Nutrient Deficiency Affects Root Architecture of Young Seedlings of Malus hupehensis （Pamp） Rehd. Under Conditions of Artificial Medium Cultivation

What the researchers go in for is to establish models between root architecture （RA） changes and nutrition, mold ideal root architecture of apple trees, improve the nutrient uptake efficiency, and further explore the functional mechanism of nutrient elements during the course of RA construction. The cultivation system of filter paper is utilized to research the effect of nutrient deficiency on the RA of Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. There may be eight types of RA. In complete Hogland solution, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂. With the lack of P, K or Ca, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region primary root＂, and the ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ types of RA decrease. But with shortage of P, the type of lateral roots clustering in the upper and lower regions of primary root increases, and the type of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decreases, with the types of RA diversified. Under the condition of K deficiency, the type of no lateral root increases and types of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decrease, and the percentage of such types as ＂no lateral root＂, ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region of primary root＂, and ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ accounts for 97.9% in all, with the types of RA simplified. With lack of Fe, Mg or Zn, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂, but the type of lateral roots evenly-distributed on primary root increases. The main type of RA is ＂lateral roots evenlydistributed on primary root＂, under the condition of N deficiency, and the types of RA turn out to be diversified. There exists a close relation between nutrient deficiency and RA changes. Owing to various forms of nutrient deficiency, correspondingly different types of RA have been produced.     

基于时间序列和神经网络的温室传感器节点故障诊断

温室无线传感器网络中故障节点会产生并传输错误数据,不仅消耗节点的能量和带宽,而且导致错误决策。针对此问题研究一种准确判断节点故障状态的方法。采用时序分析和遗传BP神经网络,建立基于时间序列和神经网络的传感器节点故障诊断系统,通过对传感器样本数据进行时序分析,提取模型参数作为特征向量,并以此对遗传BP神经网络进行网络训练,实现传感器节点故障的诊断。试验结果表明：该方法能够有效地识别传感器节点故障类型,15组测试样本的输出矢量与同类故障基准矢量的欧式距离和为0.007,识别正确率为100%。     

根区温度对黄瓜生长和生理代谢的影响

在开花坐果期进行了不同根区温度处理(自然地温,15℃,20℃和25℃)对黄瓜生长和生理代谢影响的试验,结果表明,随着根区温度的增加,黄瓜的株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率和产量均显著增加。根区温度的增加显著地减少了植株沤根、黄叶和花打顶的发生,从而显著提高了植株的存活率。     

根系分布形式和土壤质地对作物蒸腾量影响的模拟研究

根系吸水是土壤-作物系统水动力学的关键过程,作物根系的分布形式对蒸腾量的影响极大。基于数值模拟的方法对在黏壤土和砂壤土条件4种根系分布形式、不同潜在日蒸腾量条件下的土壤水分和蒸腾量进行系统研究。结果表明:对于根长30 cm的情况,在作物蒸腾过程中,根区深度范围内的土壤含水量变化明显,40 cm以下土层的水分基本不能被根系吸收利用。植物根系分布越均匀,越有利于根前期吸水,但后期吸水困难。砂壤土比黏壤土含水量的变化更快,且根区附近的土壤水分较黏壤土更易被植物根系吸收。     

人工湿地中植物的生理生态研究进展

人工湿地的设计建造是通过对湿地自然生态系统中的物理、化学和生物作用的优化组合来实现对废水的有效处理.植物是人工湿地的重要组成部分.通过分析人工湿地的组成及植物种类,阐述了人工湿地中植物生理生态方面的研究内容,包括植物的生长规律、光合及蒸腾作用、根系输氧作用和植物种类间的相互作用以及研究中存在的若干问题.     

基于改进角分类神经网络的变风量空调系统故障诊断

针对变风量空调系统的故障诊断问题及其特点,提出了一种基于改进角分类神经网络——FDCC的故障诊断模型．该模型克服了CC4角分类神经网络输出结果为二进制的局限,根据故障模式所落入的k最近邻的样本泛化空间来进行故障诊断,并输出结果向量,其各分量为各故障原因可能出现的概率．     

微处理器控制器的功能测试

对微处理器（ＭＰ）指令系统的微指令规范化描述反映了ＭＰ控制器的一般控制规律。对控制器进行功能模块划分符合指令的分段编码规律和ＩＣ设计制造的实际。微指令序列故障可观测等价于控制器功能故障的可观测。利用由指令组成的控制器功能验证集和故障定位集，可实现控制器的系统级功能验证和故障模块的定位。     

