available 4700 plots of the Spanish National Inventory. A matrix model was developed for this forest type to obtain information about the productivity and potential for sustainable management. The broadleaved species had a diameter distribution close to the inverted J-shape typical of the uneven-aged forests but for maritime pine there were many medium-sized trees and a lack of trees in the first diameter class of 15 cm. The matrix growth model was used to predict the development of mixed forests for three different management options: no harvesting in a well-stocked stand, a regime with a 5 yr harvest cycle and a residual basal area of 15 m 2 ha -1 in a well-stocked stand, and a rehabilitation management applied to an understocked stand. The results showed the possibility of applying uneven-aged silvicultural systems to these forests, leading to the production of high-value timber and to the maintenance of continuous cover and a biodiverse forest.     

Effects of the overstory on the diversity of the herb and shrub layers of Anatolian black pine forests

Understory plants are important components of forests because they are responsible for the majority of the vascular plant diversity of forest ecosystems. The richness and composition of understory communities are closely related to the tree layer diversity, structure and composition. The aim of this study was to examine the understory diversity of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe)-dominated forests on the Kazda?? Mountains of West Turkey. To describe the overstory structure and composition in a numerically and quantitatively well-defined manner, cumulative abundance profiles (CAPs) of the tree species were used. The resemblance of the sampling plots was classified into five stand types assessing the CAP through the Fuzzy C-Means clustering method. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was performed to test the variance of the community ecological distance between the five stand types, and the results showed significant differences in these clusters. Many shade-tolerant plants were associated with the mixed stands of Anatolian black pine–Kazda?? fir. The composition of the herb and shrub layer could not be explained by the environmental variables but by differences in the overstory structure of the stands. Pure or nearly pure Anatolian Black pine stands were more diverse than mixed oak–Anatolian black pine and Kazda?? fir–Anatolian black pine stands. However, although dense and young pure Anatolian black pine stands had the most diverse plant species in the shrub layer, they were ranked third in terms of the herb layer diversity. The Anatolian black pine–Kazda?? fir mixed stands had the lowest herb and shrub layer diversity. These results allow us to comprehend the relationship between the overstory structure and composition, and the understory diversity. Understanding this relationship is important for the conservation of understory plant diversity in the management of forest ecosystems.     

Patterns of forest use and endemism in resident bird communities of north-central Michoacán, Mexico

We compared breeding avian communities among 11 habitat types in north-central Michoacán, Mexico, to determine patterns of forest use by endemic and nonendemic resident species. Point counts of birds and vegetation measurements were conducted at 124 sampling localities from May through July, in 1994 and 1995. Six native forest types sampled were pine, pine–oak, oak–pine, oak, fir, and cloud forests; three habitat types were plantations of Eucalyptus, pine, and mixed species; and the remaining two habitats were shrublands and pastures. Pastures had lower bird-species richness and abundance than pine, oak–pine, and mixed-species plantations. Pine forests had greater bird abundance and species richness than oak forests and shrublands. Species richness and abundance of endemics were greatest in fir forests, followed by cloud forests. Bird abundance and richness significantly increased with greater tree-layer complexity, although sites with intermediate tree complexity also supported high abundances. When detrended correspondence-analysis scores were plotted for each site, bird species composition did not differ substantially among the four native oak-and-pine forest types, but cloud and fir forests, Eucalyptus plantations, and mixed-species plantations formed relatively distinct groups. Plantations supported a mixture of species found in native forests, shrublands, and pastures. Pastures and shrublands shared many species in common, varied greatly among sites in bird-species composition, and contained more species specific to these habitats than did forest types.     

毛竹天然混交林生物量及经济效益分析

为了衡量和反映毛竹天然混交林的生产力水平和经济效益,对不同林分组成的天然混交林的现存立竹生物量和立木蓄积量进行调查,并测算单位面积产量、产值。结果表明:不同林分组成的天然混交林经济效益均大于纯竹林,其产值比纯竹林增多18.6%~51.3%。其中,8竹1杉1阔混交林的立竹生物量最多,为99 388.4 kg/hm~2,比纯竹林增多24.1%;3竹5松2阔+杉混交林的立木蓄积量最多,达169.051 m~3/hm~2,为纯竹林的52.29倍;4竹4松1杉1阔混交林的单位面积产值最高,为39 219.2元/hm~2,比纯竹林增多51.3%。