玫瑰芦荟复合酸羊奶饮品加工工艺研究

本研究选用玫瑰、芦荟和羊奶为原料，采用正交试验法研究了新型复合酸羊奶饮品及各原料的加工工艺、饮品最佳配方比例及稳定性，最终确定了该饮品的加工工艺和配方。结果表明：①玫瑰芦荟复合酸羊奶饮品的加工工艺为：鲜羊奶→过滤、消毒→加糖、菌种发酵→冷藏→添加玫瑰汁、芦荟汁、纯净水等→添加稳定剂，搅拌→灌装→灭菌→成品。②玫瑰汁的最佳提取工艺为用15倍的水在70℃提取1h。芦荟汁与水的最佳配比为1：4。③玫瑰芦荟复合酸羊奶饮品的最佳配方为：酸羊奶35％，玫瑰汁15％，芦荟汁10％，纯净水40％，白砂糖6％，稳定剂CMC-Na0．5％。     

枸杞锁阳山羊奶饮料加工工艺的研究

采用山羊奶、枸杞、锁阳为主要原料，应用对比和正交试验方法，研制功能性山羊奶饮料。结果表明：①工艺流程为：枸杞、锁阳原料→浸提→过滤→添加羊奶调配→均质→灌装→灭菌→成品；②最佳配方为：50％纯净水、30％羊奶、6％白砂糖、7％枸杞汁、5％锁阳，1％酸味剂；③复合稳定剂的添加量为：0．12％蔗糖脂，0．08％CMC，0．08％黄原胶。加工的饮料稳定性佳，口感细腻，酸甜适宜，具有羊奶的芳香和特殊口味。     

柠檬奶茶加工工艺研究

采用对比试验和正交试验研究了茶汁的浸提工艺、奶茶的加工配方和奶茶的乳化稳定性,确定了柠檬奶茶的加工工艺和配方。结果表明:①柠檬奶茶的加工工艺为:茶叶→浸提→过滤→茶汁→添加柠檬汁、牛奶调配→均质→灌装→灭菌→成品;②茶水浸提液的茶水比为1:75,添加0．5％β—CD,经二次共浸提10min。⑧柠檬奶茶最佳配方为:柠檬汁3％,鲜牛奶60％,茶汁33％,白砂糖3％,蜂蜜1％。④复合稳定剂的添加量是:羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC) 0．04％、蔗糖酯0．12％、黄原胶0．08％。     

发酵型乳酸羊乳果味饮料加工工艺研究

本试验选用草莓,胡萝卜,五味子,羊奶为主要原料,采用正交试验对发酵型乳酸菌羊乳饮料生产工艺进行了系统的研究,最终确定了该新型复合酸羊乳饮品的加工工艺、方法及最佳配方。结果表明：①乳酸羊乳果味饮料加工工艺为：鲜羊乳→过滤、消毒→加糖、果蔬汁、菌种发酵→冷藏→添加果汁与其它辅料调配→灌装→灭菌。②五味子的最佳提取工艺为：第一次加入5倍的水,保持温度在70～80℃之间30min,第二次加入3倍的水,温度与时间同第一次,第三次同第二次。③乳酸菌羊乳饮料的最佳配方为羊乳酸乳为40％、草莓2．5％、五味子6％、稳定齐0．5％。     

果蔬乳饼配方及加工工艺研究

乳饼是云南少数民族地区的一种传统山羊奶制品,但产品单一,工艺陈旧,难以满足更多消费者需求。为了丰富乳品市场、开发新型山羊奶制品,本研究在传统乳饼加工的基础上,选用新鲜山羊奶和果蔬汁为原料。采用正交和单因素对比试验筛选果蔬乳饼配方以及加工工艺,结果表明:(1)果蔬乳饼的工艺流程:山羊乳→过滤杀菌→加热→添加CaCl_2→添加果蔬汁→添加白醋→充分搅拌→凝乳→静置→排乳清→压榨→成品;(2)乳饼制作工艺参数:凝乳温度为80℃,CaCl_2添加量为0.025%,点酸水后的pH值为3.8;(3)黄瓜乳饼最佳配方为:羊奶80%,黄瓜汁18%g,糖2%;(4)草莓乳饼最佳配方为:羊奶80%,草莓汁20%,糖适量;西瓜乳饼最佳配方为:羊奶77%,西瓜汁23%,糖适量;(5)桑葚不适宜用于制作紫色乳饼。     

