复方中草药与鼠李糖乳杆菌共发酵产物对鸡球虫病的治疗效果研究

为探究复方中草药与鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus,L.rhamnosus)共发酵产物对鸡球虫病的治疗效果,将复方中草药(青蒿、常山、白头翁、仙鹤草、槐花、黄芩、甘草)与L.rhamnosus共发酵12 h,患球虫病雏鸡灌服共发酵产物,连续用药5 d,观察雏鸡临床症状,并检测各组雏鸡的相对增重率,盲肠病变记分,制作盲肠病理切片,计算每克粪便卵囊值(OPG)及各组药物抗球虫指数(ACI)。结果表明,服用复方中药发酵制剂后的感染球虫的雏鸡体重显著高于对照组(P0.05);发酵产物可以明显减轻盲肠病理变化,同时可以降低受感染雏鸡卵囊的排出量;发酵产物组的ACI为130.59,达到中等抗球虫水平。复方中草药与L.rhamnosus共发酵提高了中药对鸡球虫病的治疗效果,为益生菌中药发酵治疗球虫病奠定了基础。     

白头翁不同提取物及复方抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫研究

以存活率、相对增重率、盲肠病变记分、卵囊值和抗球虫指数为判定指标,考察白头翁不同提取物及复方对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊致病性的影响(体外试验)和抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染效果(体内试验)。体内、体外试验结果均表明,白头翁不同提取物及复方均能提高相对增重率,降低盲肠病变计分和卵囊值。抗球虫指数(ACI)检测表明,白头翁不同提取物及复方对球虫孢子化卵囊有微弱的抑杀效果,对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染预防效果较差,不宜作为鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的预防和治疗药物。     

青蒿槟榔复方防治鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利耐药株感染的研究

为研究青蒿槟榔散中药复方对鸡球虫病的防治作用,本试验采用临床分离的、对地克珠利耐药的柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊口服接种肉仔鸡制备盲肠球虫病感染模型。将试验鸡分为7组,每组10只,即空白对照组、感染对照组、地克珠利预防组、中药散剂预防组、中药散剂治疗组、中药汤剂预防组、中药汤剂治疗组。除空白对照组外,雏鸡于14日龄时每只鸡灌服6万个孢子化卵囊,预防给药组均于13日龄给药,连续4 d;治疗组在灌服卵囊3 d后开始给药,连续4 d。记录雏鸡增重、存活、粪便中卵囊以及盲肠病变情况,计算抗球虫指数(ACI)来评价药物的作用效果。结果显示:地克珠利预防组与感染对照组均发生了严重球虫病;中药散剂和汤剂2个治疗组则减轻了病变程度,ACI分别为126.35和132.88,属于低效;但中药散剂和汤剂2个预防给药组的ACI分别为176.67和165.12,达到良好水平。此外,盲肠黏膜扫描电镜结果显示,感染对照组和地克珠利预防组黏膜破损严重并存在较多卵囊,而预防给药组黏膜损伤明显减轻,卵囊也明显减少。这提示,青蒿槟榔复方对柔嫩艾美耳地克珠利耐药株引起的鸡球虫病具有良好的保护作用。     

中药常山及其组方与西药对鸡球虫病的疗效对比试验

通过纯天然中草药常山及其组方与西药对人工感染鸡球虫病进行对比治疗试验,结果表明中药方剂对防治鸡球虫病具有很好的疗效。通过对各组鸡的球虫卵囊产量、卵囊值、病便值和抗球虫指数等多项指标比较,得知中药的抗球虫效果都明显地优越于西药。而且中药还具有提高鸡成活率、增重率的效果。     

中药复方制剂抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染效果研究

考察青蒿、诃子、苦参、柴胡、黄芪、山楂、木香7味中药组成的复方中药制剂对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)的防治效果。选取120只健康雏鸡,随机分为6组,除空白对照组外,其余各组(阳性对照组,药物对照组及复方中药低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组)试验鸡均经口感染1.5×10~4个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,考察各组试验鸡相对增重率、病变值、抗球虫指数ACI、相对球虫卵囊产量及血清生化指标等,评价不同剂量复方中药制剂的抗球虫效果。结果显示,复方中药中剂量组与低剂量、高剂量、磺胺氯吡嗪钠组的相对增重均有显著差异(P<0.05)。ACI与相对卵囊产量统计结果表明,复方中药低剂量组与中剂量组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),且均呈低效抗球虫作用。同时,复方中药中剂量组的耗料量增长率最高,雏鸡总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇等3个生化指标均在攻虫第7天呈升高趋势。复方中药3个试验组雏鸡丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶水平在攻虫后均呈升高趋势,但未达到肝损伤标准。结果表明,该中药复方制剂中剂量浓度有一定的抗球虫作用,可促生长,且在推荐的剂量下使用安全。     

