转金属硫蛋白基因(MT1)烟草抗Cd2+胁迫的生理特性分析

将柽柳（Tamarix sp.）金属硫蛋白基因（MT₁，GenBank登录号：AB298390）插入植物表达载体pBI121，取代花椰菜病毒35S启动子下游的gus基因，利用农杆菌（Agrobactrium tumefaciens）介导法将MT1导入烟草（Nicotiana tobacum）基因组。对具有卡那霉素抗性，且经PCR-Southern检测和Northern杂交表现阳性的转基因株系进行抗Cd²⁺分析表明，金属硫蛋白基因的过量表达提高了转基因植株的抗Cd²⁺能力，在含200 µmol L^-1和400 µmol L^-1 Cd²⁺的MS培养基上，转基因植株的株高和鲜重均明显优于非转基因株系；在生理性状上表现为转基因植株MDA含量及POD活性明显低于非转基因株系，叶绿素含量和SOD活性比非转基因株系明显增加。     

过表达截形苜蓿液泡膜H~+-PPase基因提高马铃薯的抗旱性

本研究以过表达截形苜蓿类型ⅠH~+-焦磷酸酶编码基因MtVP1的转基因马铃薯为材料,对其抗旱性进行了检测。结果显示:(1)在正常生长条件下,与野生型植株相比,两个转基因株系的叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性差异均不显著,而脯氨酸含量均高于野生型植株,其中OE2株系脯氨酸含量显著高于野生型植株。随着干旱胁迫的持续,两个转基因株系的叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量的下降趋势平缓,其含量均显著高于野生型对照,且两个转基因株系的脯氨酸含量和SOD活性显著高于野生型对照,而转基因株系的MDA含量显著低于野生型植株。(2)转MtVP1马铃薯表现出表皮毛增多的新表型,茎和叶表面的表皮毛明显比野生型植株多。以上结果表明,Mt VP1基因的过表达提高了马铃薯的渗透调节能力,从而增强了马铃薯的抗旱性;还表明植物类型ⅠH~+-焦磷酸酶基因可能参与调控其他的代谢通路,具有更复杂的生理功能。     

水稻OsAPX1基因在烟草中的表达及其抗盐性研究

本研究采用RT-PCR方法克隆得到水稻细胞质抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(OsAPX1)基因全长cDNA(基因登录号:D45423);将该基因构建二元植物表达载体pBI121-OsAPX1;用农杆菌EHA105侵染介导烟草叶盘转化法转基因,获得转基因植株,PCR鉴定遗传转化的烟草植株成功地整合了水稻OsAPX1基因;Northern blot鉴定结果表明转基因T1代植株Ta在mRNA转录水平上表达;对Ta株系进行Kana抗性鉴定,表明转基因T2代株系有抗性;对T2代株系做NaCl、NaHCO3、Na2CO3抗盐性鉴定,结果表明与对照相比表现出转基因植株抗(耐)性提高;取T2代植株的叶片在不同浓度H2O2处理下,抗H2O2毒害的能力显著强于对照,转基因植物的抗性有所提高,有望在抗盐碱性育种上应用.     

异源表达盐单胞属(Halomonas)周质磷酸盐结合蛋白基因PBP降低转基因烟草砷积累研究

为探讨PBP基因在异源烟草中的生物学功能,筛选出低砷(As)积累亲本烟草种质。以转PBP基因烟草T₂代种子和野生型烟草(Nicotiana tabacum K326)种子为材料,利用Real-time PCR分析外源PBP的时空表达模式,测定As胁迫下转基因烟株抗氧化酶(AOEs)活性变化及分析转基因烟草株系中As积累差异。AOEs活性测定表明,As胁迫第5天时CK植株中SOD和POD酶活性达到极值,分别为80.25 U/g和152.02 U/g,显著高于转基因植株;在胁迫后期(3～5 d) CK植株中H₂O₂和MDA含量也显著高于转基因植株。另外,在第7天和14天时转基因植株中As含量比CK植株均显著降低。离子转运蛋白基因表达分析表明,As胁迫不仅诱导转基因植株PBP基因表达显著上调,而且也引起转基因和CK植株中HAK1和PHT4等通道蛋白基因的显著上调,且CK植株中HAK1和PHT4的平均表达水平为转基因植株的1.5倍和3.75倍。外源PBP基因导入可有效降低转基因烟草对As的积累。     

