饲粮类型和肥育后期不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中矿物元素排泄的影响

本研究共开展两个试验,探讨饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪肥育后期生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中微量矿物元素排泄的影响。在试验1中,选用128头平均体重(78.5±4.6)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复8头猪。四组试验猪的试验处理为2×2因子设计,即两种类型(玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型)饲粮和添加或不添加维生素/微量矿物元素预混料。在试验2中,选用112头平均体重(90.3±6.3)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复7头猪。试验处理同试验1。结果显示,在79~110kg肥育期中(试验1),采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的猪的增重速度和采食量显著高于采食玉米-杂粕型饲粮的猪(P<0.01或0.05)。在90~105kg肥育期中(试验2),采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的猪的增重速度仍然高于采食玉米-杂粕型饲粮的猪(P<0.05)。但是,维生素和微量矿物元素添加与否对生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对胴体和肌肉品质均无显著影响(P>0.05)。粪中微量矿物元素含量不受饲粮类型的影响(P>0.05),但不添加维生素和微量矿物元素时,粪中铜、铁、锰的含量显著降低(P<0.01),粪中锌含量也有降低的趋势(P>0.05)。对于生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质以及微量矿物元素排泄量,饲粮类型×维生素/微量矿物元素预混料的交互作用不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,在猪的肥育后期(最后约25~40d),在玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型饲粮中可不添加维生素和微量矿物元素,从而可降低饲料成本和减少微量矿物元素的排泄。     

半胱胺对猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响

半胱胺作为生长抑素(SS)抑制剂,可有效降低体内生长抑素,促进动物生长,是一种较好的通过神经内分泌途径调控动物生长的生理调节剂。文章综述了近年来半胱胺对猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的研究进展。     

生长激素对猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

选用48头猪[12头长白×雅南(母)、12头长白×雅南(公)、24头长白×约克(公)],2×3因子设计测定生长激素对猪生长性能和胴体成分的影响.处理组每头猪注射生长激素4mg,对照组只注射载体(稀释液),整个试验期28天,28天后屠宰.结果表明:与对照组相比,处理组平均提高日增重15.63%～41.14%,料肉比降低16.77%～31.95%;处理组降低胴体脂肪含量16.78%～39.80%,增加了瘦肉率5.97%～22.65%.     

饲喂甜菜碱对育肥猪生长、胴体品质和肉质的影响

选日龄、体重相近的长×小梅杂种仔猪20 头, 随机分成2 组, 每组10 头(5 公、5 母) 。2 组基础日粮相同, 试验组添加0-15 % 的甜菜碱,通过118 d 的饲养试验, 结果表明: 同对照组比较, 试验组日增重为553-7 g, 提高了3-2% ; 料重比为3-31∶1 , 降低了8-2 % 。屠宰测定表明: 同对照组相比, 试验组瘦肉率53-33 % , 提高了1-91 个百分点( P < 0-05) ; 背膘厚度24-99 mm , 降低了12-6 % ( P < 0-05) ; 眼肌面积30-04 cm2 ,增加了26-1 % ( P < 0-01) ; 板油率4-165 % , 降低了0-57 个百分点( P < 0-01) ; 熟肉率65-66% , 提高了6-46 个百分点( P < 0-05) ; 背最长肌肌纤维直径49-51 μm , 增加了16-3 % ( P < 0-05) 。     

甜菜碱对育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响

试验选用体重70 kg左右、日龄相近、体质良好的杜长大三元杂交猪45头,采用单因子随机设计,分为对照组、试验1、2、3、4组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂添加0、500、1000、1500、2000 mg/kg甜菜碱的日粮,试验期30 d,研究甜菜碱对肥育猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验2、3、4组日均采食量、日增重、屠宰率、瘦肉率、肉色评分、大理石评分显著提高(P<0.05),背膘厚度显著降低(P<0.05),试验1组各项指标有所改善,但效果不显著(P>0.05),本试验表明,饲料中添加甜菜碱可提高育肥猪生长性能,改善胴体品质和肉品质,其中添加1500、2000 mg/kg的甜菜碱效果较为理想。     

