秸秆还田对日光温室有机肥氮素矿化特征的影响

正有机肥具有供应养分和改良土壤的双重作用,在生产实践中被广泛应用于日光温室蔬菜生产中。据报道日光温室有机肥使用量高达70 000~80 000 kg·hm–2[1–2],养分投入的50%以上氮和磷、30%左右的钾是以有机肥形式提供[2]。尽管已有大量文献报道了大田有机肥氮素矿化特征[3],但日光节能温室为封闭或半封闭系统,环境条件和物质运动发生相应变化,形成了特殊的生态环境[4–5],其土壤含水量保持在田间持水量的60%~70%,空气相对湿度也较高,这在一定程度     

有机-无机复混肥在日光温室无公害蔬菜上的应用

以茄果类蔬菜为供试材料,探讨有机-无机复混肥对日光温室无公害蔬菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明:施用有机-无机复混肥能显著提高日光温室无公害蔬菜的产量和品质,黄瓜、辣椒、西红柿三种蔬菜产量分别较不施化肥对照提高16 44%、17 23%和21 54%,硝酸盐含量分别下降111mg/kg、213mg/kg和223mg/kg。     

有机-无机复混肥在日光温室无公害蔬菜上的应用

以茄果类蔬菜为供试材料，探讨有机-无机复混肥对日光温室无公害蔬菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明：施用有机-无机复混肥能显著提高日光温室无公害蔬菜的产量和品质，黄瓜、辣椒、西红柿三种蔬菜产量分别较不施化肥对照提高16．44％、17．23％和21．54％，硝酸盐含量分别下降111mg／kg、213mg／kg和223mg／kg。     

土壤调理剂对日光温室土壤理化性质和蔬菜产量、品质的影响

试验研究了土壤调理剂对日光温室土壤理化性质和蔬菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明,施用土壤调理剂能够明显改善土壤结构,增强土壤保水能力,与对照相比,施用2次调理剂后土壤容重降低6.36%,土壤总孔隙度增加4.97%,田间持水量增加6.75%,渗透系数提高46.28%;调理剂还能增加土壤养分含量,提高土壤保肥能力;调理剂能够提高蔬菜的产量和品质,对番茄品质的改善效果尤为明显;调理剂与秸秆配合施用效果更佳。     

保护地蔬菜连作障碍的发生及防治

保护地蔬菜生产具有很好的经济效益和社会效益,它是一种高度集约化的种植业生产方式,但由于耕地数量、气候条件的限制及对高经济效益的追求,保护地蔬菜生产中普遍存在超量施用化肥、复种指数高、蔬菜栽培种类单一等问题,连作障碍现象日益加剧,严重影响了保护地蔬菜生产的可持续发展.     

日光温室无污染蔬菜生产定位试验研究

对日光温室蔬菜生产连续进行4年10茬的无污染定位试验,其中处理基肥施用EM堆肥,追肥则减少N肥施用量,病虫防治以生物农药为主,且在病虫无法控制情况下选用少量化学农药,对照采用常规施肥与施药方法,试验结果表明,土壤有机质含量提高了0．14％－0．4％,化肥用量降低50％,农药用量降低30％,产量提高了5％－10％,产值提高1％－6％。     

有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量、品质及土壤酶活性的影响

在广州市蔬菜种植区老菜地进行连续6茬菜心试验,研究有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同有机肥施用模式对不同茬别菜心产量的影响有较大差别。连续六茬试验中,鸡粪+复合芽孢杆菌处理菜心产量均为最高且显著高于单施无机肥处理、品质最优,复合芽孢杆菌堆沤鸡粪处理菜心产量提高仅次于鸡粪+复合芽孢杆菌处理。种植六茬菜心后,施鸡粪+复合芽孢杆菌处理对提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性作用最强。因此,在老菜地蔬菜生产中,在施用无机肥基础上配施适量鸡粪,并在蔬菜生长过程中淋施复合芽孢杆菌,不但提高蔬菜产量,而且具有培肥、活化和改良土壤生物质量的作用,减轻蔬菜连作障碍,实现集约化蔬菜种植的可持续发展。     

含硝酸根化肥对黄瓜叶片脱落酸含量及叶绿体超微结构的影响

硝酸根(NO-3)是化肥中常见的阴离子,也是设施土壤中积累的主要离子成分[1 - 2].硝酸盐过多不仅降低农产品品质[3],危害人类身体健康[4],还影响生态环境[5 - 6].尽管硝酸盐过多时对蔬菜作物生长发育的影响已有许多研究[7],但很少涉及作物的内源激素及叶绿体.在内源激素中,对植物逆境最敏感的是ABA[8].为此,本试验以我国北方日光温室主栽作物黄瓜为研究对象,探讨含NO-3化肥的不同施用量对其叶片ABA含量及叶绿体的影响,进一步揭示NO-3 对作物的危害机理,以期为农业生产中含NO-3化肥的合理施用提供理论依据.     

