Broad bean wilt virus: Host range,purification, serology,transmission characteristics,and occurrence in faba bean in West Asia and North Africa

A virus affecting faba bean in West Asia and Norht Africa was identified as broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) by host reactions, particle morphology and size, serology and transmission characteristics. An isolate from Syria (SV3-88) and one from Egypt (EV319-86) were found to be serologically identical and of serotype I. In host-range studies, the Syrian isolate infected systemically 59 out of 87 plant species tested. The virus was transmitted non-persistently by four aphid species naturally prevalent in Syria, but most efficiently byMyzus persicae. Inoculation of faba bean with SV3-88 14 weeks (pre-flowering) and 6 weeks after sowing (flowering) led to 25.8 and 1.8% yield loss and seed-transmission rates of 0.6 and 0.4%, respectively. The isolate SV3-88 was purified from systemically infected faba bean and yield 1.5–2 mg of partially purified virus per 100 g of leaves. When samples, with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, were collected during 1985–1989 from a number of countries in West Asia and North Africa and tested by ELISA, the virus was detected in 8 out of 127 samples tested (8/127) from Egypt, 0/44 from Lebanon, 1/23 from Morocco, 38/485 from the Sudan, 38/385 from Syria and 23/138 from Tunisia.Samenvatting Een virus uit veldboon of faba boon (Vicia faba) in West Azië en Noord-Afrika werd als tuinboneverwelkingsvirus (Fabavirus-groep) herkend aan zijn waardplantreacties, deeltjesvorm en grootte, serologie en wijze van overdracht. Een isolaat uit Syrië (SV3-88) en één uit Egypte (EV319-86) bleken serologisch identiek te zijn en te behoren tot serotype I van het virus. Met het Syrische isolaat kon in 59 van de 87 getoetste plantesoorten systemische infectie worden verkregen. Met vier veel in Syrië voorkomende bladluissorten kon het virus worden overgebracht, maar metMyzus persicae naar de meeste plantesoorten. Inoculatie van veldboon met SV3-88 vóór de bloei (14 weken na het zaaien) en tijdens de bloei (16 weken na het zaaien) gaf aanleiding tot respectivelijk 25,8 en 1,8% opbrengstreductie en tot 0,6 en 0,4% zaadoverdracht. Bij zuivering van isolaat SV3-88 uit systemisch geïnfecteerde fababoon was de opbrengst tot 1,5 à 2 mg gedeeltelijk gezuiverd virus per 100 g blad. Bij ELISA-toetsing in 1985–1989 van een groot aantal monsters afkomstig uit een aantal landen in West-Azië en Noord-Afrika werd het virus aangetoond in 8 van de 127 (8/127) monsters uit Egypte, 0/44 uit Libanon, 1/23 uit Marokko, 38/485 uit Soedan, 38/385 uit Syrië en 23/138 uit Tunesië.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Pea seed-borne mosaic virus: occurrence in faba bean (Vicia faba) and lentil (Lens culinaris) in West Asia and North Africa,and further information on host range,transmission characteristics,and purification

In a survey for viruses of cultivated legumes in West Asia and North Africa, pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) was found in faba bean, lentil and pea. Using ELISA, it was detected in 107 out of 1554 faba bean samples and 40 out of 496 lentil samples with virus-like symptoms collected in Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lebanon., Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia and Turkey.A pea isolate (SP9-88) from Syria was further characterized. Out of 57 plant species tested, 35 were found susceptible, 19 of which are newly reported hosts of the virus. The virus was transmitted efficiently in the non-persistent manner by five aphid species, especiallyMyzus persicae. Purification from systemically infected faba bean plants yielded 10–15 mg of purified virus per kg of infected tissue. Sap-inoculation of the food and forage legume species chickpea, faba bean, lentil, pea,Vicia narbonensis, V. sativa, Lathyrus ochrus andL. sativus at flowering stage led to 66.0, 40.5, 44.6, 49.2, 31.7, 7.5, 35.7 and 12.0% yield loss, respectively, and to seed-transmission, rates of 0.7, 6.0, 10.8, 1.1, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.4%, respectively. No transmission was detected in chickpea seed embryo axes. However, the virus was detected in the seed coat of SPbMV-infected chickpea at an estimated rate of 1.81%.     

Identification and properties of a deviant isolate of the broad bean yellow band serotype of pea early-browning virus from faba bean (Vicia faba) in Algeria