鸭油对生长肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究鸭油对生长肥育猪生长性能、肉品质及肌肉脂肪酸沉积的影响。选用初始平均体重为(31.62±2.31)kg的“杜长大”去势公猪72头,按体重相近原则随机分为2组,每组设6个重复,每个重复6头猪,2组饲粮均为玉米-豆粕型,在生长期饲粮中分别添加2%的豆油和鸭油,而在肥育期饲粮中分别添加1%的豆油和鸭油。试验期为82 d。结果表明:与豆油组相比,1)饲粮中添加鸭油显著提高了肥育期总能和干物质的表观消化率(P<0.05)。2)饲粮中添加鸭油显著提高了背最长肌肌内脂肪(IMF)含量(P<0.05),显著降低剪切力(P<0.05),并显著降低了肥育期血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量(P<0.05)。3)对背最长肌脂肪酸组成分析发现,饲粮中添加鸭油显著增加了C18∶0含量(P<0.05),但同时显著降低了C18∶2和总多不饱和脂肪酸的含量(P<0.05),使背最长肌中多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,本试验中鸭油添加量不会对生长肥育猪的生长性能产生负面影响,且可改善瘦肉型猪的IMF含量及嫩度,对提升肉品风味有积极作用。     

黄腐酸对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本文主要研究饲粮中添加不同剂量的黄腐酸(fulvic acid,FA)对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。选取平均体重(30.0±2.5)kg的"长×大"二元杂交生长猪216头,随机分为6个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组(CT组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加1、2、4、6、8 g/kg FA(即FA1、FA2、FA3、FA4、FA5组)的试验饲粮。试验期为87 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,FA各组平均日增重都表现出提高的趋势,其中FA4和FA5组平均日增重均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了8.86%和8.25%;FA2、FA3、FA4和FA5组的料重比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,FA各组屠宰重、胴体重、屠宰率和眼肌面积均呈现上升趋势,但并未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。FA各组平均背膘厚和板油率均有所下降,其中FA2、FA3和FA4组的平均背膘厚显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而板油率各组间未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,FA各组肉色亮度和黄度值有增加趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);FA4和FA5组肉色红度值显著高于对照组(P<0.05);FA各组pH、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和剪切力未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果提示,基础饲粮中添加FA能够有效地提高生长育肥猪的生长性能,降低背膘厚,改善肉品质。本试验条件下,建议生长育肥猪饲粮中FA的最适宜添加剂量为6 g/kg。     

Effect of supplemental vitamins and trace minerals on performance and carcass quality in finishing pigs

Two trials with finishing pigs (PIC line 355 x Camborough 22) were conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin and trace mineral (VTM) supplement deletions on performance, carcass quality, and tissue nutrient levels. Trial 1, a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments involving three VTM supplement regimens and two stress regimens, was conducted for 12 wk with 252 pigs (mixed sex). Average initial weight of pigs was 54 kg. The VTM regimens consisted of control (adequate level of VTM throughout trial), VTM deleted for the final 6 wk, and VTM deleted for entire 12 wk of the trial. The stress regimens consisted of leaving half the treatments in their original location or moving the other half of the treatments to a new pen location every 3 wk. There were three replications (pens) per treatment with 14 pigs per pen (0.80 m2). Diets were medicated with bacitracin methylene disalicylate. Overall, there were no treatment differences (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI, gain:feed ratio, longissimus muscle area, or last-rib backfat. However, there was a greater than 75% decrease (P < 0.001) in vitamin E content of longissimus muscle from deleting VTM for 6 or 12 wk. Trial 2, a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments involving three VTM regimens and two genders, was conducted for 12 wk with 306 pigs. Average initial weight of pigs was 58 kg. The VTM regimens were identical to those used in Trial 1. Each treatment consisted of three gender replications of 17 pigs per pen (0.66 m2), and all diets were unmedicated. Overall, pigs fed diets without VTM for 12 wk had lower (P < 0.06) ADG than those fed the control diets. Vitamin E content of the ham muscle was reduced by greater than 50% (P < 0.001) when pigs were fed diets without VTM for 6 or 12 wk compared with those fed the control diet. Concentrations of copper in ham muscle were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets without VTM. These data suggest that deleting VTM during the finishing stage markedly lowers the vitamin E content of pork muscle.     

