处理温度对橡胶园覆盖绿肥种子萌发的影响

为明确不同绿肥种子萌发的最佳处理温度,以常温水为对照,采用初始温度为60、65、70、75、80、85、90℃的热水对在橡胶园具有良好适生性的12种覆盖绿肥种子进行处理,以研究不同处理温度对橡胶园覆盖绿肥种子萌发的影响。结果表明:柱花草种经常温水处理后的发芽势和发芽率均最高,升高处理水温均能明显提高其余11种绿肥种子的发芽势和发芽率。毛蔓豆、圆叶决明种子的最佳发芽处理温度为85℃,大叶千斤拔种子为80℃,刺毛黧豆种子为75℃,爪哇葛藤、钝叶决明种子为70℃,铺地木蓝种子为65℃,印尼乌绿豆、十一叶木蓝、长果猪屎豆、决明种子为60℃。     

不同处理对粉花山扁豆种子发芽的影响

用98%浓硫酸、70%硫酸、热水、赤霉素(GA3)处理粉花山扁豆种子,结果表明:70%硫酸拌种20 min种子萌发效果最好,发芽率和发芽势分别为76%和47.33%,比对照分别提高11.67和34.66个百分点;平均发芽时间为31 d,比对照缩短92 d;用98%浓硫酸处理15 min和70℃以上热水处理会对粉花山扁豆种子产生伤害,降低种子生活力。     

四川丘陵柑橘园种植豆科绿肥的环境和增产提质效应

综合评价四川丘陵区橘园间作绿肥对柑橘生长环境和果实产质量的效应,为橘园绿肥推广提供理论依据。2016～2018年在橘园间作豆科绿肥南选山黧豆、光叶紫花苕、白三叶,以清耕处理为对照,研究间作绿肥对橘园土壤理化性质、杂草防效、柑橘产量和品质的影响。结果表明,种植两年后3种绿肥处理均能降低土壤容重、增加土壤毛管孔度和通气孔度,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著提高;间作绿肥对杂草的抑制效果显著,以南选山黧豆和光叶紫花苕效果最好;间作绿肥后柑橘产量显著提高,增幅达13.6%～34.9%,果品可食率、维生素C和可溶性固形物含量明显提高,酸度下降。综上所述,橘园间作豆科绿肥能改善土壤理化性质,有效抑制杂草,提高柑橘产量和品质,可在柑橘生产中加以推广应用。     

不同机械处理对白栎种子萌发的影响

为有效解决白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)种子延迟萌发和出苗不整齐的问题,研究了不同机械处理(对照、去碗疤、去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶、去皮及切除2/3子叶)对白栎种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明:(1)去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶处理的种子根的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短39 d和36 d,芽的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短52 d和51 d,根的萌发整齐性指数分别显著提高0.3和0.2,芽的萌发整齐性指数均显著提高0.4,2个处理显著增加了白栎种子出根率(平均增加57.8%)与萌芽率(平均增加33.3%),去皮处理促进了根的生长(增加3.0 cm);(2)去皮及切除2/3子叶处理显著缩短了白栎种子根和芽的平均萌发时间(分别缩短36 d和50 d),提高了萌发整齐性指数(分别提高0.2和0.4)和生根率(均增加26.7%),但萌芽率、根长和苗高均与对照无显著差异;(3)去碗疤处理显著降低了白栎种子根和芽的平均发芽时间(分别缩短16 d和21 d),但萌发整齐性指数、出根率、萌芽率、根长和苗高均没有显著变化。因此,去皮和去皮及切除1/2子叶处理效果较好,能有效促进白栎种子萌发和整齐性出苗,对白栎的育苗工作有重要的实践意义。     

壳聚糖对不同种源柠条种子发芽及其酶活性的影响

用不同浓度壳聚糖乙酸溶液分别对陕西省的吴起县和榆林市榆阳区两个产地的柠条种子浸种处理,以清水浸种处理为对照,调查种子发芽及幼苗生长特性,并测定了萌发过程中种子α-淀粉酶、脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明,壳聚糖能促进柠条种子的萌发,缩短发芽时间;随着处理浓度的增大,各项发芽指标及各种酶活性先升高后降低,且不同种源柠条种子对壳聚糖浓度的反应不同。当壳聚糖浓度为0.5%时,榆阳柠条种子的发芽率是对照的1.2倍,平均发芽速率缩短0.9d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度为1.0%时,吴起柠条种子发芽率比照提高13%,平均发芽速率缩短1.7d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度达到1.5%时,对榆阳柠条种子的萌发有一定的抑制作用,而对吴起柠条种子萌发无抑制作用。壳聚糖对柠条幼苗的生长也有一定的影响,表现在幼苗的根长、苗高、干重、鲜重和叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,吴起柠条和榆阳柠条最佳的处理浓度分别为1.0%和0.5%。     