新开发园田土壤培肥与蔬菜增产

对新开发园田用人粪土杂肥、沼气渣与化肥不同配比施用对土壤的培肥效果及蔬菜产量进行了初步探讨。经２－３年的试验结果表明：新无田在保证一定蔬菜产量的同时，又逐步提高土壤肥力，使土壤培肥与蔬菜增产同趟进行，应采用有机，无机肥配合施用措施。有机，无机肥应以１：×，５：５为好，无机肥要氮磷钾合理配比。有机无机肥配合施用使土壤物理性状有所改善，土壤养分，土壤酶活性有显著提高     

氮肥对黄土高原大棚蔬菜及土壤硝酸盐累积的影响

通过对黄土高原大棚蔬菜不同施肥水平及采收期试验,研究了氮肥施用量对蔬菜产量、品质以及土壤硝酸盐积累的影响.结果表明:在土壤氮素水平较低情况下,随氮肥施用量的增加蔬菜产量随之提高,当黄瓜施用量达300kg·hm-2、芹菜施用量达400kg·hm-2时,其产量分别较对照提高16.7%和37.5%,而菜体中硝态氮含量与对照差异不大;但当施用量超过500kg·hm-2及600kg·hm-2时,会使黄瓜、芹菜产量逐渐下降同时导致蔬菜及土壤中硝态氮含量迅速增高,使蔬菜达到高污染水平.施肥后随时间的推移,蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量逐渐降低,在中等施肥条件下30d后可达到食用水平.黄土高原土壤氮素淋溶强烈,在氮肥施用后15d,50cm左右土层中硝态氮累积量最多形成峰值,且随时间的推移其峰值有逐渐向下移动的趋势.本实验证实:适量氮肥有利于蔬菜生长,还可有效减少氮素污染,在黄土高原大棚蔬菜生产中氮肥最佳用量为400～500kg·hm-2,同时应严格控制采收时间,在蔬菜采食前30d内不能施用氮肥.     

新造雅阳系土壤养分变化的研究

随着城乡建设和经济发展的需要,征用耕地面积不断扩大。通过新造农田复垦在较短的时间内能实现耕地面积总量的动态平衡,但新造农田复垦达到耕地质量标准尚需较长的时间。本文以新造雅阳系3个不同耕作年限耕层土壤养分变化的分析研究,其结果表明,耕作年限在15年后,土壤有机质、速效P、速效K含量才能达到老雅阳系耕层土壤养分水平,即耕地质量标准,而全N含量存在着一定的差异。     

Factors of soil formation in soil classification systems

The development of soil classification systems in Russia has been accompanied by certain changes in the attitude toward the factors of soil formation as criteria for separating soil units at the high taxonomic levels. The works of N.N. Rozov supported the traditional priority of the bioclimatic approach to the separation of soil types and subtypes in the classification systems of 1967 and 1977. In the new classification of Russian soils, the factors of soil formation are taken into account in a “hidden” form, through the diagnostic horizons and features reflecting the facial and zonal changes in the character of the pedogenesis and through the separation of several high-level soil taxa developing under specific combinations of lithological and geomorphic conditions. Ecological matrices illustrating the position of the soil types distinguished on the basis of substantive criteria in the field of soil-forming factors are included in the latest version of the new Russian soil classification system. The idea of these matrices fully corresponds to the logic of the factor-genetic soil classification system developed in the works of N.N. Rozov.     

Myxomycetes in soil

The myxomycetes are a group of protists that form a monophyletic taxon in the phylum Amoebozoa. Evidence of their evolutionary success is the fact that they account for more species (ca. 900 are currently recognized) than the combined total for the rest of the Amoebozoa. Moreover, myxomycetes are present in every terrestrial environment investigated to date and also, as amoebae or flagellated cells, in aquatic environments where they cannot form fruiting bodies. Even if culture-based methods tend to underestimate their occurrence in soil, myxomycetes probably account for ∼50% of soil amoebae. The emergence of molecular-based methods has revolutionized our concepts of biodiversity, but myxomycetes are conspicuously absent from all environmental surveys. Herein we show that this is due to their highly diverging SSU rRNA gene sequences, which contain numerous Group I introns.Further proof comes from a recent study that used a massive sequencing approach without primer bias to amplify RNAs. The results obtained show that the mycetozoans (myxomycetes along with dictyostelids and protostelids) are indeed a dominant group of soil protozoans.     

