乳牛布鲁氏菌病病原DNA快速检测技术的研究

在国内首次建立了乳牛原乳中布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白(OMP)25ku基因套式聚合酶链反应(nested—PCR)检测技术。结果显示，本方法的特异性好，只能扩增布鲁氏菌DNA，而不能扩增同样能引起乳牛流产的鹦鹉热衣原体、弓形虫、胎儿弯杆菌DNA；乳样的检测灵敏度达50CFU／mL，重复试验35次，可重复性和稳定性均十分理想；对4批331头凝集试验阳性(24份)或阴性(307份)乳牛的乳样用本方法检测，符合率为100％。在48h内即可获得诊断结果。本方法同样可用于血液或其他流产病料中布鲁氏菌DNA的检测。     

牛分枝杆菌特异性PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据已发表的牛分枝杆菌的pncA的基因序列，设计和合成了一对可扩增294bp目的片段的引物，建立了特异性检测牛分枝杆菌的PCR方法。对牛分枝杆菌国际参考株和国内分离株成功扩增出294bp的特异性基因片段；对人结核分枝杆菌、副结核分枝杆菌、鸟胞内分枝杆菌和草分枝杆菌DNA的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。本PCR方法检测的敏感度可达到50pg。对10份牛分枝杆菌培养阳性和10份阴性样品的DNA分别进行了PCR检测，结果10份阳性样品中有9份样品为PCR扩增阳性，阳性符合率为90％（9／10）；而10份阴性样品则PCR扩增全部为阴性，阴性符合率为100％（10／10）。本方法可做为牛分枝杆菌的快速检测和流行病学调查的工具。     

牛羊布氏桿菌病全乳平板快速診断試驗

作者用全乳平板快速凝集反应检查了乳牛200头,母山羊100只,母綿羊390只,并与乳汁环状反应作对照,結果乳牛符合率全部100%,山羊符合率阳性95.4%,可疑66.6%,阴性100%;綿羊符合率阳性100%,可疑85.7%,阴性100%。另在这些动物同时作全乳平板反应,低温补体結合反应及試管凝集反应,所得結果說明全乳平板反应有一定的特异性。     

奶牛结核病两种检测方法的比较试验

采用自制的牛结核病PCR快速诊断试剂盒,对某奶牛场100头份奶牛奶样进行检测,检出阳性牛16头;采用结核菌素皮内注射法（PPD）检出阳性牛17头,结果符合率为94.11％.用牛结核病PCR快速诊断试剂盒检测所需时间为6h,显示其快速、特异等优点,为今后牛结核病的检疫工作提供了1个新方法.     

牛结核γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法在检疫工作中的应用

为评价牛γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法检测牛结核的效果及国产试剂盒的检测效果,本试验首先将国产试剂盒与Prionics试剂盒对42份相对阳性的样品和105份相对阴性的样品进行对比研究。然后对5个规模化牛场的3000头奶牛首先进行国产单纯结核菌素颈部皮内变态反应试验,3天后选取皮内变态反应阳性和可疑及部分阴性牛共418头,进行牛γ-干扰素试验。结果国产试剂盒对阳性和阴性样品的检测敏感性和特异性分别为95.2%和100%,与Priobics试剂盒的符合率为99.3%。表明国产试剂盒与进口试剂盒的检测能力一致,牛γ-干扰素检测方法准确可靠。5个牛场的3000头奶牛单纯结核菌素颈部皮内变态反应试验阳性为138头,可疑105头。γ-干扰素试验对418头奶牛的检测,其中阳性74头,与颈部皮内变态反应（可疑牛暂时视为阴性）的符合率为60.5%。     

抗鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒单克隆抗体的研制及在诊断上的应用

鸡传染性喉气管炎王岗株病毒（ＩＬＴＶ）经ＳＰＦ鸡肾细胞增殖，差速离心及蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化，电镜观察。以纯化的病毒４次免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ鼠，按常规方法进行细胞融合，采用有限稀释法克隆，经ＥＬＩＳＡ筛选出３株（８Ｅ２、１３Ｇ６、９Ｃ４）分泌抗ＩＬＴＶ特异ＭｃＡｂ的杂交瘤细胞。特异性试验表明它们与鸡的传染性支气管炎、痘病毒、新城疫病毒、马立克氏病病毒、白血病病毒及鸡肾细胞均无交叉反应。在获得的三株单抗建立单抗夹心－ＥＬＩＳＡ法基础上，首次建立了快速检测喉气管炎感染的ＥＬＩＳＡ试剂盒，对ＩＬＴＶ纯病毒的最小检出量为３１．０ｎｇ／ｍｌ病毒蛋白。以该试剂盒对黑龙江省哈尔滨地区、辽宁省沈阳、大连地区、山东省济南及上海等地６５６５份喉部株拭样品进行检测，共检出阳性１１５４头份。对部分ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性和阴性样品进行平行病毒分离，结果阳性符合率为１００％（１１２／１１２），阴性符合率为９５％（３８／４０）。研究表明，该试剂盒特异性强，重复性好。该方法的建立为鸡群疫病监测，免疫鸡群抗体水平检测提供了新的可靠方法。     

