杨干透翅蛾种群空间分布型及其应用的研究

利用平均拥挤度、扩散指数等5种聚集度指标以及Iwao回归模型、Taylor冥法则等方法分析了杨干透翅蛾幼虫种群的空间分布型。对结果分析得到杨干透翅蛾幼虫种群在林内呈现聚集分布,并且聚集度高;采用聚集均数法进行进一步分析表明聚集原因主要为生物学特性所致。同时,对杨干透翅蛾幼虫种群的理论抽样数和序贯抽样技术进行了初步研究。     

云南松毛虫越冬代幼虫自然种群空间分布型的研究

通过样方调查计算，采用聚集度指标法，测定云南松毛虫越冬代幼虫的空问分布型，建立了最适抽样数关系式，并对其进行了序贯抽样分析。结果表明：云南松毛虫越冬代幼虫种群在林内呈聚集分布，其Iwao回归方程为m*=5．2181 1．0207x^-、复相关系数R=0．9918；最适抽样株数为：N=621．81/x^- 2．07。     

沙棘绕实蝇幼虫空间格局及其应用的初步研究

运用两种回归方法的四种聚集度指标对沙棘绕实蝇幼虫的空间格局进行了研究。结果表明,沙棘绕实蝇幼虫在其危害的沙棘林内呈聚集分布遵从负二项分布。按照ｍ－ｎ回归法,确定了理论抽样数和序贯抽样方案。     

大袋蛾越冬幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术研究

本文采用平均拥挤度与平均密度回归分析法和常见的几种聚集度指数法,对豫东平原泡桐林区大袋蛾越冬幼虫的空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,大袋蛾越冬幼虫的分布呈聚集型,分布的基本成份是个体群。犬袋蛾幼虫多分布于树冠的外围当年生新枝梢上,雌虫比率以上、中部为高。同时对树冠不同层次幼虫分布的相关关系和抽样技术进行了和步探讨。     

松阿扁叶蜂4龄幼虫期空间分布型的研究

采用聚集指标法、幂指数法及m - x回归检验的测定,探讨了松阿扁叶蜂4龄幼虫期在林间树冠不同部位的空间分布型。结果表明,该虫在林间的整株树冠上及不同方位、不同层次上均属聚集分布。用Bliachith提出的聚集均数来测定聚集原因,当λ<2时,聚集的主要原因由环境条件引起,当λ≥2时,除受环境影响外,还与成虫的产卵行为有关。把树冠内幼虫平均数与树冠各方位、各层次的幼虫均数进行回归分析,结果是密切相关,而树冠北面下层更具代表性,可代表整株作为最适抽样部位。     

杨小舟蛾空间分布型的初步研究

运用 7种聚集度指标 ,测得杨小舟蛾第 1,3代卵块在杨树林内的空间分布型属均匀分布 ;第 1代幼虫属均匀分布 ,第 3,4 ,6代幼虫属聚集分布。通过方差分析 ,F检验和SSR测验表明 ,杨小舟蛾第 1,3,4 ,6代幼虫在树冠东、南、西、北 4方位间虫口数量差异均不显著 ;第 1,3,6代幼虫在树冠上、中、下 3层间虫口数量差异均不显著 ,第 4代幼虫在树冠上、中、下 3层虫口数量差异为 :上层与下层及上层与中层间差异均极显著 ,中层与下层间差异显著     

油茶尺蛾幼虫空间分布格局及抽样技术的研究

近年来,油茶尺蛾（Biston marginata Shiraki）已成为广东省中山市阔叶混交林的重要害虫。通过对油茶尺蛾幼虫在林间的空间分布格局和抽样方法的研究,结果表明：7种抽样调查方法均可用于油茶尺蛾幼虫虫口密度的调查,其中z字形法为最佳的抽样方法。坡位、坡向、树种和树冠方位对幼虫的分布有显著影响。上坡的幼虫密度显著高于中坡和下坡;南坡的幼虫密度显著高于其它坡向。油茶尺蛾幼虫在林间的分布符合负二项分布,空间分布属聚集分布,个体间相互吸引,分布的基本成分为个体群。以1wao回归模型为基础,确定了最佳的抽样模型。     

油茶尺蛾幼虫空间格局及抽样技术的研究

油茶尺蛾(Biston marginata Shiraki )是近年来广东省中山市阔叶混交林内出现的重要害虫。通过对油茶尺蛾幼虫在林间的空间分布调查和抽样方法的研究,结果表明：7种抽样调查方法均可用于油茶尺蛾幼虫密度的调查,其中Z字形法为最佳的抽样方法。坡位、坡向、树种和树冠方位对幼虫的分布有显著影响。上坡的显著高于中坡和下坡的幼虫密度;南坡的显著高于其它坡向的幼虫密度。油茶尺蛾幼虫在林间的理论分布符合负二项分布,空间分布属聚集分布,个体间相互吸引,分布的基本成分为个体群。以Iwao回归模型为基础,确定了不同虫口密度下的最适抽样模型。     