日粮中能量对大河乌猪胴体品质的影响

试验选择血缘、胎次、体质量相近的大河乌猪40头,分成5组,每组8头,消化能水平依次为:1组11.05MJ/kg、2组11.63MJ/kg、3组12.26MJ/kg、4组12.89MJ/kg、5组13.47MJ/kg。分20~50kg和50~90kg2个饲养试验阶段,试验结束后,进行胴体性状及肉质测定。研究结果表明,日粮中能量对大河乌猪胴体性状和肉品质都有一定的影响,但是各指标组间差异均不显著,同时试验结果证明,大河乌猪这种国家级地方猪种不适宜用高能量日粮饲养(高能≠高效),相反用低能量(11.05MJ/kg)日粮饲养,可能会取得较佳的胴体品质和经济效益。     

半胱胺和酵母铬对生长肥育猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响

试验选择25 kg左右的"杜长大"三元杂交猪96头,采用2×2析因设计分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头。对照组喂基础饲粮,酵母铬(Cr)组在基础饲粮中添加酵母铬(生长期和肥育期分别添加Gr 200、300μg/kg),半胱胺(CS)组在基础饲粮中添加半胱胺(生长期和肥育期分别添加CS 120、170 mg/kg),复合组在基础饲粮中同时添加酵母铬和半胱胺(生长期和肥育期分别添加Gr 200μg+CS 120 mg/kg、Gr300μg+CS 170 mg/kg)。试验分生长期和肥育期两阶段进行,研究半胱胺和酵母铬对生长肥育猪生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质的影响。结果表明,生长肥育猪饲粮中分别添加半胱胺和酵母铬,一定程度上可改善生产性能,提高日增重、降低饲料/增重比;二者同时添加时有提高日增重的趋势,但统计分析差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲粮中分别或同时添加半胱胺和酵母铬对胴体肌肉品质也有一定的改善作用,但统计分析差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Effects of dietary humic substances on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and ammonia emission

Five experiments were conducted to test the effects of various dietary humic substances (HS; HS1, 2, 3, and 4, each with different fulvic and humic acid contents) on pig growth, carcass characteristics, and ammonia emission from manure. In Exp. 1, 120 pigs were allotted to 3 dietary treatments without HS (control) or with HS1 at 0.5 and 1.0% (8 pens/treatment and 5 pigs/pen) and fed diets, based on a 5-phase feeding program, from weaning (d 21.3 +/- 0.3 of age) to 60 kg of BW. In Exp. 2 and 3, 384 pigs (192 for each experiment) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments without HS, with HS1, or with HS2 (0.5%) for Exp. 2 and without HS, or with HS3 or HS4 (0.5%) for Exp. 3 (8 pens/treatment and 8 pigs/pen in each experiment). Pigs were fed diets, based on a 6-phase feeding program, from weaning (25.4 +/-0.2 and 23.6 +/-0.3 d of age for Exp. 2 and 3, respectively) to 110 kg of BW. In Exp. 4, 96 pigs were weaned at 22.1 +/-0.2 d of age and allotted to 2 treatments without or with HS1 at 0.5% (6 pens/treatment and 8 pigs/pen), and in Exp. 5 96 pigs were weaned at 20.9 +/-0.3 d of age and allotted to 3 treatments without HS, or with HS3 or HS4 (0.5%; 4 pens/treatment and 8 pigs/pen). Pigs were fed the diets for at least 2 wk before they were moved to an environmental chamber to measure aerial ammonia and hydrogen sulfide for 48 h at 5-min intervals. In Exp. 1, pigs fed diets with HS1 at 0.5% had greater (P < 0.05) ADG during phase 3 and greater (P < 0.05) G:F during phases 3 and 5 than control pigs. In Exp. 2, pigs fed diets with HS1 or HS2 at 0.5% had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F than control pigs during the entire feeding period, whereas in Exp. 3 HS3 or HS4 did not improve pig growth performance. Ammonia emission from manure was reduced by 18 or 16% when pigs were fed diets with HS1 (P = 0.067) or HS4 (P = 0.054), respectively. The results of this study indicate that the effects of dietary HS are variable but may improve growth performance of pigs and reduce ammonia emission from manure. Further research is needed to clarify these effects and the mechanisms by which HS may cause them.     

陆川猪胴体品质及肉质的研究

本试验旨在研究陆川猪胴体品质和肉质性状,为陆川猪保种和合理利用提供科学依据。对8头陆川猪的测定结果表明,10.75月龄陆川猪屠宰体重83.98 kg,胴体瘦肉率38.68%,肉色和大理石纹评分分别为3.1和4.71,pH1(宰后45 min的pH)和pH24(宰后24 h的pH)分别为5.86和5.73,肌内脂肪含量高达9.27%,肌纤维直径为31.51μm。每100 g背最长肌中氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量分别为17.89 g1、4.04 g7、.13 g,鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例和必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例分别为78.48%和39.85%。饱和脂肪酸组成主要是棕榈酸,其含量达到26.03%,不饱和脂肪酸组成主要是油酸(C18∶1)和亚油酸(C18∶2),其含量分别达45.06%和11.57%,其它脂肪酸含量相对较少。     