复方球虫散对人工感染鸡球虫病治疗效果的临床试验

为科学、客观地评价复方球虫散对实验性鸡球虫病的防治效果,采用人工接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊的方法复制鸡球虫病,使用纯中药组方复方球虫散进行鸡球虫病的临床疗效试验,观察并计算复方球虫散对试验鸡的死亡率、相对增重率、病变值和卵囊值的影响,并求出复方球虫散的抗球虫指数(ACI).试验结果表明:复方球虫散按1.0%拌料混饲,对鸡球虫病有较好的治疗效果.     

发酵中草药对鸡艾美耳球虫野外分离株的药效试验

鸡球虫病给养鸡生产造成重大经济损失,传统药物的长期和不规范使用引致严重耐药性及药物残留等问题。本研究通过人工感染动物试验,以相对增重、相对卵囊产量和卵囊减少率等指标评估发酵中草药对鸡球虫病的防治效果,并与2种常用抗球虫药进行比较。试验结果表明,发酵中草药具有一定的抗球虫效果。     

青蒿素类药物对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染的防治试验

试验以存活率、相对增重率、病变值、卵囊值以及抗球虫指数为药效评判标准,比较青蒿素及其衍生物蒿甲醚对鸡人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的疗效情况,为球虫病防治提供参考。结果表明青蒿素对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染有一定的防治效果,与感染对照组相比,各青蒿素给药组相对增重率、存活率和抗球虫指数(ACI)均有所上升,卵囊值与盲肠病变值呈下降趋势,40 mg/kg的青蒿素给药组ACI达到147,试验结果呈现剂量依赖性;而蒿甲醚给药组无抗球虫作用,相对增重率比感染对照组下降20%以上,ACI指数仅为70.1。     

穿心莲与复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶联合用药对鸡球虫感染的预防作用研究

为了研究穿心莲(AG)与复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(CoSM)联合用药对鸡球虫感染的预防作用,试验采用柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)卵囊接种雏鸡,并作为球虫感染模型。在接种前1 d至接种后6 d连续口服给予不同剂量AG片剂或CoSM,通过临床球虫病症状、雏鸡增重、免疫器官指数、抗球虫指数等指标来评价AG、复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(CoSM)以及联合用药对雏鸡球虫感染的影响。结果表明:AG、CoSM或两者联合用药均减轻了球虫感染所致的腹泻,AG与CoSM联合应用组的雏鸡增重显著高于感染对照组(P0.05),联合用药组效果最好;AG和CoSM对E.tenella感染引起的免疫器官指数的变化也有明显的调节作用;与感染对照组相比,各药物处理组的抗球虫指数(ACI)均明显提高,其中联合用药组的ACI最高,达到175.6。说明AG与CoSM联合应用在对抗雏鸡球虫感染时具有增效作用。     

构树叶粉抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染的试验研究

为了评价构树叶对鸡球虫病的防治效果,试验采用人工感染球虫的方法,以1日龄三黄鸡为研究对象,共分为4组,分别为正常组(正常饲喂)、感染组(感染球虫不治疗)、构树叶粉组(感染球虫+添加6%构树叶粉)、地克珠利组(感染球虫+0.05%地克珠利),每组3个重复,每个重复5只鸡。除正常组外,其他各组于14日龄经口人工感染7.5×10⁴个球虫孢子化卵囊,观察雏鸡的临床症状;在21日龄时处死雏鸡并进行盲肠病变、血清抗氧化能力、肠道紧密连接蛋白相关基因mRNA相对表达量等相关指标的检测。结果表明:构树叶粉组的抗球虫指数为156.69,可达到中等抗球虫效果;与感染组相比,构树叶粉组可以提高雏鸡存活率,缓解感染雏鸡体重下降,显著降低盲肠OPG(P<0.05);改善柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染造成的盲肠组织损伤,提高雏鸡的抗氧化能力,促进肠道紧密连接相关蛋白基因(ZO-1、Occludin)的表达。说明在日粮中添加6%构树叶粉可以在一定程度上防治雏鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病。     