转GsCBRLK/SCMRP双价基因苜蓿耐碱性及氨基酸含量分析

从野生大豆盐碱胁迫基因表达谱中筛选并克隆到GsCBRLK基因, 与人工合成的高甲硫氨酸含量SCMRP基因构建成双价植物表达载体, 将其转入苜蓿, 获得超量表达的转基因苜蓿, 并进行耐碱性分析。结果显示, 经过100、150 mmol L^–1 NaHCO₃处理14 d后, 转基因株系生长状态良好, 而非转基因对照株系萎蔫、失绿、甚至死亡;转基因株系的丙二醛含量和相对质膜透性显著低于非转基因株系(P<0.05), 而SOD酶活性显著高于非转基因对照(P<0.05), 说明超量表达GsCBRLK基因增强了苜蓿的耐碱能力;各转基因株系的甲硫氨酸含量均比对照植株高, 表明SCMRP基因的导入提高了苜蓿叶片甲硫氨酸的含量。     

AtDREB1A基因过量表达对马铃薯生长及抗非生物胁迫基因表达的影响

为明确AtDREB1A基因过量表达对马铃薯生长及基因表达的影响,以马铃薯品种陇薯3号(L3)及其AtDREB1A转基因株系T2为材料,采用盆栽试验,在马铃薯盛花期将盆土含水量控制为田间最大持水量(FWC)的45%~50%,观察转基因前后植株表型,并研究叶片MDA含量、RWC、SOD和POD活性及其基因表达的差异。结果表明,正常浇水条件下2个株系各指标差异不大。胁迫20d后,转基因植株T2的表型明显好于对照L3,且RWC显著高于L3;各株系叶片的MDA含量、SOD和POD活性均明显上升,但转基因植株MDA含量上升幅度较对照小,抗氧化保护酶SOD、POD活性升高幅度较对照大,说明转基因植株细胞膜损伤和膜脂过氧化程度较轻,植株的耐旱性明显提高。转录组测序及生物信息学分析发现,转基因材料T2相对于L3的差异表达基因共430个,其中上调表达基因287个,下调表达基因143个。功能注释和显著性富集结果表明,差异表达基因富集涉及GO功能分类体系中生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能3个大类别,且大部分集中在细胞内和膜上,主要涉及信号传导、氧化还原、生物调解、应激反应、发育过程、系统免疫过程、核酸和蛋白结合转录因子活性、转运活性及催化活性。其中抗非生物胁迫相关蛋白PPR、HSP、P450、MLO等家族的大量基因表达量发生较大变化,说明这些基因在转AtDREB1A基因马铃薯抵御干旱过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。本研究为进一步解析AtDREB1A基因提高马铃薯抗旱性的调控网络奠定了基础。     

高低镉积累棉花品种生理生化特性研究

为了探究不同浓度镉胁迫对棉花幼苗非蛋白巯基肽类(NPT)、植物螯合肽(PCs)、金属硫蛋白(MT)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)等含巯基类物质与镉胁迫毒理的内在联系,在漂浮育苗条件下,对镉(Cd)积累不同的棉花品种单16和11-20进行研究。结果表明,Cd处理提高了棉苗根、茎和叶中NPT和PCs含量。根中NPT含量11-20显著低于单16,茎中NPT含量则11-20显著高于单16,叶中NPT含量在镉处理浓度由150μmol/L提高到300μmol/L时,两品种根中NPT含量增加,茎中NPT含量略有下降,而在叶片中的NPT含量,表现为单16略增加,11-20略降低。棉苗根中GSH含量表现为先增后减,茎中则表现为先减后增,均为11-20品种GSH含量高于单16。棉苗各器官中PCs含量随着镉浓度的增加而增加。棉苗根和叶中PCs含量均为单16显著高于11-20,茎中PCs含量则相反。2个棉花品种NPT、PCs和GSH含量均表现为根茎叶。Cd处理显著提高了棉苗根、茎和叶中MT含量,均表现为叶茎根。11-20的MT含量显著高于单16,较高的镉浓度(300μmol/L)处理可诱导棉苗MT合成量增加。     