岩溶峰丛山区几种经济植物的生理特性比较分析

自然条件下采用美国产Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,对南方岩溶峰丛山区的金银花、枇杷、芒果和荔枝4种植物的光合、蒸腾和水分利用效率及与各种环境因子的相关性进行了测定分析,以揭示各种植物的生理特性,为岩溶区植被恢复提供一些理论依据．结果表明：金银花的光合、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率是4种植物中最高的,其光合、蒸腾曲线呈双峰型,具有“午睡”现象;枇杷的光合、蒸腾速率在上午12：00达到最大值,其蒸腾是4种植物中受水分影响最大的：芒果的光合、蒸腾在下午14：00达到最大值,受气孔限制;荔枝的光合、蒸腾是4种植物中最低的．因此,金银花的水分消耗较大,需进行水肥管理,但其根系发达,可以防止土壤侵蚀;枇杷需水量大,不适合种植于干旱的岩溶区;芒果适合种植在光照强度偏弱的地方;荔枝与各因子的相关性都很小,还有待进一步研究。     

Effects of Root-Zone Temperature on Growth,Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics and Chlorophyll Content of Greenhouse Pepper Plants Grown under Cold Stress in Southern China

In Southern China, plants are usually exposed to cold stress during winter in an unheated greenhouse, but due to the high energy consumption and costs, most of the greenhouses remain unheated. In an attempt to find a simple and affordable solution to this problem, this study was undertaken. In this research, Capsicum frutescens L. plants were studied to investigate the effect of different root zone temperatures on its growth and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics under cold stress. The plants were cultivated under cold stress conditions in a root zone temperature (RZT) control system where the roots were subjected to four different root-zone temperature treatments of 20°C-T20, 25°C-T25, 45°C-T45 and a control CK group. Growth characteristics studied included plant height, stem diameter, plant width, root length, biomass accumulation. Whilst fluorescence characteristics investigated were chlorophyll fluorescence ratio F_v/F_m, photochemical quenching (qL), efficiency of Photosystem II (Y[II]) and electron transport rate (ETR). Chlorophyll content in the leaves of the plants was also investigated. The findings demonstrated that plants in the CK group suffered a detrimental effect on the growth characteristics registering the lowest values in the measured variables. Conversely, the highest values were observed in T25 RZT treatment. In fluorescence characteristics, values of F_v/F_m were maintained at between 0.8 and 0.83 but also suffered a photo-inhibitory depression in CK and T45 RZT treatments to F_v/F_m values of <0.79. This depicted that root zone heating protected the PS II of these plants from photoinactivation induced by cold stress. Similar trends were seen in the qL, Y[II], ETR values with the T20 and T25 treatments registering the highest values. Chlorophyll content was significantly higher in the leaves of the plants in the T20 and T25 group. The lowest chlorophyll content was recorded in the CK group. Plants in all the treatments accumulated more biomass in the shoot than in the roots as depicted by a significantly lower shoot to root ratio values with the exception of those in the CK group. The findings of this study suggest that pepper plants can successfully be grown in an unheated greenhouse in the Yangtze River Delta area of Southern China during winter by heating the root zone of the plants to a RZT value of 25°C, thereby providing a simple, affordable and cost-effective technique.     

长江中游区冬油菜抗冻性的光合及生物学指标筛选与分析

筛选建立低温前简易的作物抗冻性生物学特征指标识别体系对于作物抗冻育种和栽培均具有重要意义。以15个甘蓝型冬油菜品种为材料,研究油菜品种抗冻性与低温前生物学性状、叶绿素含量、光合指标之间的关系。结果表明,不同品种间抗冻性差异较大,以中双9号、皖油18、陕油8号等品种抗冻能力较强,中油杂5号和湘油17等抗冻能力较差。关联度分析结果表明,油菜冬前生物学性状及生理指标中,与冻害指数的关联度大小依次为地上部含水率>地上鲜质量>蒸腾速率(Tr)>株高>气孔导度(Gs)>开展度>光合速率(Pn)>绿叶数>叶绿素含量>地下部含水率>胞间CO2摩尔分数(Ci)。其中地上部含水率、地上鲜质量和蒸腾速率(Tr)与冻害指数呈极显著正相关,株高、气孔导度呈显著正相关,其他指标与冻害指数相关关系均不显著。相关性和关联度分析结果表明,地上部含水率、地上部鲜质量、蒸腾速率(Tr)和株高等光合及生物学性状可以作为油菜抗冻性的筛选指标。     