阿德呋啉水溶剂治疗鸡球虫病的试验研究

为了观察阿德呋啉水溶剂治疗艾美耳球虫的效果,试验设5个药物试验组、阳性及阴性对照组。70只13日龄的雏鸡随机分为7组,其中药物试验组鸡只开始给药。给药24 h后,除阴性对照组外,其余组鸡只均接种混合的球虫孢子化卵囊(5万/羽),试验后根据抗球虫指数(ACI)判断抗球虫药的疗效。结果显示所有给药组中65 mg/kg阿德呋啉水溶剂组ACI为185.54,抗球虫效果最好,为高效抗球虫药;其余阿德呋啉试验组ACI均低于180,浓度过高抗球虫效果差;妥曲珠利试验组ACI低于120,为低效抗球虫药。试验得到了最佳的使用浓度,为球虫病的防治提供了方法。     

青蒿散抗鸡球虫药效研究

为探讨青蒿散对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫（E.tenella）的防治效果,本试验选取90只健康黄羽肉鸡,分为6组,除空白对照组外,其余各组（感染对照组、药物对照组及青蒿散低、中、高剂量组）试验鸡均经口感染6×10⁴个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,各试验组在接种前一天开始用药至试验结束。记录各组试验鸡的眼观病变、组织病理学检查、相对增重率、盲肠病变记分、血便记分、每克粪便中的卵囊数（OPG）、卵囊值及抗球虫指数（ACI）指标,评价青蒿散不同给药浓度的抗球虫效果。结果显示,空白对照组、感染对照组、药物对照组及青蒿散低、中、高剂量组的抗球虫指数分别为200.00、72.23、157.19、82.89、125.32和137.06,与感染对照组相比,药物对照组和青蒿散各剂量组的眼观病变、组织病理学检查均有所缓解,青蒿散能减轻病鸡盲肠的肿胀和出血等症状,且病鸡精神状态较感染对照组好;与感染对照组相比,各给药组的平均增重均有所升高,盲肠病变、卵囊值及血便情况减少。综上所述,青蒿散能缓解柔嫩艾美耳球虫侵染鸡盲肠所致的病理症状和组织病变,减少粪便中卵囊的排出数量,有一定的抗球虫效果,且给药浓度越高抗球虫效果越好,具有剂量依赖性。     

抗球虫中药方剂对柔嫩艾美尔球虫感染鸡的疗效研究

为研究中药方剂对鸡感染柔嫩艾美尔球虫的疗效,试验将80只AA肉鸡随机分为4组,除空白对照外,其余各组经口感染混合孢子化球虫卵囊;第3组按5%剂量拌料添加中药,第4组按0.06%的比例拌料添加磺胺氯吡嗪钠。试验中药方剂抗球虫指数(ACI)为167.4,属中效抗球虫药。结果表明,该中药方剂可以用于鸡球虫病的防治。     

纳川珠利对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的防治效果研究

以存活率、相对增重率、血便计分、病变值、卵囊值和抗球虫活性指数(Anticoccidial index,ACI)为药效评判指数,考察了新三嗪类化合物纳川珠利对人工感染的鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的预防和治疗效果.结果显示,纳川珠利对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病有良好的防治效果,ACI值均属高效范围,有望开发为新的抗球虫药物.     

Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extracts against Eimeria tenella

Ionophorous antibiotics have been popularly used in the treatment of avian coccidiosis. Tissue residue of these antibiotics may be found in poultry, we have sought safe alternative anticoccidial herbal materials for the control of avian coccidiosis. Efficacy of extracts from 15 different herbs, including Bupleurum chinese DC, Sophora flavescens Aiton, and Artemisia annua Linne was tested against Eimeria tenella. One-day-old broiler chicks were infected with a USDA reference book of E. tenella, and administered various herbal extracts.Survival rates, lesion scores, body weight gains, bloody diarrhea, and oocysts excretions were investigated at the first and the second week after infection. Bloody diarrhea in the S. flavescens and Sinomenium acutum treated groups was milder than that of the other infected groups. Survival rates in the groups treated with Ulmus macrocarpa (100%), Pulsatilla koreana, Torilis japonica, Artemisia asiatica and S. flavescens (90%) were higher than that of the infected control group (70%). Lesion scores in the groups treated with U. macrocarpa (1.40+/-1.14) or Pulsatilla koreana (1.60+/-1.82) were significantly lower than those of the infected control group (3.00+/-1.10). During the first week after infection, the weight gains in the groups treated with Quisqualis indica (232.9+/-43.5 g), S. flavescens (214.4+/-46.1 g) and S. acutum (211.3+/-29.4 g) were significantly higher than the infected control group (172.4+/-17.6 g).In conclusion, the data of the survival rates, bloody diarrhea symptoms, lesion scores, body weight gains and oocyst excretions indicate that the extract of S. flavescens was the most effective. P. koreana, S. acutum, U. macrocarpa and Q. indica were also effective. Further research on the above herbal materials will be carried out by the authors by chemical analysis of the extracts.     

