溴甲烷及其替代技术（一）

溴甲烷及其替代技术（一）王跃进（农业部植物检疫实验所北京１０００２９）溴甲烷具有广谱的杀灭昆虫、线虫、真菌和杂草的特性,是目前世界上已知应用范围最广,也是对农业生产及国民经济影响最为深远的一种农用化学药剂。目前全世界每年在农业上的实际消费量约为７８０...     

溴甲烷在番茄土壤消毒中替代技术研究

采用保护地内划分小区实验方法，在番茄载培过程中，研究了代替溴甲烷的其它3种消毒技术，结果表明，生物熏蒸，人工基质和阿维菌素对防治根结线虫都有不同的效果，增产幅度分别为18．9％，14．05％，19．0％，同时嗅甲烷土壤消毒增产22．06％。从直接经济效益看，阿维菌素＞生物熏蒸＞溴甲烷＞人工基质。     

溴甲烷的替代技术初探

本文综述了溴甲烷的历史和现状，从药剂和处理方法两个方面探讨了可替代溴甲烷的技术。     

硫酰氟——溴甲烷土壤消毒潜在的替代品

初步试验表明,硫酰氟25~50 g/m2对土壤真菌(Fusarium sp.)、线虫均有良好的杀灭效果,防治后番茄产量与使用溴甲烷50 g/m2相当。硫酰氟蒸汽压高,穿透性强,可杀死深土层中的线虫及病原菌。由于其在常温下是气体,即使在冬天使用,也不需要搭小拱棚或采用"热法"施药,因此比使用溴甲烷更为方便;使用时也不像威百亩那样需要专用的施药设备。因此,硫酰氟是溴甲烷土壤消毒很有前景的替代品。     

溴甲烷及其替代技术（二）

溴甲烷及其替代技术（二）王跃进（农业部植物检疫实验所北京１０００２９）４．３干货及建筑物熏蒸干货主要包括种子、粮谷类、干果、豆类、原木及木制品、手工艺品（竹制品等）、干鱼干肉及其制成品和饮料作物（可可、咖啡和茶叶等）。对于这些货物的熏蒸,通常采用的熏...     

日本溴甲烷替代技术的发展概况

溴甲烷(简称MB)是一种化学物质，它在农业和检疫处理中有着重要的作用，这不仅在其他国家，在日本也是如此。但在1992年蒙特利尔协议中将它列为破坏臭氧层物质，要求予以禁用。据此，发达国家已同意在2005年禁用。日本从2005年1月起将禁止MB作土壤处理剂使用。面对这种最终被取消的严峻形势，世界各国均在积极寻找替代技术和方法，当然日本也不例外。     

在烟草苗床土壤熏蒸中代替溴甲烷技术研究

在烟草苗床土壤熏蒸中研究了代替溴甲烷的3种熏蒸技术，结果表明，威百亩、棉隆和蒸气熏蒸等对防除烟草苗床杂草有理想的效果，防效都在94％以上。在烟草苗床土壤熏蒸中可以代替溴甲烷。     

溴甲烷土壤熏蒸消毒技术

用溴甲烷熏蒸土壤集防病、杀虫、除草于一体,是防治所有种类的线虫、地下害虫、细菌、真菌及杂草的有效而经济的方法。熏蒸前的准备工作包括,①要求将耕作层土壤深翻３０～４０ｃｍ,然后疏松平整土层。松土整地应于熏蒸前７～１０ｄ完成。②施用农家肥。③熏蒸前７～１...     

溴甲烷土壤熏蒸技术在秋季温室番茄应用的研究初报

在夏秋高温季节,采用溴甲烷土壤熏蒸技术,可有效地防治温室番茄的土传病害和增加番茄产量,用药剂量为２５ｇ／ｍ２、５０ｇ／ｍ２、７５ｇ／ｍ２的条件下,其对番茄枯萎病的防治效果可达６８．７７％、８７．４９％、９３．７４％,对根结线虫病的防效可达８２．８５％、９２．５２％、９７．１５％,番茄增产幅度可达１４．４％、２３．９％、２９．２％。     

Physical, chemical and environmental properties of selected chemical alternatives for the pre-plant use of methyl bromide as soil fumigant

Production and use of methyl bromide, a soil fumigant, are being restricted because of this chemical's deleterious effects on stratospheric ozone concentrations. Several products, some of which are currently used as soil fumigants, are being considered as possible replacements for methyl bromide, alone and in various combinations. Among these, 1,3-dichloropropene, methyl isothiocyanate generators such as metam-sodium, and chloropicrin are currently registered, while others such as methyl iodide and sodium azide are at different stages of the registration process. This review examines physicochemical properties, environmental fate, and metabolism of the various potential methyl bromide replacement products.     

Effect of soil physical factors on methyl iodide and methyl bromide

Production and importation of methyl bromide is scheduled to be banned by 2001. Methyl iodide was evaluated as a possible replacement soil fumigant. The effects of soil moisture, temperature, soil texture and fumigation time on the efficacy of methyl iodide for the control of two common weeds, Abutilon theophrasti and Lolium multiflorum, were characterized and compared with those of methyl bromide. The optimal soil moisture for methyl iodide to kill both weed species in sandy soils was 14% water content (w/w). Greater efficacy was obtained when the temperature during fumigation was above 20°C. Compared to methyl bromide, the efficacy of methyl iodide was more consistent in different soils. Time to 100% mortality of weeds was 24 h for methyl iodide fumigation and 36 h for methyl bromide when 200 μM of fumigant was used. On a molar basis methyl iodide was consistently more effective than methyl bromide across the range of environmental factors tested. In terms of application technology and spectrum of activity, methyl bromide can be directly replaced by methyl iodide. © 1998 SCI     

