世界波斑鸨的现状与研究动态

波斑鸨为栖息于干旱荒漠草原的世界性珍禽，国家一级保护动物。数量十分稀少。３本文根据近年国内外对该种的研究结果，对其亚种分布，种群数量，生态生物学行为作了综述，通过对生存现状和研究动态的论述，为该的种的保护提供科学依据。     

新疆准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择

1999～ 2 0 0 1年 6～ 7月 ,利用粪便示踪和野外直接观察法对准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundula tamacqueenii)夏季栖息地进行了采样研究。结果表明 :波斑鸨夏季栖息地地势平坦 ,视野开阔 ,沙质土和粘土上旱生和盐生荒漠植被广泛分布 ,植被稀疏、低矮 ,并镶嵌有相对较高的灌丛块 ;影响波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择的环境因子是植物种数、植被密度和植被盖度 ;栖息地内的植被盖度、植被密度、草本植物种数、角果藜密度和距邻近灌丛块距离都显著低于对照地内的相应成分。     

新疆木垒波斑鸨生态学研究初报

1997年至 2 0 0 0年 ,作者等在新疆准噶尔盆地东部木垒县境内开展了波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundulata)的生态学研究工作。研究内容涉及栖息地 ,种群数量和密度 ,巢与卵 ,筑巢成功率和孵化率 ,食性 ,迁徙。研究结果表明 ,波斑鸨多在植被盖度 ,高度和草本植物丰富度较低的地带繁殖栖息 ;研究区内约有成年波斑鸨 2 5 1- 2 93只 ,平均密度为 0 .0 838只 /km2 ;从 1998年至 2 0 0 0年 ,平均巢卵数分别为 :3.9± 0 .8,3.7± 0 .9和 3.0± 0 .9。孵化成功率为 0 .83～ 1。营巢成功率为 0 .2 5～ 0 .775 ;波斑鸨以多种植物和无脊椎动物为食 ,其中猪毛菜 (Salsolaarbuscula)是一类重要的食物 ;波斑鸨多在 9月中至 10月中开始秋季迁飞 ,平均迁徙天数为 2 4± 17天 ,飞越 34 0 0 - 470 0km ,在伊朗、印度和巴基斯坦越冬     

中国鸨类的分布与现状

依据1990-2002年调查资料,分析了我国国家一级保护动物3种鸨类的分布和现状.大鸨(Otis tarda):东方亚种(O.t.dybowskii)中国种群繁殖于黑龙江西南部、吉林西部、内蒙古东部和中部、宁夏北部和甘肃,少数个体滞留在南部繁殖地越冬.指名亚种(O.t.tarda):中国种群繁殖于新疆北部和西部.越冬区尚不清楚,推测可能在南亚一带,新近在新疆察布查尔发现越冬个体.繁殖地生境为草原、荒漠草原和农田;越冬地生境为挥湖沿岸滩涂、草甸、草甸草原和麦地等.波斑鸨(Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni):中国种群繁殖于准噶尔盆地周边、乌伦古河两岸、巴里坤及吐鲁番盆地南部、内蒙古西部和甘肃西部.准噶尔盆地东部木垒东北为国际间的主要繁殖区之一.生境为荒漠和荒漠草原,越冬地在西亚和南亚一带.小鸨(Tetrax tetrax ):中国种群繁殖于新疆北部,我国为繁殖区的东界.生境为草原和半荒漠,越冬于南亚一带.我国种群数量十分稀少.     

川西北草原高原鼢鼠种群季节性特征与分布特点

高原鼢鼠近年来在川西北地区危害严重.本研究于2008年和2010年在四川省壤塘县调查了春季和秋季高原鼢鼠种群特征与分布特点.结果表明,秋季土丘数量和鼢鼠密度显著高于春季,但两季节间土丘系数(鼢鼠数量/土丘数量)并无显著差异;土丘数量与海拔高度呈现显著正相关关系,与地形则不相关;与平地相比坡地土丘数量相当,但覆盖度更大;种群性比偏雌,形态指标出现性别和季节差异.这表明,虽然鼢鼠种群具有明显的季节性波动,但土丘数量可以比较准确地反映种群大小;高原鼢鼠对高海拔栖息地具有明显的选择偏好,其活动与栖息地植被间可能具有促进关系.总之,鼢鼠活动对草地植被的影响比较复杂,对川西北草地的保护策略应从控制鼢鼠数量与减少人类干扰两个方面进行.     