节水灌溉对盐渍土盐分调控与土壤微生物区系的影响

河套灌区是我国大型自流灌区之一,盐渍化是该区土壤主要障碍因素之一。目前,河套灌区葵花田生育期灌溉量约为1 100～1 200 m3hm-2,灌溉用水量偏大和地下水位偏高已成为制约当地灌溉农业可持续发展的主要障碍:一方面,水资源浪费严重;另一方     

An equivalent soil mass procedure for monitoring soil organic carbon in multiple soil layers

Soil carbon stocks are commonly quantified at fixed depths as the product of soil bulk density, depth and organic carbon (OC) concentration. However, this method systematically overestimates OC stocks in treatments with greater bulk densities such as minimum tillage, exaggerating their benefits. Its use has compromised estimates of OC change where bulk densities differed between treatments or over time periods. We argue that its use should be discontinued and a considerable body of past research re‐evaluated. Accurate OC estimations must be based on quantification in equivalent soil masses (ESMs). The objective of this publication is to encourage accurate quantification of changes in OC stocks and other soil properties using ESM procedures by developing a simple procedure to quantify OC in multiple soil layers. We explain errors inherent in fixed depth procedures and show how these errors are eliminated using ESM methods. We describe a new ESM procedure for calculating OC stocks in multiple soil layers and show that it can be implemented without bulk density sampling, which reduces sampling time and facilitates evaluations at greater depths, where bulk density sampling is difficult. A spreadsheet has been developed to facilitate calculations. A sample adjustment procedure is described to facilitate OC quantification in a single equivalent soil mass layer from the surface, when multiple‐layer quantification is not necessary.     

Hydroxyanthraquinones in soil

(1) Seven hydroxyanthraquinone pigments were separated from Sochiken soil 1 (Kuroboku soil). Chrysotalunin, chrysophanoi, chrysazin, and skyrln were identified by spectroscopy and co-chromatography with authentic compounds. The presence of oxyskyrin was presumed by spectroscopy and color reactions.

(2) A homologue of 4,9-dihydroxyperylene-3, 10-quinone was also detected.

(3) The amounts of hydroxyanthraqulnones in eight soils of different types were determined by colorimetry using chrysotalunin as a standard pigment. Their amounts varied from 3 to 11 ppm.

(4) The main pigment extracted from most soils was chrysotalunin, though it was not detected in Miyahara, Higashiyama, and Kisokoma soils.     

湘南红壤地区土壤肥力现状及其退化原因

调查结果表明：土壤的肥力已经出现了较为明显的退化现象,如果用土壤养分含量的结果来表示,则有５０％以上出现了肥力退化;如以产量为标准来衡量,则有２５％～３０％出现了退化。其主要表现是：部分土壤酸化;有机质、氮、磷、钾等养分的含量下降。退化的主要原因是施肥结构的无机化趋势上升以及氮、磷、钾化肥的施用比例失调,因此,调整目前不合理的施肥结构和施肥比例,是防止该地区土壤肥力进一步退化的当务之急。     

土壤系统分类在大比较尺土壤制图中的应用—以安徽宣城样区为例

提出了制图的指导思想，拟订了上图单元类型，在此基础上详细地阐述了样区大比例尺土壤制图的过程。     

秸秆还田深度对黑土腐殖质和酶活性的影响

在田间条件下对耕地黑土3个土层(0~15、15~30、0~30 cm)进行玉米秸秆还田试验,研究不同秸秆还田深度土壤腐殖质各组分含量、土壤酶活性的变化及其相关性。结果表明:还田深度0~15、15~30、0~30cm土壤总有机碳含量与初始相应层次土壤分别增加9.5%、9.9%、10.7%,与0~15 cm相比,秸秆还田深度为15~30 cm时,有利于土壤有机碳的积累。与初始相应层次土壤比,未秸秆还田的土壤总有机碳含量降低了5.8%。土壤各组分有机碳含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性之间显著(或极显著)相关,土壤胡敏素碳含量与土壤过氧化氢酶活性之间显著相关,土壤富里酸碳含量与土壤脲酶活性之间显著相关。