Efficacy of selected coccidiostats in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) following challenge.

The anticoccidial efficacy of amprolium, clazuril, and monensin were studied in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) infected with a mixture of Eimeria spp. oocysts. Five groups of four 1-day-old sandhill crane chicks were maintained on a crumbled ration containing no coccidiostat, amprolium at 2.2 ppm, clazuril at 1.1 ppm, clazuril at 5.5 ppm, or monensin at 99 ppm. After 2 wk on their respective feeding regimens, birds in each of the five groups were administered 25 x 10(3) pooled sporulated Eimeria spp. oocysts per os and observed for another 3 wk. A sixth group of four chicks served as nonmedicated, nonchallenged control during the study. Clinical signs and lesions consistent with disseminated visceral coccidiosis were observed in all challenged controls and birds fed amprolium and clazuril. Birds in these groups died 9-10 days after challenge. In contrast, only one monensin-medicated bird had clinical signs of disseminated visceral coccidiosis, and it died 13 days after challenge (DAC). This and an asymptomatic bird that were necropsied at study termination had less-severe gross and microscopic lesions of disseminated visceral coccidiosis. Two of three monensin-treated birds that survived challenge passed from 50 to 500 coccidial oocysts 11 to 18 DAC but were negative at study termination. Of the coccidiostats tested, monensin, at the dietary level of 99 ppm, was the only anticoccidial drug that provided protection against experimentally induced disseminated visceral coccidiosis in sandhill cranes.     

Isolation and selection of ionophore-tolerant Eimeria precocious lines: E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina

Eimeria parasites were isolated from Nanhai Guangdong province (southern China) and studied in chickens in wire cages to evaluate their drug resistance against commonly used ionophores: monensin (100 mg/kg of feed), lasolacid (90 mg/kg), salinomycin (60 mg/kg), maduramicin (5 mg/kg) and semduramicin (25 mg/kg). Chinese Yellow Broiler Chickens were infected with 40,000 crude sporulated Eimeria oocysts at 15 days of age and prophylactic medication commenced a day prior to infection. Drug resistance was assessed for each ionophore drug by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI) and percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA) based on relative weight gain, rate of oocyst production and lesion values. Results revealed that Nanhai Eimeria oocysts comprising of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina, were resistant to monensin, sensitive to both salinomycin and lasolacid and partially sensitive to maduramicin and semduramicin. By selection for early development of oocysts during passage through chickens, the prepatent time of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina were reduced by 49, 36 and 22 h, respectively. The precocious lines are less pathogenic than the parent strains from which they were selected and conferred a satisfactory protection for chickens against coccidiosis. These ionophore-tolerant precocious lines could have wider applications in the development of anticoccidial vaccines for sustainable control of coccidiosis.     

TMP和DVD对两种磺胺药抗球虫增效作用试验

以雏鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病为模型,以相对存活率、相对增重率、盲肠病变值和盲肠卵囊值为观察指标,以抗球虫指数(ACI)为判定标准,观察甲氧苄啶(TMP)和二甲氧苄啶(DVD)与不同浓度磺胺喹口恶啉(SQ)和磺胺氯吡嗪钠(Esb3)联合用药治疗效果和增效作用.结果显示,药物对照组0.02%SQ和0.06% Esb3的ACI值分别为151和162;TMP与0.01%、0.02%、0.05%的SQ联用的ACI分别为177、181和195; DVD分别与0.01%、0.02%、0.05%的SQ联用的ACI分别为177、194和194;TMP与0.03%、0.06%、0.12%的Esb3联用的ACI分别为181、188和192;DVD与0.03%、0.06%、0.12%的Esb3联用的ACI分别为185、187和191.结果表明,TMP和DVD能明显提高SQ和Esb3的抗球虫效果, TMP和DVD之间的抗球虫增效作用无明显的差异.     

地克珠利混悬液对鸡球虫病的疗效观察

对20 g/L地克珠利混悬液,以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡艾美耳球虫人工感染,并用地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg浓度饮水作对照.结果表明,20 g/L地克珠利混悬液以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在180以上,效果优于地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg饮水.田间试验有效率81.8%,治愈率71%,证实20 g/L地克珠利混悬液是地克珠利又一种高效预防鸡球虫病新剂型.