落叶松鞘蛾幼虫空间及抽样技术的研究

落叶松鞘蛾幼虫在大兴安岭阿里河地区林内的空间分布型为聚集分布。聚集的原因是由于林木生长及分布不均所致。     

青杨天牛幼虫空间分布型及其应用的研究

青杨天牛是三北防护林主要造林树种杨树的重要蛀干害虫之一,本文通过聚集度指标法测定青杨天牛(Saperda Populnea L.)幼虫呈聚集分布,个体间相互排斥,聚集原因是由环境因子造成的;通过相关系数法检验分布型,认为用威布尔分布描述更合适;对该虫在树冠上不同方位、不同层次的聚集强度也进行了测定;同时也探讨了空间分布型在资料代换,最适抽样数及序贯抽样技术中的应用。为青杨天牛的调查及防治提供了科学依据。     

竹小蜂幼虫空间分布型及其抽样技术研究

对竹小蜂幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术进行研究,结果表明,幼虫种群呈普通聚集分布。在较低密度下,其基本成分是面积为4株楠竹大小的个体群。个体间相互吸引。进行化学防治以后,对种群的空间分布型无影响。但因种群密度降低而使种群聚集程度提高。幼虫在竹梢中部的分布显著不同于上部,而与下部无显著差异。在株内取样调查时,以竹梢中部为最佳:进行样地调查时,以双对角线法取样为最佳。     

Effect of physiographic factors on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Cornus mas L. natural stands in Arasbaran forests, Iran

Arasbaran forests are located in East Azerbaijan (northwest Iran). Increasing of socio-economic problems in this area causes destruction of biodiversity and structure of these forests. Using multipurpose trees such as cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L) to encourage villagers to produce forest by-products is a basic approach for preserving these forests. This species grows naturally in Arasbaran forests and the fruit is annually exploited using traditional harvest methods. This study aims to assess the ecological requirements of cornelian cherry and the important factors affecting its distribution. For this purpose, 40 circular sampling plots (300 m 2 ) on various slope aspects were demarcated for sampling the occurrence of cornelian cherry in forest stands. DBH and crown cover percentage on north aspects were significantly greater than on other aspects and 4.5% of all trees were cornelian cherry in mature forest stands. North aspects had more seed-origin trees (standards) of cornelian cherry than coppiced trees, while west facing aspects had more coppiced than standard trees. This species had the highest regeneration rate in the sapling stage of 0 2.5 cm DBH. Thus, I recommend cultivation and development of cornelian cherry as a multi-purpose tree in the Arasbaran region on degraded forest lands on north and west aspects.     

Thinning,fertilization, and crown position interact to control physiological responses of loblolly pine

To examine physiological responses to thinning, fertilization, and crown position, we measured net photosynthesis (P(n)), transpiration (E), vapor pressure difference (VPD), stomatal conductance (g(s)), and xylem pressure potential (Psi(1)) between 0930 and 1130 h under ambient conditions in the upper and lower crowns of a 13-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation six years (1994) after the treatments were applied. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and air temperature (T(a)) within the canopy were also recorded. Needle P(n) of thinned trees was significantly enhanced by 22-54% in the lower crown, because canopy PPFD increased by 28-52%. Lower crown foliage of thinned plots also had higher E and g(s) than foliage of unthinned plots, but thinning had no effect on needle Psi(1) and predawn xylem pressure potential (0430-0530 h; Psi(pd)). Tree water status did not limit P(n), E and g(s) during the late-morning measurements. Fertilization significantly decreased within-canopy PPFD and T(a). Needle Psi(1) was increased in fertilized stands, whereas P(n), E and g(s) were not significantly altered. Upper crown foliage had significantly greater PPFD, P(n), VPD, g(s), E, and more negative Psi(1) than lower crown foliage. In both crown positions, needle P(n) was closely related to g(s), PPFD and T(a) (R(2) = 0.77 for the upper crown and 0.82 for the lower crown). We conclude that (1) silvicultural manipulation causes microclimate changes within the crowns of large trees, and (2) needle physiology adjusts to the within-crown environmental conditions.     

Population characteristics ofDendrolims superans in Daxing’an Mountains

Dendrolims superans produced one generation every two years. Large larvae and small larvae exist at the same time. It broke out in Daxiang an Mountains in 1990, and seriously destroyed growth ofLarix gmelini Rupr. In order to controlD superans, the population properties ofD superans were studied from 1991 to 1992, including sexratio, age distribution, pattern etc.. The sex ratio ofD. superans population is ♀∶♂ − 1.06:L. The larvae age distribution indicates that larvae over 5 instar is less than younger larvae under 4 instar in Yongqing forest farm, but the younger larvae under 4 instar is more than larvae over 5 instar in Hanjiayuanzi Forest Farm. The population ofD. superans in Yongqing Farm has been declining. and mereasing in Hanjiayuanzi. Pupae and eggs are mainly distributed in middle and lower crowns layer of trees respeetively account for 66% and 59.5% of total individuals. The pupae in higher crown layer is lightly regular distribution and clumping distribution middle and lower crowns layer of trees. The eggs in higher crown is light clumping distribution and random in middle and low crown of tree. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Population Characteristics of Dendrolims Superans in Daxing'an Mountains