自主移动农用机器人导航系统故障诊断分析

通过对自主移动农用机器人运行过程数据序列的统计辨识,逐步累积故障识别能力,建立有效的故障诊断体系。运用时间序列分析法对正常和故障情况下导航系统中定位部件GPS输出随机信号进行分析,得到判断GPS性能故障的方法。建立GPS随机漂移数学模型AR(p)模型,并采用K-L(Kullback-Leibler)信息测度检测法构造相应的信息距离差别函数进行系统状态检测。利用该时序分析法能够有效地检测出系统故障。     

Tectonic aspects of the guatemala earthquake of 4 february 1976

The locations of surface ruptures and the main shock epicenter indicate that the disastrous Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976 was tectonic in origin and generated mainly by slip on the Motagua fault, which has an arcuate roughly east-west trend across central Guatemala. Fault breakage was observed for 230 km. Displacement is predominantly horizontal and sinistral with a maximum measured offset of 340 cm and an average of about 100 cm. Secondary fault breaks trending roughly north-northeast to south-southwest have been found in a zone about 20 km long and 8 km wide extending from the western suburbs of Guatemala City to near Mixco, and similar faults with more subtle surface expression probably occur elsewhere in the Guatemalan Highlands. Displacements on the secondary faults are predominantly extensional and dip-slip, with as much as 15 cm vertical offset on a single fracture. The primary fault that broke during the earthquake involved roughly 10 percent of the length of the great transform fault system that defines the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. The observed sinistral displacement is striking confirmation of deductions regarding the late Cenozoic relative motion between these two crustal plates that were based largely on indirect geologic and geophysical evidence. The earthquake-related secondary faulting, together with the complex pattern of geologically young normal faults that occur in the Guatemalan Highlands and elsewhere in western Central America, suggest that the eastern wedge-shaped part of the Caribbean plate, roughly between the Motagua fault system and the volcanic arc, is being pulled apart in tension and left behind as the main mass of the plate moves relatively eastward. Because of their proximity to areas of high population density, shallow-focus earthquakes that originate on the Motagua fault system, on the system of predominantly extensional faults within the western part of the Caribbean plate, and in association with volcanism may pose a more serious seismic hazard than the more numerous (but generally more distant) earthquakes that are generated in the eastward-dipping subduction zone beneath Middle America.     

变压器微机保护新方法

应用模糊集理论和人工神经网络方法分别从不同侧重角度对变压器差动保护传统概念的两部分：如何区分内,外故障,如何鉴别励磁涌流,提出了新的方法和判据,最后利用模糊理论和人工神经网络之间的共同之处,将两者有机地结合起来同步运行,从而提高了微机变压器保护的可靠性,实验和检验结果表明,通过综合后的输出,能够对变压器所发生的各种故障状态作出正确响应,响应时间小于１５ｍｓ。     

模拟电路故障诊断神经网络方法

提出了一种新的模拟电路故障诊断近似估计方法以及求解此问题的神经网络。其显著特点是只需一次优化过程即能估计出最可能故障元件，计算量小。计算机模拟和实例表明该方法是可行的。     

CO2倍增对干旱胁迫下大豆光合效应的影响

采用开顶式气室,研究了干旱胁迫下CO2浓度升高对大豆生长状况、光合作用及蒸腾作用的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高,大豆的光合速率提高5％,蒸腾速率降低6．8％,气孔导度降低11％,大豆的水分利用效率提高了1．03倍,增强了大豆的抗旱性。CO2浓度升高,可增强土壤微生物的活动,使大豆根瘤数增多。干旱胁迫则使大豆的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度降低,水分利用效率提高。     

根区温度对番茄生长和产量的影响

通过对日光温室开花坐果期番茄根区不同温度处理(自然地温,15℃,20℃,25℃),研究了低温季节根区温度对番茄生长的影响。结果表明,随着根区温度的增加,番茄的株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、产量均增加。     

CO_2倍增对干旱胁迫下大豆光合效应的影响

采用开顶式气室,研究了干旱胁迫下CO2浓度升高对大豆生长状况、光合作用及蒸腾作用的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高,大豆的光合速率提高5%,蒸腾速率降低6.8%,气孔导度降低11%,大豆的水分利用效率提高了1.03倍,增强了大豆的抗旱性。CO2浓度升高,可增强土壤微生物的活动,使大豆根瘤数增多。干旱胁迫则使大豆的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度降低,水分利用效率提高。     

分根交替不同灌水量对苹果生长和叶片生理特性的影响

 【目的】在确保苹果树体正常生长情况下,探讨不同根区体积灌水及灌溉量对树体生长和叶片生理特性的影响,以期提高水分利用效率,节约灌溉水。【方法】以3年生盆栽分根皇家嘎拉苹果为试材,研究根系分区交替灌溉不同水量对苹果树体生长和叶片生理特性的影响。【结果】1/4和2/4根区体积灌水显著抑制了苹果新梢和干周生长,随灌溉体积增加抑制作用逐渐解除,减少灌水量也显著抑制了新梢生长。根系分区交替灌水显著影响苹果叶片水势和气孔阻力,1/4和2/4根区体积灌水处理叶片水势显著低于3/4和4/4处理,气孔阻力随灌水体积增加显著降低。减少根区灌水部位降低了苹果叶光合速率、蒸腾作用和气孔导度,并且蒸腾作用降低的幅度显著大于光合作用的,从而提高了叶片水分利用效率。但减少灌水量对苹果叶片各项生理指标均没有影响。不同生长期根区交替灌水处理对叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率的影响一致,以春梢停长期各生理特性指标最高。【结论】灌水量是影响新梢伸长生长和主干加粗生长的主要因子,叶片生理特性主要受灌水部位调控。通过调控灌水量和根区灌水部位可以调控树体生长,并能节约灌水量。本试验中,在没有考虑自然降水的情况下,为保证植株的正常生长,根区灌溉体积不能小于50％。     

基于mt-roGFP1探针研究除草化合物对拟南芥根尖细胞氧化还原电位的影响

目的 研究几种代表性商品化除草剂以及植物源除草化合物小檗碱及其类似物对拟南芥根尖细胞氧化还原电位的影响。方法 以靶向线粒体的氧化还原敏感绿色荧光蛋白（Mitochondria targeted redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein, mt-roGFP1）标记的拟南芥转基因植株为材料,采用不同质量浓度的化合物处理不同时间后,测定拟南芥根冠、分生区、过渡区和伸长区的细胞氧化还原电位的变化。结果 经几种商品化除草化合物处理后,拟南芥根部分生区的细胞氧化还原电位最小。从分生区到伸长区氧化还原电位逐渐增大,呈现逐渐被氧化的趋势。其中,光系统II抑制剂(莠去津和环嗪酮)的氧化还原电位变化规律最为明显,说明mt-roGFP1荧光探针能较好地响应光系统II抑制剂。氨基酸生物合成抑制剂草甘膦对拟南芥根尖细胞氧化还原的影响具有明显的剂量-效应关系,随着草甘膦质量浓度增加,氧化还原电位变化量也逐渐增大,呈正相关关系(R² =0.9956)。小檗碱及其类似物处理后,大多数处理组的拟南芥根尖细胞的氧化还原电位在分生区达到最大还原值,并从分生区开始逐渐被氧化。结论 研究结果可以为应用roGFP荧光探针技术研究除草化合物对根系细胞线粒体的作用机制提供基础。     

几种园林植物生理特性和土壤酶活性的研究

以郑州城区道路中几种园林绿化植物为试材,研究和比较了其生理特性和土壤酶活性,为选择合适的绿化树种及合理的生态景观配置提供科学依据。结果表明:植物叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均表现为草本乔木灌木,对于SOD、POD、CAT活性,草本、灌木、乔木之间差异均达到显著水平;对于PAL、PPO活性,草本植株显著高于灌木和乔木。植物根区土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、转化酶、蔗糖酶活性均表现为草本乔木灌木,其中土壤脲酶活性在三者之间差异显著,土壤酸性磷酸酶、转化酶、蔗糖酶活性均表现为草本和乔木显著高于灌木。几种园林植物根区土壤酶活性随着土层深度的增加呈降低趋势,表现出明显的表聚性,同一土层,总体表现为出草本乔木灌木,局部有所波动。