准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨秋季种群动态简报

对木垒繁殖区波斑鸨秋季迁飞前种群动态的研究发现,秋季波斑鸨有集群现象,多以家族或成体与亚成体组成小群,数个小群集合形成大的迁飞群.秋季波斑鸨的警觉性非常高,距观察者300-1000m甚至更远,即惊飞.与夏季分布区相比,秋季波斑鸨分布区向西南移动约14km至E90°36'.     

准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨秋季种群

对木垒繁殖区波斑鸨秋季迁飞前种群动态的研究发现 ,秋季波斑鸨有集群现象 ,多以家族或成体与亚成体组成小群 ,数个小群集合形成大的迁飞群。秋季波斑鸨的警觉性非常高 ,距观察者 30 0 - 10 0 0m甚至更远 ,即惊飞。与夏季分布区相比 ,秋季波斑鸨分布区向西南移动约14km至E90°36’。     

新疆昌吉州波斑鸨分布与数量考察初报

本文报道了波斑鸨（Ｏｔｉｓｕｎｄｕｌａｔａ＝Ｕｎｄｕｌａｔａｕｎｄｕｌａｔａ）在新疆昌吉州境内的分布和种群数量。昌吉州为我国波斑鸨的主要繁殖地，繁殖区由三片不连续的地区组成，总面积约１３４００ｋｍ２，界于Ｅ８８°３０’－９１°１５’，Ｎ４３°５７’－４５°之间。据１２条样带统计结果，平均栖息密度为０．０３２±０．００８２只／ｋｍ２，种群数量为４２８．８±１００．８８只，即３１９—５３９只。     

准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨繁殖栖息地的植被结构和功能

１９９８至２０００年,作者对准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨繁殖栖息地作了考察研究。结果表明,由木本猪毛菜（Ｓａｌｓｏｌａ ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａ）和驼绒藜（Ｃｅｒａｔｏｉｄｅｓ ｌａｔｅｎｓ）组成的多块状灌丛随机地散布在视野开阔的假木贼（Ａｎａｂａｓｉｓ ｓａｌｓａ）－蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ｓｐ．）群落中为栖息地景观。研究发现,绝大多数波斑鸨的巢址和炫耀点都位于植被高度、盖度、密度较低,视野开阔的假木贼－蒿群     

广州市"黄埔区茅岗夜鹭生态保护技术研究"通过科技成果鉴定

广东省昆虫研究所与广州市黄埔区科技局合作共同开展的广州市黄埔区茅岗夜鹭生态保护技术研究,经过合作研究,完成了夜鹭栖息地的植被研究、夜鹭的种群数量调查、夜鹭繁殖量的统计,以及重金属在夜鹭和池鹭组织中的残留及环境污染评价等内容。由广州市科技局于2004年上半年组织专家进行了成果鉴定,该项研究结果为黄埔     

Present phytosanitary situation of Portuguese forests

Surveys carried out in conifer stands in the Azores and on the Portuguese mainland identified fungi causing serious new damage to pines and other conifer species. The most important are Dothistroma septospora found on needles of Pinus spp., Seiridium cardinale causing stem and twig canker of cypress and a new pathogen of the genus Elytroderma infecting needles of Pinus pinea with a subsidiary effect on stem and branches. After fires, new pathogens appeared in P. pinaster stands in North Portugal. Surveys in burnt plots showed the presence of the two very important root parasites, Rhizina undulata and Heterobasidion annosum , as well as species of the Ceratocystis complex producing not only blue stain, but also a wilt disease. Forest fires are often also associated with scolytid attacks on P. pinaster , specially by Tomicus piniperda, T. minor and Ips sexdentatus.     

Evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt

Glyphosate is the world's most important herbicide, with many uses that deliver effective and sustained control of a wide spectrum of unwanted (weedy) plant species. Until recently there were relatively few reports of weedy plant species evolving resistance to glyphosate. Since 1996, the advent and subsequent high adoption of transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops in the Americas has meant unprecedented and often exclusive use of glyphosate for weed control over very large areas. Consequently, in regions of the USA where transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops dominate, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of the economically damaging weed species Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L., Amaranthus palmeri S Watson, Amaranthus rudis JD Sauer, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) JD Sauer and various Conyza and Lolium spp. Likewise, in areas of transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops in Argentina and Brazil, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers and Euphorbia heterophylla L. respectively. As transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops will remain very popular with producers, it is anticipated that glyphosate-resistant biotypes of other prominent weed species will evolve over the next few years. Therefore, evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds are a major risk for the continued success of glyphosate and transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops. However, glyphosate-resistant weeds are not yet a problem in many parts of the world, and lessons can be learnt and actions taken to achieve glyphosate sustainability. A major lesson is that maintenance of diversity in weed management systems is crucial for glyphosate to be sustainable. Glyphosate is essential for present and future world food production, and action to secure its sustainability for future generations is a global imperative.     

Distinct Species Exist Within the Cercospora apii Morphotype

ABSTRACT The genus Cercospora is one of the largest genera of hyphomycetes. Cercospora apii sensu lato is the oldest name for a large complex of morphologically indistinguishable Cercospora spp. occurring on a wide host range. There are currently 659 recognized Cercospora spp., and names of another 281 morphologically identical species are included in the synonymy of C. apii sensu lato. Two of the species that belong to the C. apii complex, C. apii and C. beticola, cause Cercospora leaf spot on Apium graveolens (celery) and Beta vulgaris (sugar beet), respectively. In the present study, multilocus sequence data, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, and cultural characteristics were used as additional features to characterize morphologically similar Cercospora strains occurring on celery and sugar beet. From the data obtained, it is shown that C. apii and C. beticola, although morphologically similar and able to cross-infect each others' hosts, are distinct functional species that should be retained as separate entities. Furthermore, a third, as yet undescribed species of Cercospora was detected in celery fields in Korea and Venezuela, suggesting that additional undescribed species also may be found to cause Cercospora leaf spot on celery. A polymerase chain reactionbased diagnostic protocol distinguishes all three Cercospora spp.     

Can agrobiont spiders (Araneae) avoid a surface with pesticide residues?

Integrated pest management includes the use of various pesticides that can have a detrimental effect on spiders. A pesticide can express its activity directly or via residues. Most of the attention paid to the impact of pesticides on spiders has investigated the effects of direct exposure. Our aim in this study was to investigate the residual activity (repellency and toxicity) of selected pesticides on six principal species of spider occurring in an apple orchard. Four of these species (Clubiona spp., Pardosa spp., Philodromus spp., Xysticus spp.) are hunting spiders, and two species (Dictyna spp., Theridion spp.) are web-building. We were interested to see whether these spiders could avoid a surface with residues and to examine their susceptibilities to fresh and 1-day-old residues. For this purpose we conducted laboratory experiments using three types of pesticide, an organophosphate, phosalone (Zolone), a pyrethroid, permethrin (Ambush) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; Novodor), which were applied to paper discs or branches. Spiders could choose to stay on any treated paper/branch within a dish. Except for Theridion spp., all species were repelled by fresh residues but not by 1-day-old residues. Clubiona spp., Dictyna spp., Pardosa spp. and Xysticus spp were repelled by phosalone and permethrin residues only, whereas Philodromus spp. specimens were repelled also by Bt residues. Theridion spp. avoided contact with residues by making a web on any available branch. Regarding toxicity, neither fresh nor 1-day-old residues of phosalone or Bt caused significant mortality to any spider species. In contrast, both fresh and 1-day-old residues of permethrin caused significant mortality to all species except for Theridion spp. In conclusion, spiders can recognise and avoid only fresh residues, although older residues might still be toxic to them.     

Recent Development in ULV Techniques

Some interesting problems concerning the European and Mediterranean areas which can be solved by using ULV techniques are discussed. Malathion ULV Concentrate with and without protein bait is compared with conventional cover sprays to control Dacus oleae Gmel. and Ceratitis capitata Wied. Evidence is given demonstrating the advantages of ULV techniques for cotton and forest pest control. In field crops good results have been obtained against Meligethes spp., Athalia spp. and it appears that Eurygaster spp. can be effectively controlled by ULV fenitrothion sprays. Further tests are still required to determine more precisely the dosage required for the control of adults and the different larval instars of these species. The main concern of the Cyanamid work within the ULV treatment is in avoiding environmental pollution as far as possible.     