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Crown plasticity and neighborhood interactions of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in an old-growth forest

Competition for canopy space is a process of major importance in forest dynamics. Although virgin and old-growth European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in Europe have been studied for many years, there are to date no studies of individual-tree crown plasticity and the way this is influenced by local neighborhood interactions in these forests. In this study, we analyzed crown plasticity and local neighborhood interactions of individual trees in the upper canopy of the old-growth beech forests of Serrahn, northeast Germany. In a 2.8-ha sample plot, we measured crown radii of all upper canopy trees and analyzed the direction and extent of crown asymmetry. Size, relative position, and distance of neighboring trees were used to construct vectors of neighborhood asymmetry within different distances from target trees. The crowns of beech trees showed strong morphological plasticity. Mean absolute and relative displacement of crown centers from the stem base were 1.95 m and 0.37, respectively. Circular–circular rank correlation coefficients between the direction of crown displacement and the direction of neighborhood pressure showed that trees strongly positioned their crowns away from local neighbors. Highest correlation coefficients were obtained when basal area and relative position of neighboring trees within a radial distance of 12 m were considered. Clark and Evans index and Ripley’s K-function showed that crowns were more regularly distributed than stems. Projected canopy cover was about 10% higher than canopy cover with simulated circular crowns. We conclude that the crowns of older beech trees have a high ability to plastically respond to changes in the local canopy conditions, enabling very effective exploitation of canopy space.     

Canopy development in young sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) stands in relation to changes with age in crown morphology and structure

In young sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) stands, crown shape (crown length/crown diameter) ratio, average branch inclination, and spatial density of foliage in the crown increased with stand age. Within crowns, foliage distribution increased from the apex downward and, until crown closure, reached a maximum near the crown base. After crown closure, the maximum occurred near the middle of the crown. In each stand, foliage distribution in the canopy showed almost the same vertical change over time as it did in individual crowns. The vertical distribution of foliage in the canopy moved upward with stand age, accompanied by an increase in canopy depth and leaf mass. The shape of the vertical distribution was almost symmetrical between the upper and lower halves in the closed stands, although slightly skewed downward. The logarithm of average spatial density decreased linearly as cumulative leaf mass increased with distance from the top of the canopy. The total cross-sectional area of the crowns exceeded the stand area from the middle of the canopy downward in the closed stands because of crown overlap. However, partly because of changes in crown morphology and structure, the increase in leaf mass with stand age did not always cause more severe crown competition.     

Liana abundance in a Puerto Rican forest

Liana (woody vine) abundance varies among tropical forests and is often high in disturbed forests. In two areas of subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico, El Verde and Bisley, we recorded the density of liana stems ≥1 cm dbh, and the percent of tree crowns (trees ≥10 cm dbh) that lianas infested. Both study areas have been disturbed by hurricanes several times in the past century; however, sample plots in each area were divided between plots that were less disturbed and those that were more disturbed, by both hurricanes and humans. The mean density and basal area of liana stems at El Verde were significantly higher in the less disturbed plots than in the more disturbed plots. The percent tree crown infested by lianas was higher on certain tree species and on larger trees, both of which characterized the less disturbed forest. Results at Bisley were similar to those at El Verde. Liana density and tree crown infestation in these Puerto Rican forests were low compared with most other tropical forests, contrasting especially with high values in other disturbed forests. Liana abundance varies among forests for complex reasons, including differences in disturbance, biogeography, seasonality, and tree host features.     

山楂叶螨卵在桃树上的空间分布型研究

运用8种聚集度指标对山楂叶螨卵在桃树上的空间分布型进行了研究,所有的指标都表明,山楂叶螨卵的空间分布型呈聚集分布,分布的基本成份是个体群,通过方差分析,山楂叶螨卵在桃树树冠的上、中、下3个层的分布数量差异都不显著.     

土默川平原南部3种盐生植物种群空间格局特征研究

对在土默川平原南部7个样地上生长的优势度较高的羊草、碱蓬、盐爪爪3个盐生植物种群进行了南北方向上的空间分布特征分析,结果表明:羊草均为聚集分布,碱蓬在永圣域乡满水井村、乃只盖乡新营子村、伍什家乡主力汗村为均匀分布,盐爪爪在伍什家乡主力汗村为随机分布,其他地区为聚集分布格局;羊草在伍什家乡主力汗村、碱蓬在永圣域乡满水井村、沙尔营乡甲尔旦村和乃只盖乡新营子村,样地格局规模方面曲线未形成有效峰,未出现聚块,其余样地有明显聚块;碱蓬格局强度高于羊草和盐爪爪。