聚乙二醇和低温胁迫对红豆草种子萌发影响的研究

在植物生长箱通过种子萌发试验,从种子发芽进程、发芽率和吸水量等方面研究了水分和低温胁迫对红豆草种子萌发的影响。用10％,15％,20％,25％,30％的聚乙二醇（PEG）溶液和5℃左右低温预处理红豆草种子,结果表明,不同浓度的聚乙二醇和5℃左右低温预处理可以缩短种子的平均发芽时间,提高发芽率;比较发现,聚乙二醇浓度30％和低温处理时间4d时可促进红豆草种子的萌发。     

GGR6浸种处理浓度对沙打旺种子活力及萌发特性的影响

利用植物生长调节剂调节植物生长、发育和繁殖,是有效提高植物对逆境适应能力和生产能力的重要手段.为探究植物生长调节剂GGR6对沙打旺种子活力及萌发特性的影响,通过观测不同GGR6浓度(0、50、100、150和200 mg/L)浸种处理下,沙打旺种子活力及萌发特性指标,利用隶属函数法,综合分析筛选出适宜沙打旺种子萌发的GGR6处理浓度.结果表明:1)种子发芽动态呈“单峰型”,GGR6处理提高了种子发芽速度和发芽率,缩短发芽时间;2)处理浓度为100 mg/L以下时,种子活力、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、萌发指数和活力指数均随着GGR6浓度升高而升高,且浓度在50 ～ 100 mg/L之间,升高最为显著,高于100 mg/L后,各处理之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);3)促进沙打旺种子萌发的最佳GGR6作用浓度为100 mg/L.研究对利用植物措施在荒漠化土地治理中,加速植被建设的进程和效果具有重要意义.     

干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为野生种驯化和种群恢复提供参考。[方法]以窄叶鲜卑花种子为实验材料,采用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫环境,研究干旱协迫强度对窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸胀速率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及幼苗生长情况的影响。[结果]随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸水过程表现出急速吸水期、缓慢上升期和吸水平稳期3个阶段;其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及苗高、根长,苗重与胁迫强度均呈负相关;当PEG浓度达30%时,种子萌发完全被抑制。另一方面,种子群体萌动、萌发和出苗达50%所需时间随胁迫强度的增加而越发延迟,且各阶段对环境临界水势要求不同,出苗阶段最为严格,表明种子出苗过程对环境水分胁迫较为敏感,耐旱能力较弱。[结论]干旱胁迫显著抑制了窄叶鲜卑花种子的萌发和幼苗生长,也说明水分是窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发和幼苗形成的主导因素之一,在较干旱地区种植需要考虑水分的供给。     

初花期喷施多效唑对圆叶决明植株性状及光合效率的影响研究

试验研究表明圆叶决明经不同浓度多效唑 (MET或PP3 3 3 )处理后其茎、叶和果荚外观发生变化 ,植株营养生长受抑 ,而适宜多效唑浓度有利于提高其有效分枝数和有效结荚数。叶片叶绿素含量随浓度的变化规律为“CPI86 134”对照 <5 0mg/kg浓度处理 <2 0 0mg/kg浓度处理 <10 0mg/kg浓度处理 ,而“CPI92 985”对照 <10 0mg/kg浓度处理 <4 0 0mg/kg浓度处理 <2 0 0mg/kg浓度处理 ,光合速率与叶片叶绿素含量相一致。掌握最佳喷施时间和浓度是提高圆叶决明种子产量及品质、缩短收种时间和降低收种成本的关键。     

苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子特性及硬实破除研究

苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子形状、颜色、表面状态差异显著,种子健壮度和硬实率很高,含水量都很低且差异不显著;苦豆子种子长度显著大于披针叶黄华,披针叶黄华种子体积质量和千粒质量显著大于苦豆子,两种豆类宽度、厚度和相对密度之间无显著差异;在新鲜干净的两个豆类种子中,硬实种子和非硬实种子同时存在,破除苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子硬实的最佳措施是：90%的H2SO4处理70 min和120 min;破除硬实的两种豆类种子萌发的物质转化效率达到了77.94%和77.28%,苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子开始萌发时间均为21 h,最低萌发需水率分别为151.05%和151.71%,两种种子萌发相对需水较多,苦豆子种子萌发40 h达最大发芽值,披针叶黄华种子56 h达最大发芽值。     

Recovery of cover-crop-N in the soil-plant system in the Guinea savannah zone of Ghana

In order to understand the efficiency of residue-N use and to estimate the minimum input required to obtain a reasonable level of crop response, it is important to quantify the fate of the applied organic-N. The recovery of N from ¹⁵N-labelled Crotalaria juncea was followed in the soil and the succeeding maize crop. Apparent N recovery (ANR) by maize from unlabelled Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria retusa, Calopogonium mucunoides, Mucuna pruriens and mineral fertilizer at three locations were also evaluated. The maize crop recovered 4.7% and 7.3% of the ¹⁵N-labelled C. juncea-N at 42 days after sowing (DAS) and at final harvest, respectively. The corresponding ¹⁵N recovery from the soil was 92.4% and 58.5%. The highest mean ANR of 57.4% was with mineral fertilizer, whereas the mean ANR of 14.3% from C. retusa was the lowest. A large pool substitution and added-N interaction effect was observed when comparing N recovery from the labelled and unlabelled C. juncea. The amount of residue-N accounted for by the isotope dilution method at 42 DAS was 97.1% and at final harvest 65.8%. The large residue-N recovery in the soil organic-N pool explains the residual effect usually observed with organic residue application.     