Foliar Application of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl and Protection of Postharvest Rock Melons and Hami Melons from Disease

A pre-flowering foliar spray of the plant activator acibenzolar-S-methyl at 50mg/La.i. combined with a fruit dip in guazatine at 500mg/La.i. at harvest substantially decreased disease in stored melons. Major diseases occurring on rock melons and Hami melons were caused by Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Rhizopus spp. and Trichothecium sp. The treatment with acibenzolar-S-methyl alone was significantly effective in reduction of the disease severity in many but not all situations. The fungicide guazatine alone significantly decreased infection by Fusarium spp. but had a lesser effect on that caused by Alternaria spp. and Rhizopus spp.     

Virulence and Molecular Diversity in Cochliobolus sativus

ABSTRACT Spot blotch, caused by the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus sativus, is an important disease of barley in many production areas of the world. To assess genetic diversity in this pathogen, a worldwide collection of C. sativus isolates was evaluated for virulence on barley and DNA polymorphism. Three pathotypes (0, 1, and 2) were identified among the 22 isolates tested in this study and the 36 isolates characterized previously on three barley differentials (ND5883, Bowman, and NDB112) that differ in their resistance to C. sativus. Pathotype 2, which exhibits high virulence on cv. Bowman, was only found in North Dakota, whereas the other two pathotypes occurred in many other regions of the world. Genetic diversity of the 58 C. sativus isolates, together with isolates of three related pathogenic Cochliobolus spp. (C. heterostrophus, C. carbonum, and C. victoriae) was analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of 577 polymorphic AFLP markers were recorded among the 70 isolates of the four Cochliobolus spp. using eight primer combinations. Cluster analysis revealed distinct groups corresponding to the four different species, except in one case where race 0 of C. carbonum was placed in an outgroup that may belong to a different species. In C. sativus, 95 polymorphic AFLP markers were detected with the eight primer pairs used, and each isolate exhibited a unique AFLP pattern. Allelic diversity in the pathotype 2 group was lower (0.10) than in the pathotype 0 (0.23) and pathotype 1 (0.15) groups, indicating that pathotype 2 may have arisen more recently. Cluster analysis did not reveal a close correlation between pathotypes and AFLP groups, although two AFLP markers unique to pathotype 2 isolates were identified. This low correlation suggests that genetic exchange may have occurred through parasexual recombination in the fungal population. Some isolates collected from different regions of the world were clustered into the same AFLP group, suggesting that migration of the fungal pathogen around these regions has occurred.     

First interception of the asiatic Bamboo longhorn, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorophorus annularis</Emphasis> (F., 1787) (Coleoptera,Cerambycidae) in Italy

This study provide information on the first occurrence in Italy of the Coleoptera Cerambycidae Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius, 1787). It is a species naturally and widely distributed in Asia and in oriental tropical and subtropical areas. This cerambyx is a post-harvest pest of bamboo belonging to several genera as Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys, Sinocalamus, but it can also infest cultivated plants as Citrus spp., Gossypium, Liquidambar spp., Saccharum officinarum L., Vitis spp., and Zea mays L.     

Phytophthora species in oak ecosystems in Turkey and their association with declining oak trees

From 1999 to 2001, a survey on the occurrence of Phytophthora spp. in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and declining oak trees was conducted in 51 oak stands in Turkey. Seven Phytophthora spp. were recovered from six out of the nine oak species sampled: P .  cinnamomi , P .  citricola , P .  cryptogea , P .  gonapodyides , P .  quercina , Phytophthora sp. 1 and Phytophthora sp. 2. The most frequently isolated species, P .  quercina , was very common on slopes susceptible to drought. It occurred in four different climatic zones and on six Quercus spp., suggesting that it is native to oaks. The second most common species, P .  citricola , was separated into three subgroups: type C was recovered only in Anatolia, whereas A and B occurred only in the European part of Turkey. Phytophthora cinnamomi was recovered at one site only, and may not be involved in oak decline in Turkey. The other four species were recovered sporadically. On affected sites there was a significant association between deteriorating crown status and the presence of Phytophthora spp., particularly P .  quercina . The occurrence of Phytophthora species was significantly influenced by soil pH. Stem inoculation tests on oak seedlings revealed that Q .  petraea was the most susceptible species.