植酸酶对肉鸡生产性能与胴体品质的影响

试验选取1日龄AA肉鸡600只,随机分为6个处理组,每个处理组5个重复。试验分两阶段饲养,分别参照NRC(1994)饲养标准配制玉米—豆粕型基础日粮,1～3周龄和4～6周龄正、负对照组调整有效磷水平分别为0.43%、0.23%和0.34%、0.14%,试验组(3、4、5、6组)分别在负对照组日粮中添加250、500、750、1000U/kg植酸酶。试验结果表明,500、750U/kg加酶组较负对照组显著提高了肉鸡日增重(P<0.05),比正对照组也提高了3.41%、3.19%;添加植酸酶对21日龄肉鸡屠宰性能及肉品质有所降低,不影响42日龄屠宰性能与肉品质。     

Effect of dietary supplemental nicotinic acid on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality in three genotypes of chicken

The effects of dietary supplemental nicotinic acid (NA) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality were investigated in three genotypes of chicken. Fast‐growing AA (Arbor Acres) broilers were compared with two genotypes of a slow‐growing local breed, Beijing‐You, that had undergone selection for and against intramuscular fat content respectively (BJY+IMF and BJY?IMF). The treatments were arranged 3 × 4 factorial completely randomized design. Day‐old females (n = 624) were allocated to four treatments with six replicates per treatment and fed diets (basal contained ～25 mg NA/kg) supplemented with 0, 30, 60 and 120 mg NA/kg. A sample of 72 birds from each genotype was slaughtered at market time (8 weeks of age for AA and 16 weeks of age for BJY). The breast muscles of AA broilers were darker, had less redness and yellowness, lower drip loss and higher shear force as compared to the BJY genotypes (p < 0.01). The highest drip loss and the lowest shear force among the three genotypes were apparent in BJY+IMF (p < 0.01). Increasing supplementation from 0 to 60 mg NA/kg tended to increase average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, width of intermuscular fat band, thickness of subcutaneous fat (including skin) and percentage of abdominal fat but, for most variables, values decreased slightly with 120 mg NA/kg. Increasing supplementation to 60 mg NA/kg decreased (quadratic, p < 0.001) drip loss, but it increased at 120 mg NA/kg. The present results indicate that (i) the AA broilers fed corn–soybean meal based‐diets require approximately 60 mg NA/kg to maximize ADG and meat product yield and decrease the drip loss of breast muscle; (ii) the addition of 30 mg NA/kg meets the requirement of BJY genotypes; and (iii) there seems to be no beneficial effect of NA supplementation on chicken meat quality except for limiting the drip loss.     

能量和蛋白来源对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉质的影响

试验旨在探讨饲粮能量和蛋白来源对育肥猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清生化指标、胴体性状以及肉质的影响。试验采用2×2因子试验设计,选取DLY育肥猪60头[平均体重(81±7.89) kg],随机分为4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复3头猪。饲粮能量来源包括玉米和小麦,饲粮蛋白来源包括豆粕和菜粕。4个处理分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型、玉米-菜粕型、小麦-豆粕型、小麦-菜粕型饲粮,试验期28 d。结果表明:①4种饲粮对猪平均日采食量和平均日增重无显著影响(P0.05),但玉米豆粕组的料重比显著低于其余3组(P0.05)。②能量和蛋白来源显著影响养分的消化率。与小麦饲粮相比,玉米饲粮极显著提高了粗脂肪、干物质、灰分、钙和磷的消化率以及能量的利用率(P0.01);与豆粕饲粮相比,菜粕饲粮极显著提高了钙、磷的消化率和能量的利用率(P0.01),显著提高了干物质的消化率(P0.05)。③与豆粕饲粮相比,菜粕饲粮极显著提高了猪血清尿素氮的含量(P0.01);与小麦饲粮相比,玉米饲粮显著提高了猪血清总蛋白水平,显著降低了胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ水平。④玉米豆粕组的眼肌面积显著高于玉米菜粕组(P0.05);与玉米菜粕组相比,小麦菜粕组显著降低了肌肉的蒸煮损失(P0.05),显著提高了肌内脂肪含量(P0.05)。由此可见,4种饲粮对育肥猪的生长性能无显著影响,但显著影响猪养分的表观消化率,且对育肥猪胴体性状、肉质有一定的影响。