不同风味羊奶皮配方及加工工艺研究

本试验旨在研究一种新型营养更全面的适合大众口味的奶皮子。在传统奶皮子加工的基础上,选用可可粉、草莓、桑椹、山羊奶和白砂糖为原料,采用对比试验和正交试验等方法研究了不同风味羊奶皮的加工工艺和配方。其工艺流程为:山羊奶过滤→加热灭菌→加白砂糖、可可粉或果汁→搅拌翻扬→保温→冷却→取出奶皮→晾晒→成型;其产品配方为:(1)可可味奶皮最佳配方:20g可可粉,80 g糖/5 kg奶;(2)草莓奶皮最佳配方:400 mL草莓汁,50 g糖/5kg奶;(3)桑椹奶皮最佳配方:400 mL桑椹汁,60 g糖/5 kg奶。研制的奶皮子的营养更加丰富,口感更加纯香,衍生产品更加多样,能满足更多消费者的需求。     

新型复合酸羊乳饮品配方及工艺研究

为确定新型复合酸羊乳饮品的加工工艺、方法及最佳配方。研究选用枸杞、核桃、杏仁、花生和羊奶为原料,采用正交试验研究了新型复合酸羊乳饮品各原料的加工工艺、最佳配方比例、及饮品的稳定性。结果表明:采用枸杞浸提液中枸杞和水的比例为1:8,80℃浸提3次,每次30 min,磨浆后八层纱布过滤;核桃汁中核桃与水的比例是1:2.5,磨浆,八层纱布过滤,胶体磨均质;花生汁、杏仁汁中花生,杏仁和水的比例分别为1:2和1:4,磨浆,八层纱布过滤,胶体磨均质。同时参照酸牛奶的加工工艺,发酵期延长2 h制作酸羊奶。得出新型复合酸羊乳最佳配方为:酸羊奶35%,核桃乳9%,枸杞汁3.5%,杏仁乳3%,花生乳10%,白砂糖5%,纯净水34%,稳定剂CMCNa:0.5%。     

红枣保健酸奶的研制

红枣保健酸奶是以新鲜牛乳为原料,与大枣、螺旋藻粉进行科学调配而制成的酸乳制品。本课题采用正交试验设计,确定大枣浆与牛奶的比例为1：5,螺旋藻干粉的添加量为0．2％,糖添加量为6．0％。通过单一增稠剂和复合增稠剂进行红枣酸奶的稳定效果试验,确定复合增稠剂对产品有较好的稳定作用,其最佳配方为卡拉胶与明胶按3：1的比例添加,总添加量为0．2％。制得的发酵酸奶色香味俱佳,具有一定的营养保健功能。     

猕猴桃奶豆腐加工工艺及配方研究

开发一种新型的适合大众口味的高营养奶制品。以山羊奶为主要原料,以适量的猕猴桃汁和白砂糖等作为辅料,通过工艺改进和配方优化,加工一种新型山羊奶制品。得出猕猴桃奶豆腐的加工工艺为:原料乳(制作奶皮子后的脱脂乳)→杀菌→添加发酵剂→自然凝乳→切割→排乳清→升温搅拌→保温搅拌→静置→排乳清→切碎→压榨→成形→冷藏。配方为:鲜羊奶75%,猕猴桃汁17%,白砂糖8%,再加入少量的甜味剂和调味剂。研制的猕猴桃奶豆腐既有羊奶的乳香、猕猴桃的酸甜,同时更富于其更全面的营养物质。     

蛋花羊奶皮子配方及加工工艺研究

通过改进传统奶皮的加工工艺,研究开发出一种营养价值更加全面,外观和风味更好,更易吸收的新型鸡蛋花羊乳奶皮子。本研究以新鲜山羊奶和鸡蛋为主要原料,通过正交试验筛选出了蛋花奶皮子的最佳制作工艺以及原料配方。试验得出:(1)蛋花奶皮子最佳制作工艺:原料乳→过滤、灭菌→均质→加热翻扬搅拌(90℃,2h)→加入鸡蛋糊(2%)→轻搅混匀→保温(4-6h)→停止加热使其自然冷却(约12h)→从锅中倒出奶皮子→干燥→冷藏。(2)蛋花奶皮子最佳原料配方:新鲜羊奶98%,鸡蛋添加量2%,新鲜羊奶≥3.5 kg。研制的新型羊乳制品不仅含有人体所需的亚油酸和亚麻酸,而且还有丰富的DHA和卵磷脂,健脑益智,改善各个年龄组的记忆力,具有丰富的营养价值。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.