一种变曲率式流道灌水器的数值模拟分析

针对一般灌水器流量对压力变化的敏感程度偏大,灌水器易堵塞的问题,提出了一种变曲率式流道灌水器。结合绕流原理和环流原理,参考主航道设计思想,采用曲面壁面设计。应用CFD软件对灌水器内部流动状态进行数值分析,得到灌水器的压力～流量曲线以及在一定压力下的水流迹线图和粒子轨迹图,并通过水力性能试验和短周期抗堵性能试验对其进行验证。揭示了灌水器内部流动特性及消能机理,为新型灌水器的设计与开发提供一定的理论基础。     

迷宫型灌水器流道结构与水力性能的模拟研究

为研究迷宫流道结构对灌水器水力性能的影响,利用有限元分析软件Femlab建立了不同流道断面面积和流道单元数模型,通过模拟得出灌水器流量压力关系和灌水器流速分布.分析表明:应用数值模拟的方法可以直观地反映灌水器内部水流运动规律;采用统计回归分析,灌水器的流量系数与断面面积呈正相关关系,与流道长度呈负相关关系;灌水器的流态指数变化不大;当流道长度和压力相同时,流量与流道断面面积呈正相关关系;当流道断面面积和压力相同时,流量随单元数的增加而逐渐减小,呈负相关关系.结果表明,采用有限元方法可以揭示迷宫型灌水器流道结构与水力性能之间的关系,对灌水器流道的结构设计具有一定的指导意义.     

圆柱型迷宫式流道滴灌灌水器平面模型试验研究

在流道内的流体流动研究中引入PIV等先进的图像全场测速技术,关键是解决塑料灌水器模型本身的圆柱型以及不透明问题。以AutoCAD技术和读数显微镜相结合的方法测量灌水器迷宫式流道几何参数,探索性地借助不锈钢电火花线切割技术构建了圆柱型灌水器的平面模型,结果表明:平面模型与塑料原型的流态指数非常接近,利用电火花线切割技术可行;流量系数差异较大,应该选择粗糙度合适的平面模型上下表面材料;灌水器流道内部流动可以忽略材料极性引力的影响,流道深度对灌水器出流的影响主要是流量系数,而对于流态指数影响极小。     

滴灌灌水器三角形迷宫流道优化设计

为了研究三角形迷宫流道滴灌灌水器的水力特性,将其结构作为研究单元,以流道转角、流道宽度和齿高3个结构参数为因素,采用均匀设计方法设计出10个结构参数组合方案.对于每个参数方案,通过AutoCAD对灌水器流道进行三维造型设计,采用计算流体动力学软件Fluent 6.2对流道内部流体的流动状态进行数值模拟,并且模拟分析灌水器内部流道的水力性能和流场特性,得到流道内部流场可视化图像,同时计算不同压力对应的流量值,通过回归分析建立压力与流量之间的量化关系和回归曲线图,并获得其流态指数.在此基础上,根据10个组合方案数据,通过多元回归计算,建立流态指数与结构参数之间的数学关系.以流态指数最小为目标,采用遗传算法,获得结构参数优化设计方案,得到一种流道内速度均匀分布、压力变化均匀递减、流量大小控制在滴灌允许范围之内、水力性能优良的三角形迷宫流道灌水器,可为三角形迷宫流道灌水器的参数化结构设计、制造中的精度控制以及最终的研发提供理论依据.     

三角绕流滴灌灌水器的数值模拟研究

应用FLUENT软件对三角绕流灌水器流道内部流动及水力性能进行数值分析,研究此类灌水器的湍流特性,揭示其内部湍流流动机理,为此类滴灌灌水器设计提供理论依据、方法与手段。数值计算结果显示,5 m工作水头下灌水器的流量为2.444 L/h,流道的流态指数为0.514。研究表明:三角绕流流道过流断面大,水流紊动强烈,具有较强的消能效果和抗堵性,适合构建性能良好的新型滴灌灌水器。     

新型微压侧翼迷宫滴灌带设计方法研究

利用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术对设计的一种新型微压滴灌带的水力特性进行了数值模拟,得到了灌水器内部的压力和流速分布,预测了压力流量关系。研究结果表明:该滴灌带灌水器的流量系数为0.4858,说明流道内为全紊流状态,有利于灌水器的消能,并可提高其抗堵塞性;灌水器进口及出口的压力变化很小,流道内沿水流前进方向压力均匀下降,流道单元相同时,压力变化幅度相同;流道内的流速可分为流道齿尖附近的主流区及齿脚附近的旋流区二个区,每二个单元之间的速度分布基本一致。采用CFD技术进行微压滴灌带结构设计是一种新方法,可快速准确地获得灌水器的水力特性,为其结构设计提供理论指导,同时大大缩短了研制周期,降低开发成本。     

滴灌灌水器内部水动力学特性测试研究进展

首先总结了灌水器内部3种可视化技术、4种测试模型和示踪粒子,并分析了各技术、模型和粒子的特征和优缺点;在总结前人对灌水器内部水流运动特征测试结果的基础上,提出了一种将灌水器等比例透明平面模型与粒子图像测速(DPIV)技术、平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)技术相结合的灌水器内部水流运动全场测试方法,利用显微镜物镜改装CCD相机镜头的独特设计,成功实现了滴头流道内全流场无扰测试,并应用该方法实现了不同压力、不同流道类型条件下灌水器流道内部水流运动的测试;在总结前人对灌水器内部颗粒物输移特性测试的基础上,开发了一种将单元段模型、DPIV、PLIF等技术相结合的准三维全场测试方法,通过观测片式灌水器原型及透明模型内部不同粒径颗粒物的运动特征,验证了两者的相似性.利用该方法实现了圆柱形灌水器内部流速分布,并测试了3种典型流道边界优化形式对灌水器流道内颗粒物运动特性的影响.今后,需进一步完善颗粒物运动的DPIV测试,探索灌水器流道内全流场三维测试,开展灌水器内部固-液-气多相耦合流动CFD模拟.     

迷宫型滴灌灌水器的流速模拟研究

利用Fluent软件对矩形迷宫型滴灌灌水器流道内流体的流速进行了模拟研究,通过对模型进行求解,得到了流场内的流体的流速变化。结果表明:灌水器流道的主流区集中在流道的轴线处,低速区位于流道近壁面和拐角处,接近为0,流体并没有充满整个流道,水流流态主要为紊流,每个单元之间速度分布变化不大;在流道断面面积相同、单元数相同时,矩形迷宫型灌水器内流速与压力呈正相关关系。     

滴灌灌水器流道设计理论研究若干问题的综述

灌水器是滴灌系统最关键的部件之一,其结构与水力性能的优劣对滴灌系统的灌水均匀性、抗堵塞能力以及寿命影响很大。在简要论述国内外滴灌灌水器流道发展现状的基础上,从灌水器流量压力关系、流道内流体流动机理、流道堵塞与防治三个方面详细阐述了灌水器流道设计理论的研究进展,最后提出了滴灌灌水器流道的发展趋势以及国内在灌水器流道设计理论研究中急需解决的问题。     

基于激光成形技术的灌水器结构参数化试验研究

基于激光快速成形技术对灌水器矩形流道的结构对灌水器性能的影响进行了参数化研究,研究结果表明：流量与流道断面积成正相关,流量对压力的敏感程度与流道断面积成负相关;随着流道断面积的增加,流量波动性增加;流量与流道单元数成负相关,随着单元数的增加灌水器流量的波动性降低。根据试验结果,建立了灌水器流量与工作压力、流道断面积、流道单元数之间的数学模型。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。