A virus, isolated from faba bean (Vicia faba) obtained from Algeria, was readily recognized as a tobravirus by its particle sizes and morphology. Pea (Pisum sativum) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) characteristically reacted to the isolate like pea early-browning virus (PEBV), but faba bean,Antirrhinum majus, Nicotiana rustica, andN. tabacum reacted with line-pattern symptoms which were unusually brilliant on theNicotiana species. In electronmicroscope decoration tests, the isolate did not react with an antiserum to the Dutch type strain of PEBV, but with one to the broad bean yellow band (BBYB) serotype from Italy. It resembles this serotype in reaction on faba bean, but seems to differ appreciably onN. rustica, N. tabacum, andPetunia hybrida. It is described as a deviant isolate of the BBYB serotype of PEBV.All thirteen faba-bean genotypes tested were found to be susceptible to the Algerian isolate and two Dutch type strain isolates of the virus, and to react with erratic line-pattern symptoms to the Algerian isolate only. All ten genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) tested reacted hypersensitively, and four out of ten genotypes of lentil (Lens culinaris) were susceptible to the virus but reacted differentially to the three isolates. Seed transmission of PEBV, including the new isolate, in faba bean is confirmed (9% for the Algerian isolate, and over 45% for one of the Dutch type strain isolates), and seed transmission of the virus in a non-legume (N. rustica, 4%) is herewith first reported. This is the first report on the occurrence of the BBYB serotype of PEBV outside Italy, and of PEBV outside Morocco in North Africa.     

Broad bean stain virus: Identification,detectability with ELISA in faba bean leaves and seeds,occurrence in West Asia and North Africa,and possible wild hosts

During a survey of faba bean viruses in West Asia and North Africa a virus was identified as broad bean stain virus (BBSV) based on host reactions, electron microscopy, physical properties and serology. An antiserum to a Syrian isolate was prepared. With this antiserum the direct double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) and dot-ELISA were very sensitive in detecting BBSV in leaf extracts, ground whole seeds and germinated embryos. Sensitivity was not reduced when the two-day procedure was replaced by a one-day procedure. Using ELISA the virus was detected in 73 out of 589 faba bean samples with virus-like symptoms collected from Egypt (4 out of 70 samples tested), Lebanon (6/44), Morocco (0/7), Sudan (19/254), Syria (36/145) and Tunisia (8/69). This is the first report of BBSV infection of faba bean in Lebanon, Sudan, Syria and Tunisia. Fourteen wild legume species indigenous to Syria were susceptible to BBSV infection, with only two producing obvious symptoms. The virus was found to be seed transmitted inVicia palaestina.Samenvatting Tijdens een inventarisatie van virussen in veld- of tuinbonen (Vicia faba) in het Midden-Oosten en Noord-Afrika werden virusisolaten verkregen, die op grond van toetsplantreacties en fysische eigenschappen en van elektronenmicroscopische en serologische waarnemingen werden herkend als het met zaad overgaande en door snuitkevers verspreide tuinbonezaadvlekkenvirus (broad bean stain virus).Met een nieuw antiserum, gemaakt tegen een Syrisch isolaat, bleek de aantoonbaarheid van het virus in bladextracten, vermalen zaden en gekiemde embryo's erg hoog te zijn, zowel bij toepassing van DAS-ELISA als dot-ELISA. De gevoeligheid van de methode werd niet geringer wanneer de procedure werd bekort van twee dagen tot één dag.Met ELISA werd het virus aangetoond in 73 van de 589 bladmonsters van veldboon, met symptomen die deden denken aan virusinfectie, verzameld in Egypte, Libanon, Marokko, Soedan, Syrië en Tunesië. Het virus werd aangetroffen in monsters uit alle genoemde landen behalve Marokko, maar het aantal uit dat land afkomstige monsters was slechts gering. Dit is de eerste maal dat het virus wordt gerapporteerd in Libanon, Soedan, Syrië en Tunesië.Veertien wilde soorten vlinderbloemigen uit Syrië bleken bij toetsing door inoculatie vatbaar voor infectie. Slechts twee ervan vertoonden symptomen. Het virus kan dus onzichtbaar voorkomen in de wilde vegetatie. InVicia palaestina ging het zelfs over met zaad.The project was financially supported by the Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS, Research and Technology Programme) of the Netherlands Minister for Development Cooperation.     

南亚与北非地区温度、降水量与沙漠蝗发生程度的相关性分析

为分析沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria发生程度与其发源地以及主要迁徙路线上气象因子的关系,本研究统计1992-2019年沙漠蝗发源地和2条主要迁徙路线上9个主要国家的年平均温度、年平均降水量及当年沙漠蝗灾害发生程度,并对其相关性进行分析.结果 表明,埃塞俄比亚、索马里和苏丹3个沙漠蝗发源地国家的沙漠蝗重...     

Ecological Studies on the Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col.: Bostrichidae) and their Implications for Integrated Pest Management