Macronutrient-Use Efficiency and Changes in Chemical Properties of an Oxisol as Influenced by Phosphorus Fertilization and Tropical Cover Crops

Cover crops are important components of copping systems due to their beneficial effects on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate influence of phosphorus (P) fertilization on nutrient-use efficiency of 14 tropical cover crops. The P levels tested were 0 (low), 100 (medium), and 200 (high) mg kg^?1 of soil. The cover crops tested were Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don, Crotalaria juncea L., Crotalaria mucronata, Calapogonium mucunoides, Pueraria phaseoloides Roxb., Pueraria phaseoloides Roxb., Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh, Dolichos lablab L., Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr., Mucuna cinereum L., and Canavalia ensiformis L. DC. Agronomic efficiency (shoot dry weight per unit P applied), physiological efficiency (shoot dry weight per unit of nutrient uptake), and apparent recovery efficiency (nutrient uptake in the shoot per unit nutrient applied) were significantly varied among cover crops. Agronomic efficiency decreased with increasing P levels. Overall, physiological efficiency of nutrient uptake was in the order of P > sulfur (S) > magnesium (Mg) > calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > nitrogen (N). Similarly, apparent recovery efficiency was in the order of N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S. Different recovery efficiency in cover crops can be useful in selecting cover crops with high recovery efficiency, which may be beneficial to succeeding crops in the cropping systems. The P × cover crops interactions were significant for soil extractable Ca²⁺, P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca saturation, Ca/K ratio, and K/Mg ratio, indicating that cover crops change these soil property differently under different P levels. Thus, cover crops selection for different P levels is an important strategy for using cover crops in cropping systems in Brazilian Oxisols. Optimal values of soil pH, soil Ca and Mg contents, hydrogen (H) + aluminum (Al), P, CEC, base saturation, Ca saturation, Mg saturation, and K saturation were established for tropical cover crops grown on an Oxisol.     

Improvement of the physical fertility of a degraded Alfisol with planted and natural fallows under humid tropical conditions

Abstract. Topsoil (0–15 cm) bulk density, aggregate stability, soil dispersibility, water retention and infiltration were measured between 1989 and 1996 on an Alfisol under rehabilitation in southwestern Nigeria. The planted leguminous species were Pueraria phaseoloides, Senna siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia leptocarpa and A. auriculiformis. Also, plots with natural fallow and maize/cassava intercropping were included. Level (minimum) and mound tillage with hoes was adopted for the cultivated areas under study after 4 and 6 year fallow periods. Under fallow, the soil bulk density decreased from1.56 to 1.11 t m73.The continuously cropped treatment (level tillage) had significantly higher bulk density than the fallowed subplots after 6 years. Mean soil penetrometer resistance ranged from 75 to 157 kPa for fallowed plots and from 192 to 295 kPa for the continuously cropped (level tillage) subplot. Surface soilwater contentswere similar for all the treatments during the soil strength measurements. Although soil aggregates were generally of low stability and not well formed, they were improved by fallowing.
Soil structural improvement by planted fallows was similar to that by natural fallow, but the trees were more promising for long-term fallow (>6 years) than the herbaceous P. phaseoloides. However, the improvement in soil structure after 4 or 6 year fallow could not be maintained in subsequent cropping. Furthermore, the significant improvement in soil bulk density caused by A. auriculiformis and natural fallow was more rapidly lost on the cultivated subplots compared with other fallow treatments. Thus, soil structure recovery under a fallow does not imply a sustained improvement when stress is applied to this soil. Post-fallow soil management options such as residue incorporation and tillage to ameliorate compaction or soil strength will be necessary to enhance the improvements by fallow species.     

提取方式对茶树菇菌糠多糖提取效率及生物学活性的影响

为探究不同提取方式对茶树菇菌糠多糖提取的影响,本研究采用热水浸提、超声浸提、稀酸水解3种方式提取茶树菇菌糠。结果表明,提取方式对菌糠多糖的提取效率有较大影响,其中以稀酸水解提取法效率最高,当硫酸浓度为2%、浸提时间为60 min、料液比为1∶25 g·mL^-1、温度为121℃时,多糖提取率最高为29.29%,分别比热水浸提和超声浸提法提高了6.72和13.88倍。3种提取方式制备的多糖均有较好的抗氧化活性和生物学活性,其中热水浸提多糖具有较好的2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基和羟基自由基清除能力,而稀酸水解多糖具有较好的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力和还原力。不同方式制备的多糖均能有效促进水稻种子的萌发,并缓解铜离子对水稻种子萌发的抑制效果,尤其对根部的促进效果最为显著,当稀酸水解多糖浓度为1 000 mg·L^-1时,对照水稻种子根长增加37.75%,铜离子胁迫下水稻种子根长增加112.10%。研究结果表明提取方式不仅影响菌糠多糖的提取效率,同时对其生物学活性也有较大的影响,这对于菌糠多糖的开发利用具有一定的参考价值。