Evaluation of chemical and integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in Greece

Current environmental awareness has led to a greater demand for alternative nematode control strategies. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Cucumber rootstocks which have shown resistance to soil-borne diseases were tested to reveal any resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematodes, and integration of these rootstocks with nematicides was investigated. Metham-sodium and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) provided good control of nematode populations when their application was followed by the application of a non-fumigant nematicide such as cadusafos or oxamyl. Neither fumigant could provide season-long control of nematode populations, and a further application of cadusafos was required for satisfactory control. The efficacy of metham-sodium was significantly increased when injected into soil in comparison with its application through the drip irrigation system. The use of rootstocks resistant to soil-borne fungal pathogens used together with chemical means of nematode control provided promising results for their further use in integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide. However, the latter was the superior treatment for the control of root-knot nematodes in soil infested with residues of galled roots. Dazomet, metham-sodium nor the non-fumigant nematicides oxamyl and fenamiphos could reduce nematode population as efficiently as methyl bromide. None of the chemicals tested except methyl bromide could enter galled roots and kill surviving nematodes.     

溴甲烷对松木木质包装穿透性研究

25℃、48g/m3起始剂量条件下,溴甲烷熏蒸12h,熏蒸箱内溴甲烷浓度衰减率超过40%,而12h后到48h熏蒸结束时,溴甲烷衰减率小于5%。箱内溴甲烷CT值在6h达到200g.h/m3。溴甲烷对松木的穿透是顺着木纹进行的。在熏蒸48h内,无虫害木块内部各采样孔的溴甲烷浓度与箱内浓度无法达到平衡,15cm处CT值不足200g.h/m3;有虫害木块内部各采样孔溴甲烷浓度在20h与箱内浓度基本平衡,15cm处的溴甲烷CT值达到200g.h/m3需13h。     

溴甲烷熏蒸对桃蛀果蛾的毒力作用

对溴甲烷熏蒸处理桃蛀果蛾结果进行机率值法分析,推算出在25℃温度条件下溴甲烷熏蒸处理1.5h和2h,达到桃蛀果蛾Carposina sasakii Matsumura幼虫死亡率99%的浓度时间乘积(CT值)分别为43.79g·h/m3和46.77 g·h/m3;15℃和10℃温度条件下熏蒸处理3h,达到桃蛀果蛾幼虫死亡率99%的溴甲烷浓度分别为50.84 g·h/m3和118.55 g·h/m3.研究表明,溴甲烷熏蒸对桃蛀果蛾幼虫的毒性作用随着溴甲烷熏蒸浓度的增加而增加,相同熏蒸剂浓度条件下,随着温度升高,溴甲烷熏蒸效果明显增加.     

几种常见花卉在真空条件下对溴甲烷耐药性的研究

本试验选择了19种常见的草本和木本花卉进行了在真空条件下对溴甲烷的耐药性试验.结果表明,美女樱、天门冬、孔雀草、彩叶草、鸡冠花、含羞草、茉莉、栀子等均表现出对溴甲烷具有良好的耐药性,而月季、万寿菊、矮牵牛、小菊花、榕树、玉树、杜鹃等则表现出轻度的药害症状,对千日红、地肤、小丽花、一串红等的品质和生长有很大的影响,表现为强烈的药害,甚至造成死亡.在熏蒸剂量和熏蒸时间一致时,随着真空度的提高,对试验花卉的药害逐步加重.     

Permeability of plastic films to methyl bromide: a comparative laboratory study

The permeability of plastic films to the fumigant methyl bromide (MB) was measured by two different methods, in order to facilitate the selection of films which are impermeable to the gas. Polyethylene-based films are highly permeable to MB, as evidenced by both methods. In contrast, multilayer coextruded films which have a layer of barrier material such as polyamide (PA) or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) were significantly less permeable to MB, as reflected by the parameters permeability rate, time to 90% concentration (TC₉₀, by the diffusion method) and lag-time values (by the variable-volume method). A significant correlation was found between the permeability rate assessed by the diffusion method and that obtained with the variable-volume method. Permeability of all films increased with temperature as evidenced by all tested parameters. This increase was more pronounced with polyethylene films, the permeabilities of which increased five- to six-fold when the temperature was increased from 20°C to 60°C. The effect of temperature on barrier-film permeability was less significant. Permeability of films to MB was affected by additional factors such as additives, the length of the monomer side-chain, and the thickness and density of polyethylene films. © 1998 SCI     

Status of chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for pre-plant fumigation of soil

ABSTRACT None of the chemical alternatives currently registered and available has the full spectrum of activity and versatility of methyl bromide as a pre-plant soil fumigant. Chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone) can provide significant control of many plant pathogens in soil and growth stimulation in annual crops. These compounds, however, provide limited control of weeds or other residual plant materials in soil of concern in nursery production systems, and some perennial replant diseases. Methyl isothiocyanate generators such as metam sodium have broad biocidal activity in soil, but are more difficult to apply effectively. In most soil applications, the available alternatives are likely to be used in combinations, either as mixtures (e.g., 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin) or sequentially (e.g., chloropicrin followed by metam sodium). They may also be supplemented with other more specific pesticides and cultural controls. Among the alternatives currently under active development but not yet available, methyl iodide and propargyl bromide probably have activity that most closely parallels that of methyl bromide in soil. However, all of the chemical alternatives to methyl bromide will be subject to continuing review and more regulation. Furthermore, we do not know the actual prospects for registration of the new fumigants currently under development and there is a risk that registered fumigants will not be available for large-scale use in soil indefinitely.