In this article, we review studies of the ecology of the larger grain borer, Protephanus truncatus, both outside and within the maize storage systems. Laboratory studies have shown that P. truncatus can breed on a wide range of woody substrates (branches, roots, and seeds). Pheromone trap catches in different habitats strongly suggest that P. truncatus is well-established in certain non-agricultural environments, presumably breeding in dead or dying wood. In Meso-America, West and East Africa, P. truncatus reproduction in the field has been documented in branches ring-barked by cerambycid beetles. Within a maize store, P. truncatus densities can increase from very small initial colonies of probably less than 200 individuals to densities in excess of 1000 beetles per kg after about 4–6 months of storage. Insect parasitoids are very often found in smallholders' grain stores attacked by P. truncatus, but they do not contribute significantly to population regulation. Declines in maize store population levels in Benin from 1993 to 1996, and in adult abundance in pheromone traps in the natural environment in Kenya, have been attributed to predation by the introduced predator, Teretrius nigrescens, but in recent years pheromone trap catches in West Africa suggest that the situation may be complex. Several environmental factors, notably temperature, humidity, and daylength, and their interactions, have been correlated with P. truncatus flight activity, as well as, in West Africa, the emptying of maize stores. Laboratory experiments have shown food quality also affects flight activity. Factors terminating dispersal and flight are most likely attraction to the male-released aggregation pheromone. Short range attraction to plant volatiles has also been recorded. In Africa the highest densities of P. truncatus tend to occur in humid lowlands, which contrasts with the situation in meso-America where P. truncatus tend to occur in greatest numbers in cooler upland regions. Pheromone trap catches can be significant predictors of the risk of stores becoming infested. Coupled with the development of a rule-based model of flight activity, these studies may offer the prospect of predicting the risk of store infestation based upon temperature and humidity measurements.     

A juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxifen, affects some biochemical components in the hemolymph and fat bodies of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)

Endocrine system has a critical role during the developmental stages of insects by synthesis of several regulatory hormones. One of these hormones is juvenile hormone that several insecticides have been driven based on its biochemical structure e.g. pyriproxifen. Due to various disadvantages of fenitrothione spraying, this study was carried out finding the possible usage of pyriproxifen to control the destructive population of Eurygaster integriceps. After bioassay treatments to acquire the appropriate concentrations, the treatment repeated to find possible changes in the biochemical compounds of hemolymph and reserved macromolecules in fat bodies. Results showed significant discrepancies in amount of biochemical components of the hemolymph and the reserved macromolecules in E. integriceps after pyriproxifen treatment. In hemolymph, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase as enzymatic components and uric acid as non-enzymatic one increased but acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, trehalose and lipid showed adverse results. In fat bodies, the amount of all measured reserves including glycogen, lipid and protein decreased and showed significant differences. These kinds of changes have been supported by several studies due to using insecticides. These negative effects on overall physiology of the Sunn pest by depleting the essential compounds cause sensitivity to fungal infections and several shortages for normal development and reproduction of insect. Also, the adaptability of pyriproxifen to increase the effect of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, should be considered to initiate a new pest management program to decrease the production loss made by E. integriceps in wheat fields.     

Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on citrus: Seasonal abundance, association with the species of host plant, and sampling indices

Samples were collected from southern Greece during 1996–2000 in order to investigate the presence of parasitoids onAphis gossypii Glover infesting several citrus species. The species of aphidiines found to have a significantly different preference forA. gossypii wereAphidius colemani Viereck,Aphidius matricariae Haliday,Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh),Ephedrus persicae Froggat,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson),Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall) andBinodoxys angelicae (Haliday). In another sampling experiment, the relative abundance of aphidiine parasitoids on aphids infesting orange and tangerine trees was studied in southern Greece (Nea Kios) in 1996 and 1997.A. gossypii constituted the largest part of the aphid population and was the only species parasitized.B. angelicae andA. colemani were the most abundant parasitoid species. The parasitization rate differed among the parasitoid species.B. angelicae had the highest colonization rate in centrally located and large host (A. gossypii) groups, whereasA. colemani was found in more isolated and relatively small host groups. The percentage of parasitism byB. angelicae was high mainly in large host groups, whenB. angelicae was the only parasitoid present. However, in cases of coexistence ofB. angelicae withA. colemani with hyperparasitoids, in the same sampling unit, the percentage of parasitism was relatively low. http://www.phytoparasitica.org     

我国东北地区亚洲玉米螟种群发生动态与寄主植物来源

为明确我国东北地区亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)不同世代的种群动态及寄主植物来源,利用性诱捕器监测了其不同世代的种群动态,并以雄蛾翅的稳定性同位素δ13C为标记鉴定其寄主植物的光合作用类型。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟成虫越冬代始见期在5月底,第1代终见期在9月中旬。公主岭、齐齐哈尔、沈阳等地越冬代和第1代亚洲玉米螟幼虫主要以C4植物为寄主,以C4植物为寄主的种群占所有种群的比例分别为72.19%~97.71%和95.18%~100%;2014年公主岭、齐齐哈尔、沈阳等地之间越冬代和第1代亚洲玉米螟幼虫以C3植物为寄主的种群比例无显著差异,2013年公主岭和2014年沈阳的越冬代和第1代幼虫期之间以C3植物为寄主的种群比例差异显著。研究表明,东北地区以C3植物为寄主的亚洲玉米螟种群较少。     

Note: The malvastrum mealybugFerrisia malvastra (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae): Distribution, host plants and pest status in Israel

The malvastrum mealybugFerrisia malvastra (McDaniel) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) is widely distributed in Israel, recorded so far from 30 species of host plants belonging to 18 families. Its occurrence on herbal plants and on avocado should be considered by farmers in Israel.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.