水稻金属硫蛋白基因(MT2bL)启动子的克隆与表达分析

金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)富含半胱氨酸,而且能够结合多种金属离子,调控细胞内金属代谢的平衡。本研究根据水稻在减数分裂期、开花期和开花后5 d的基因芯片数据结果,从水稻品种黎榆B(O.sativa L.ssp.japonica C.V.Liyu B)基因组中克隆得到了一个植物MT-2类基因Metallothionein2b-Like(Os MT2b L)的启动子序列,序列全长2 063 bp。利用植物启动子区域顺式作用元件数据库(PLACE)分析表明该启动子序列含有5个CURE(copper-response element)元件(GTAC)以及多个其它顺式作用元件。构建了多个启动子融合表达载体(p Ca MV35S::GUS,p MT2b L::GUS,p Ubi1::GUS,p CYC::GUS和p ACT1::GUS),并通过根癌农杆菌介导转化水稻愈伤组织获得了转基因植株。GUS组织染色结果分析表明,Os MT2b L基因启动子在水稻幼苗期的胚根、胚芽和胚芽鞘中具有高水平的GUS表达活性,特别是在胚根根尖和胚芽顶端的GUS表达活性较高;在减数分裂期的植株叶片、颖壳和开花10 d后的未成熟种子中GUS表达活性也较高;GUS蛋白荧光定量分析结果表明,Os MT2b L基因启动子在水稻叶片中驱动GUS基因表达的活性比Ca MV35S基因启动子高出3倍以上。     

镉胁迫对棉花幼苗生长效应及不同器官镉积累的影响

以转基因抗虫棉品种农大棉9号(ND9)和国欣棉3号(GX3)为材料,设4个镉(Cd)处理(0μmol·L-1、25μmol·L-1、50μmol·L-1、100μmol·L-1)。结果表明:随Cd处理浓度升高,棉苗干物质质量、根系总根长、总表面积和总体积呈下降趋势;根冠比和根系直径呈升高趋势。Cd在根、茎、叶中的积累量表现为(叶片+叶柄)根系茎。当Cd处理浓度为50μmol·L-1时的转移率(TF)达到最大,为对照的2.2倍;处理浓度为100μmol·L-1时,TF则呈下降趋势。表明Cd胁迫增加棉苗体内Cd积累量,根系生长受到抑制,阻碍地上部植株发育,最终对棉苗产生毒害作用。     

DREB1B基因在转基因小麦后代的稳定表达

本研究对基因枪导入了pBAC128F/R质粒(含有玉米Adh1内含子1的CaMV35S启动子驱动的bar基因作为选择标记,以来自拟南芥菜逆境诱导表达类型--亲水蛋白rd29b基因的启动子驱动脱水应答转录因子DREBIB基因的逆境诱导表达类型质粒)的T4代转基因小麦进行了稳定表达研究.PCR、PCR-Southem和Southern杂交分析表明,外源转录因子DREBlB基因已稳定整合到转基因株系的基因组中.半定量RT-PCR结果表明,部分转基因株系的DREB1B基因的相对表达量有所增强.叶片除草剂抗性检测结果显示有8个转基因株系可抗到150 mg/L.叶片脯氨酸含量测定结果表明,有4个株系(编号为1,18,30和76)的脯氨酸含量提高幅度较大,同一株系,干旱与未干旱处理相比,脯氨酸含量提高了3～5倍.干旱处理后的转基因植株与非转基因植株相比,脯氨酸含量高2～3倍.在干旱条件下,T4代田间小区产量统计数据分析结果表明,有4个转基因株系(编号为30,51,70和76)的产量与非转基因植株相比有显著增加.研究表明,利用逆境诱导型rd29b基因的启动子来增强外源DREB1B基因的表达,能显著改良小麦的抗旱性.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.