一步法RT—PCR检测大缸奶在BVDV清除计划中的应用

本文利用一步法RT—PCR对28个牛场共计50份大缸奶样进行了BVDV核酸检测。在与全群抗原检测结果对比后发现．9个已知存有PI牛的泌乳牛群,其大缸奶核酸检测均为阳性,其余41个已知无PI牛的泌乳牛群．除1个因为存在急性感染牛造成阳性结果外,其余40个均为阴性。由此可见,本方法对与泌乳牛群内是否存在PI牛可以做出准确判断,其检测灵敏度和特异性均为100％,阳性预测结果可信度为0．9（9／10）,阴性预测结果可信度为0．98（40／41）。此外．针对50个大缸奶样进行的抗体检测表明,对于已感染牛场,泌乳牛群是否存在PI牛,抗体水平没有明显差异（OD1．12±0．12vsOD1．34±0．23,P〉0．05）。实验室条件下,本试验使用的RT—PCR方法对于阳性乳的最低检出限为50uL/头,因此理论上,最多可从1000份样品中检出阳性乳成分（总体积为50mL）。综上可知,本试验确立的RT—PCR方法灵敏度高、特异性强,可对泌乳牛群是否存在PI牛进行准确预测,相比大缸奶抗体检测更具实际指导意义,联合ELISA—Ag使用时还可大幅度降低泌乳牛群BVDV清除计划的检测成本,因而值得推广使用。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎乳汁部分成份的检测与评估

对两群临床健康的３３６ 头泌乳奶牛的混合乳进行了隐性乳房炎、乳汁体细胞数、乳脂率和蛋白质检测。３３６ 份混合乳样经青海乳房炎试验（ＱＭＴ） 检测,检出乳房炎阴性牛（ 包括可疑反应）１７５ 头（５２０９ ％ ） ,乳房炎阳性牛１６１ 头（４７９１ ％ ） 。乳房炎阴性牛的乳汁体细胞数为２３１７ ±１２９９ 万／ｍｌ,乳脂率为３６０ ％ ±０７６ ％ ,乳蛋白质为２９３ ％ ±０３４ ％ ,乳房炎阳性牛乳汁体细胞数为１８２ 万／ｍｌ±１５２２７ 万／ｍｌ,乳脂率为３４０ ％ ±０７０ ％ ,乳蛋白质为３０５ ％ ±０３５ ％ 。乳房炎阴性牛乳汁体细胞数,乳蛋白极显著低于乳房炎阳性牛（Ｐ＜ ００１） ,而乳脂率显著高于乳房炎阳性牛（Ｐ＜ ００５） 。     

1例规模化猪场暴发高致病性繁殖与呼吸综合征（HPPRRS）与圆环Ⅱ型（PCV-2）混合感染的诊治

四川省邻水县的1个规模化猪场60-60日龄猪只430头相继暴发疲病,采集15头病猪血清样品和2头病死猪肺和脾脏组织病料,采用HPPRRSV RT—PCR试剂盒（军事兽医研究所涂长春教授惠赠）检测,结果是8份血清（占55．8％）和2份病料（100％）为阳性。同时,6份血清和2头病死猪肺和脾脏组织病料用PCV-2 PCR试剂盒（自制）检测,结果是3份血清（占50％）和2份病料（100％）为阳性;结果表明：该猪场暴发了HPPff,RSV和PCV2混合感染。     

用ELISA检测血清、乳样和尿样中BLV感染的比较K、T、Carli等

从15头BLV阳性牛和20头BLV阴性牛采集血清、乳样和尿样。血清用含0．2％吐温一20，0．001％硫柳汞的＊BS作1：100稀释，乳样作1：4稀释，阳性和阴性参照血清溶于0．sml灭菌蒸馏水中，再作1：100稀释。阳性参照血清稀释后一式3份用于各个试验板中，以便计算阳性临界值。ELISA试验步骤为；100PI稀释血清加入含病毒抗原孔或阴性对照抗原孔．4C“作用18～24h．用稀释缓冲液洗板3次．每孔加入100ul过氧化物酶结合物（抗牛IgGI单克隆），371：温有比，洗涤后加入10On底物（PH4．2，0．SM醋酸盐缓冲液中溶有ZmMABTS，添有外l％H。0，…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -