非点源污染模型在土壤侵蚀模拟中的应用及发展动态

近年来 ,随着计算机和地理信息技术的不断发展 ,非点源污染模型在土壤侵蚀研究中得到了广泛的应用 .该文通过对不同模型的背景、功能、应用范围以及优缺点的分析 ,对国外较为常用的 8个土壤侵蚀模型进行了全面综述 .这些模型包括用于预测预报的RUSLE ,WEPP和EPIC ,用于流域水文过程模拟的SHE ,CREAMS和ANSWERS等 ,还有用于流域管理措施评价的AGNPS和SWAT等 .通过对不同模型应用现状的分析 ,提出了土壤侵蚀模拟模型在BMPs评价、湿地水文以及生态系统缓冲带泥沙及营养元素运移等领域的应用前景和发展动态     

WEPP模型在北京山区的适用性评价

土壤侵蚀是目前全球面临的环境问题之一。如何防治及准确预测水土流失已成为研究土壤侵蚀面临的巨大挑战。基于降雨事件及水文过程,WEPP模型的产生为土壤流失预测及评估提供了重要支撑。基于2001—2006年北京延庆径流小区的次降雨及25场次野外径流小区监测数据,对WEPP模型的参数进行了率定与验证,评价了该模型在北京土石山区的适用性,对北京土石山区土壤侵蚀及其预报具有重要意义。在北京山区褐土表土(0~10 cm)条件下,通过计算实测值和模拟值的最小累积误差法率定模型土壤参数,同时采用Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(E)和决定系数(R2)对模型有效性进行验证。结果表明,当模型有效水力传导系数、临界剪切力和细沟土壤可蚀性分别为1.400 mm/h、1.000 Pa和0.010 s/m时,模型模拟效果最佳,且径流量的模拟效果(E=0.730)优于侵蚀量的模拟效果(E=0.670)。相关系数和通径系数显示,关于降雨参数对径流量和侵蚀量的影响,最大30 min雨强(I30)与其呈极显著相关,对其直接影响最大;其次是降雨量;而降雨历时与径流量和侵蚀量没有关系,对其直接影响最小。      

WEPP模型在紫色土区域适用性研究

利用紫色土区域某水保站1984—2017年7次典型降雨资料,应用WEPP(water erosion prediction project)模型模拟了不同降雨条件下不同地面坡度的紫色土坡面径流量和侵蚀量,提出了模型评价方法,将模拟值与实测值进行比较,验证WEPP模型及其内置参数在我国紫色土范围内模型预测的可行性及准确性。结果表明,WEPP模型对于紫色土区域水蚀模拟基本可行,产流量的预测比侵蚀量的预测更为合理,低坡度条件下的模拟结果优于高坡度条件。对于侵蚀量的模拟不够理想,高坡度条件下反而模拟较好。对于不同坡度下的侵蚀量进行相关分析,结果表明坡度是影响土壤侵蚀的动力因子,在一定的坡度范围内,随着坡度的增加,土壤侵蚀量与坡度呈幂函数递增关系。     

基于WEPP的黄土丘陵区不同坡长条件下坡面土壤侵蚀预测

为了更全面地评价WEPP模型在我国的适用性,该文通过建立模型数据库,利用WEPP分别模拟了坡长为10、20、30和40 m的径流量和土壤侵蚀量,并用实测径流和侵蚀资料进行对比分析。结果表明,在10、20、30和40 m 4个坡长条件下,WEPP模型对降雨、每年和多年平均径流量模拟的Nash-Sutcliffe有效性(ME)分别为0.915、0.879和-0.056,对单场降雨、每年和多年平均土壤侵蚀量模拟的ME分别为0.853、0.758和-0.456,多年平均的ME为负值可能是由小样本计算造成的。WEPP模型对单场降雨和每年径流量和侵蚀量模拟效果较好。尽管WEPP模型对多年平均径流量和土壤侵蚀量模拟效果较差,但模型模拟的多年径流量和土壤侵蚀量与实测值的多年径流量和土壤侵蚀量的最大相对误差分别为7.90%和29.20%,表明WEPP模型对多年径流量和侵蚀量的模拟可满足要求。径流量模拟值随坡长增加的变化和实测值相比不够敏感;而土壤侵蚀量模拟值随坡长增加的变化和实测值相比过于敏感。      

基于RUSLE、InVEST和USPED的土壤侵蚀量估算对比研究 ——以陕北延河流域为例

黄土高原是我国水土流失的重灾区,准确地估算土壤侵蚀量对于当地的退耕还林、水土保持以及土地管理等措施的实行具有重要的指导意义。本研究选取黄土高原延河流域为研究区,以2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年共4期的Landsat TM遥感影像及日降雨量、土地利用、数字高程模型和土壤属性等为源数据,比较RUSLE、InVEST和USPED三个模型对土壤侵蚀的估算在该研究区的适用性,并分析不同地形和植被条件下土壤侵蚀的分布及变化规律。研究发现：1）2000年后延河流域土壤侵蚀量先增加后减少,2005年后减少幅度逐渐增加,表明退耕还林工程效果显著;2）与实测产沙量数据相比,RUSLE模型估算的侵蚀量偏大,USPED模型和InVEST模型的误差相对较低,建议在延河流域使用InVEST和USPED模型计算土壤侵蚀;3）土壤侵蚀量随坡度的增加而增加,RUSLE模型增加幅度最大;4）当NDVI > 0时,土壤侵蚀量随NDVI的增加而减少,并且当NDVI在0 ~ 0.1时,土壤侵蚀量最大。     

基于GIS和RUSLE的南水北调东线工程江苏段沿线土壤侵蚀定量研究

在GIS技术支持下,利用遥感影像解译资料、数字高程模型(DEM)及土壤、降雨等数据,对修正通用土壤流失方程RUSLE中各因子进行了量化分析,进而实现南水北调东线工程江苏段沿线区域土壤侵蚀量估算,并根据估算结果进行土壤侵蚀强度分级,揭示沿线区域水土流失空间分布特征。结果表明:江苏段沿线区域2000年和2005年微度土壤侵蚀等级面积均占研究区总面积的95%以上,强度侵蚀及以上等级面积所占比例很小,主要分布在盱眙县、邳州市和铜山县部分地区。     

Modeling Soil Erosion with the Aid of GIS

Soil erosion caused by water is an increasing global problem. In order to relieve this problem, several erosion models have been developed to measure the rate of erosion for soil conservation planning. This study takes Lee County, South Carolina, USA as an example to map soil erosion within ArcGIS environment by using the RUSLE with erosion indexes retrieved from DEM This study proves that the integration of soil erosion models with GIS is a very simple but efficient tool for soil conservation.     

Development of a growth model-based decision support system for crop management

A growth model-based decision support system for crop management (GMDSSCM) was developed, which integrates process-based models of four different crops—wheat, rice, rape and cotton—and realized decision support function, thus facilitating the simulation and application of the crop models for different purposes. The individual models include six sub models for simulating phase development, organ formation, biomass production, yield and quality formation, soil-crop water relations and nutrient (N, P, K) balance. The implemented system can be used for evaluating individual and comprehensive management strategies based on the results of crop growth simulation under various environments and different genotypes. A stand-alone edition (GMDSSCM^A) was established on VC++ and VB platforms by adopting the characteristics of object-oriented and component-based software and with the effective integration and coupling of the growth prediction and decision-making functions. A web-based system (GMDSSCM^W) was then further developed on the.net platform using C# language. These GMDSSCM systems have realized dynamic prediction of crop growth and decision making on cultural management, and thus should be helpful for the construction and application of informational and digital farming system.     

GIS和RS支持下的土壤侵蚀模型应用研究

研究了土壤侵蚀定量遥感方法在浙江省仙居县的应用.在GIS和RS技术的支持下,选择通用流失方程计算得到土壤侵蚀量和潜在土壤侵蚀量的空间分布图,分析了土壤侵蚀因子在研究区的表现.研究表明,利用RS、GIS技术进行土壤侵蚀调查与监测是可行和高效的.     

药用植物信息检索系统软件的开发

该系统采用开发工具PowerBuilder 8.0,结合数据库软件MSAccess 2003以及SQLAnywhere Studio,利用数据库语言SQL,实现了对于海南药用植物的全方位检索,以及用户数据库的个性定制等。系统界面简洁明了,功能强大且易于使用,可在Windows 98/2000/ME/XP/2003下独立运行。     

基于RUSLE的大通县土壤侵蚀量估算

大通县地处青藏高原与黄土高原过渡地带,生态区位十分重要。利用1995年和2005年2期TM遥感影像,基于RUSLE土壤侵蚀预报模型和GIS技术,估算出大通县2个时期土壤侵蚀的定量数据,阐明了大通县土壤侵蚀变化状况。1995年土壤侵蚀总量为2 938.17×104 t,侵蚀模数为68.55t.hm-2.a-1;2005年土壤侵蚀总量为2 160.07×104 t,侵蚀模数为51.83t.hm-2.a-1,从1995年到2005年大通县土壤侵蚀状况有所减轻。     

华北土石山区不同粒径土壤团聚体特征及其与坡面侵蚀定量关系

目的为明确华北土石山区不同粒径(1~2 mm、2~3 mm、3~5 mm、5~7 mm、7~10 mm)团聚体结构特征对沟间及沟道侵蚀过程的影响。方法选取2种典型褐土为研究对象,通过Le Bissonnais(LB)法对团聚体稳定性进行分析,并初步研究了不同粒径团聚体稳定性特征与人工降雨条件下坡面沟间、沟道侵蚀量之间的定量关系。结果石灰性褐土团聚体稳定性大于黄土性褐土;不同粒径团聚体稳定性差异较为显著,较小粒径的团聚体稳定性大于较大粒径的团聚体,其中1~2 mm粒径的团聚体稳定性最好;不同雨强下土壤侵蚀现象差异明显,坡面径流强度和产沙强度均随产流历时的增加而增大,且降雨强度大小对坡面入渗率变化幅度和达到稳渗状态的时间有很大影响。将可蚀性因子(K_i)替换为经修正后的团聚体稳定性参数(K_a),然后将其代入到WEPP侵蚀模型,通过回归分析,建立了不同粒径团聚体的侵蚀预测方程,显示了较好的预测性能,其决定系数均在0.81以上;尤其是2~3 mm粒径对应的预测方程,其沟间及沟道相对误差均小于20%。结论该研究验证了土壤可蚀性参数可以由不同粒径团聚体稳定性表示,并建立了不同粒径团聚体的沟间及沟道侵蚀预测方程,为华北土石山区褐土的侵蚀机理研究提供了新思路。      

Crop height variability detection in a single field by multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning

Information on crop height, crop growth and biomass distribution is important for crop management and environmental modelling. For the determination of these parameters, terrestrial laser scanning in combination with real-time kinematic GPS (RTK–GPS) measurements was conducted in a multi-temporal approach in two consecutive years within a single field. Therefore, a time-of-flight laser scanner was mounted on a tripod. For georeferencing of the point clouds, all eight to nine positions of the laser scanner and several reflective targets were measured by RTK–GPS. The surveys were carried out three to four times during the growing periods of 2008 (sugar-beet) and 2009 (mainly winter barley). Crop surface models were established for every survey date with a horizontal resolution of 1 m, which can be used to derive maps of plant height and plant growth. The detected crop heights were consistent with observations from panoramic images and manual measurements (R² = 0.53, RMSE = 0.1 m). Topographic and soil parameters were used for statistical analysis of the detected variability of crop height and significant correlations were found. Regression analysis (R² < 0.31) emphasized the uncertainty of basic relations between the selected parameters and crop height variability within one field. Likewise, these patterns compared with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from satellite imagery show only minor significant correlations (r < 0.44).     

AquaCrop作物模型应用研究进展

Aqua Crop是FAO于2009年研发的一款新型作物模型,它以输入参数少、界面简单等优点被广泛应用于生产实践中。论文基于Aqua Crop模型原理和特点,深入探讨了Aqua Crop模型国内外应用研究进展。当前,Aqua Crop模型在灌溉策略、气候变化下的情景模拟以及与其他模型联合应用等方面取得了显著进展。但是,该模型在应用过程中还存在若干缺陷。一是模型在保守参数缺少验证的情况下,会使得模拟精度不稳定;二是由于土壤空间变异性的客观存在,模型在由点位向面上扩展时应用效果不佳;三是当前对雨养区作物生长模拟研究还很少,且其非保守参数难以准确确定;四是目前该模型生理、养分和水养互作模块尚不够完善,未考虑作物病虫害和品种遗传差异,当作物生长遭受水分、盐分或温度等严重胁迫时会导致模拟精度下降。今后在模型应用时,可利用多年数据对保守参数进行校正,将区域同一站点多年数据和多站点相关数据相结合调试模型非保守参数;其次,应加强雨养地区模拟研究,从而扩大模型应用范围。开发者应进一步完善Aqua Crop模型子模块,为提高模拟精度和拓宽应用范围提供支撑。     

HPC-EPIC for high resolution simulations of environmental and sustainability assessment

Multiple concerns over the impact of wide scale changes in land management have motivated comprehensive analyses of environmental sustainability of food and biofuel production. These call for high-resolution land management tools that enable comprehensive analyses of natural resources for decision-making. The agroecosystem simulation models with the most biophysical detail are point models, which often have a user interface that allows users to provide inputs and examine results for agricultural field scale analyses. These are not able to meet the needs of high-resolution regional or national simulations. We describe an efficient computational approach for deployment of the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model at high-resolution spatial scales using high performance computing (HPC) techniques. We developed an integrated procedure for executing the millions of simulations required for high-resolution, regional studies, and also address building databases for model initialization, model forcing data, and model outputs. We first ported EPIC from Windows to an HPC platform and validated output from both platforms. We then developed methods of packaging simulations for efficient, unattended parallel execution on the HPC cluster. The job queuing system, Portable Batch System (PBS) is employed to control job submission. Simulation outputs are extracted to PostgreSQL database for analysis. In a case study covering four counties in central Wisconsin using HPC-EPIC, we finished over 140 K simulations in a total of 10 h on an HPC cluster using 20 nodes. This is a speedup of 40 times. More nodes could be used to achieve larger speedups. The HPC-EPIC model developed in this study is anticipated to provide information useful for high-resolution land use management and decision making. The framework for high-performance computing can be extended to other traditional, point-based biophysical simulation models.     

Modeling the biomass of energy crops:Descriptions,strengths and prospective

The assessment of the biomass of energy crops has garnered widespread interest since renewable bioenergy may become a substantial proportion of the future energy supply, and modeling has been widely used for the simulation of energy crops yields. A literature survey revealed that 23 models have been developed or adapted for simulating the biomass of energy crops, including Miscanthus, switchgrass, maize, poplar, willow, sugarcane, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Three categories(radiation model, water-controlled crop model, and integrated model with biochemical and photosynthesis and respiration approaches) were addressed for the selected models according to different principles or approaches used to simulate biomass production processes. EPIC, ALMANAC, APSIM, ISAM, MISCANMOD, MISCANFOR, SILVA, DAYCENT, APEX and SWAT are radiation models based on a radiation use efficiency approach(RUE) with few empirical and statistical parameters. The Aqua Crop model is a typical water-crop model that emphasizes crop water use, the expression of canopy cover, and the separation of evapotranspiration to soil evaporation and plant transpiration to drive crop growth. CANEGRO, 3PG, Crop Syst and DSSAT are integrated models that use photosynthesis and respiration approaches. SECRETS, LPJm L, Agro-BGC, Agro-IBIS, and WIMOVAC/Bio Cro, DNDC, DRAINMOD-GRASS, and Ag TEM are integrated models that use biochemical approaches. Integrated models are mainly mechanistic models or combined with functional models, which are dynamic with spatial and temporal patterns but with complex parameters and large amounts of input data. Energy crop models combined with process-based models, such as EPIC in SWAT and CANEGRO in DSSAT, provide good examples that consider the biophysical, socioeconomic, and environmental responses and address the sustainability and socioeconomic goals for energy crops. The use of models for energy crop productivity is increasing rapidly and encouraging; however, relevant databases, such as climate, land use/land cover, soil, topography, and management databases, arescarce. Model structure and design assumptions, as well as input parameters and observed data, remain a challenge for model development and validation. Thus, a comprehensive framework, which includes a high-quality field database and an uncertainty evaluation system, needs to be established for modeling the biomass of energy crops.     

作物生长模型（CropGrow）研究进展

农业信息技术是基于信息技术与农业科学的交叉融合而形成的新兴技术,催生了数字农业和智慧农业的快速发展。作物生长模型作为其核心内容之一,可以动态模拟作物生长发育过程及其与气候因子、土壤特性和管理技术之间的关系,从而有效克服传统农业生产管理研究中较强的时空局限性,为不同条件下的作物生产力预测预警与效应评估等提供量化工具。本文重点介绍笔者团队在作物生长模型的构建与应用方面形成的总体技术方法、最新研究进展及未来发展思考。通过20多年系统深入的探索和实践,本团队以小麦、水稻等作物为主要对象,以"生理机制解析-模型算法构建-生产力动态预测-效应定量评估-模拟平台研发"为主线,综合运用系统分析、动态建模、虚拟现实、情景模拟及决策支持等方法,开展了作物生长模型CropGrow的构建与应用研究。首先,利用系统分析方法与动态建模技术,构建了机理性与预测性兼备的综合性作物生长模型(CropGrow),包括阶段发育与物候期、器官发生与建成、光合生产与物质积累、同化物分配与产量品质形成、养分动态、水分平衡以及作物三维形态建成与虚拟显示等子模型,可数字化、可视化表征不同条件下作物生长发育与生产力形成过程;然后,结合...     

起伏油气水多相管路中段塞流软件的研制

多相管路的工艺计算包括流型判别，持液率和压降，温降的计算，PIPEPHASE多相流软件和西安交通大学段塞流软件都存在不足，在这两种软件的基础上，开发出一种具有较好的用户界面且可在Windows平台下操作的软件，该软件可以从始端开始计算，也可以从终端开始计算，提供了三个可供选择的计算模型和油气水多相管路沿线的压降，温降和持液率曲线图，软件具有较高的计算粗度，可以计算所有的段塞流特笥参数数值。     

GIS在温室大棚生产管理体系中的应用构想

日光温室大棚是充分利用太阳能在冬季种反季节蔬菜的高效农业设施。大棚要提高农作物的产量和质量,就需要及时了解农作物自身及其周围的各种环境参数（如外界温度、湿度等）,利用外界传感器获取实时数据,综合运用计算机技术、网络和通讯技术、数据库技术、GIS技术、组件技术等先进的现代化信息技术手段,并与自动化的农业技术有机结合,共同构建集农业信息采集、传输、存储、管理以及分析应用于一体的准确、高效、快速、全面、规范的农业决策支持系统。在相关自动控制装置的控制下对大棚作物进行浇水灌溉、施肥、通风、卷放帘等操作。用户根据这些参数则可以对作物成长的近况有所了解,从而及时应对所出现的紧急状况;另一方面,可通过对实时数据进行专家系统分析,对农作物的生产产量做出预测及评估,对农作物的病虫害情况等做出实时监测,并通过专家系统的分析做出处理方案,以供管理人员决策参考。