不同种类植物油及黄豆饼粉对那西肽发酵的影响

有机氮源和碳源质量的波动是引起那西肽发酵单位波动的重要原因之一,为选用最有效的有机氮源和碳源生产那西肽并保持稳定的发酵水平,试验以发酵摇瓶平均化学效价为指标,比较及评价了6种不同种类植物油及4种不同加工温度生产的黄豆饼粉对那西肽发酵产生的影响。结果表明,低温黄豆饼粉-菜籽油为最佳组合,其摇瓶平均化学效价比对照高出44.11%。即不同种类植物油由于所含脂肪酸种类和比例不同,不同加工温度的黄豆饼粉由于营养物质含量不同,均会很大程度影响那西肽发酵。     

氮源、碳源影响红色糖多胞菌发酵的研究

为进一步提高红色糖多胞菌发酵水平,采用Plackett-Burman法、最陡爬坡实验和Box-Behnken设计,针对不同氮源、碳源进行摇瓶发酵研究,并利用Minitab 15软件进行二次回归分析。结果表明,淀粉、糊精、玉米浆和黄豆饼粉对红霉素发酵效价影响较大,通过响应面法得到优化发酵培养基最佳组成为:淀粉52.3 g/L、糊精14.0 g/L、黄豆饼粉45.3 g/L、玉米浆14.6 g/L。在最优培养基下,红霉素的产量达到7764 U/m L,比优化前提高了12%。     

根霉脂肪酶产生菌筛选及发酵培养基研究

从实验室保藏菌种中筛选得到一株产脂肪酶能力较强的根霉菌种MHL4.07,对MHL4.07菌摇瓶发酵产酶培养基组成进行了试验,结果表明,种子培养时间为84h,最佳发酵培养基(g/l):玉米浆40.0、橄榄油12.5、豆饼粉20.0、NH4Cl20.0、MgSO4·7H2O0.5、K2HPO41.0、KCl0.5。用最佳培养基发酵产生的脂肪酶活力为41.91U/ml,该产量比初始菌株的酶活提高了408%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌DPG-01液体深层通风发酵的研究

以豆饼粉、玉米淀粉为主要发酵原料,根据摇瓶正交试验结果对枯草芽孢杆菌DPG-01在50L全自动发酵罐条件下液体深层通风发酵的规律进行了深入研究,结果表明:在培养基组成为高温豆饼粉2.2%、尿素0.1%、玉米浆0.15%、玉米淀粉0.85%、磷酸氢二钾0.3%、磷酸二氢钾0.15%、硫酸镁0.1%、硫酸锰0.02%、消泡剂0.3%、pH值7.5(消前)及培养条件为装填系数60%、温度37℃、风比1:0.5、罐压0.05MPa、搅拌转速210r/min、发酵周期36h条件下,发酵水平达到1.2×1010CFU/ml,芽孢形成率达到95%。     

混合氮源对以木薯为原料发酵生产柠檬酸的影响

以木薯液化清液作为发酵底糖,按3∶1的比例添加玉米浆和豆饼粉的混合物作为补充氮源,配制成蛋白质含量为0.6％(m/m)的发酵培养基,在该条件下进行柠檬酸发酵,发酵周期60 h,产酸16.8％(m/v),残总糖0.8％(m/v),转化率98.8％.     

新型γ-氨基丁酸发酵培养基配方优化

利用响应面分析法对γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)发酵培养基进行优化,通过二水平正交试验观察葡萄糖、玉米浆、豆饼粉、K_2HPO_4、吐温-80、初始pH值以及谷氨酸钠(MSG)对酵母菌发酵产生GABA的影响。结果显示,最佳培养基配方为(g/L):豆饼粉26、玉米浆10、K_2HPO_410、葡萄糖9、MSG 5、初始pH值6.8,在此优化的培养基中菌株的GABA质量浓度提高了近4倍,达到3.63 g/L。     

吸水链霉菌BS-112菌株产生抗家蚕病原真菌活性物质的发酵培养基配方优化

为了开发利用吸水链霉菌BS-112菌株产生的抗真菌活性物质防治家蚕真菌病,在单因素试验基础上通过正交试验优化BS-112菌株分泌产生抗真菌活性物质的发酵培养基配方。优化后的最佳发酵培养基配方为:18.0g/L葡萄糖,12.0g/L玉米粉,35.0g/L黄豆饼粉,0.4g/LKH2PO4,0.8g/LMgSO4。优化发酵培养基配方后的菌株发酵液对家蚕病原绿僵菌的抗菌效价达到4916.85μg/mL,较基础培养基提高了3.08倍。分别以价格低廉的玉米粉和豆饼粉作为发酵培养基的缓效碳源和有机氮源,有利于该菌株在蚕用抗生素产业化开发的应用。     

红酵母利用玉米浆发酵产富含类胡萝卜素功能饲料的研究

研究旨在对红酵母D(Rhodotorula sp.D)利用玉米浆发酵生产含类胡萝卜素功能饲料的培养基的碳氮源进行优化,并进行工业化生产试验。对玉米浆和葡萄糖结晶废糖液分别进行单因素试验来确定最佳碳氮源比例,进行7 L发酵罐试验确定上罐参数,1 000 L发酵罐中试并对发酵液进行喷雾干燥制取产品。结果表明葡萄糖结晶废糖液和玉米浆的添加量分别为7%和33.3%,7 L发酵罐最佳发酵时间为72 h,此时的生物量、色素含量和色素产量分别达到30.2 g/l,374.1μg/g和11.3 mg/l;1 000 L最佳发酵时间为41 h,此时的菌体生物量,色素含量,色素产量分别为42 g/l,404.6μg/g,17 mg/l。喷雾干燥后的产品粗蛋白质含量达到31%,类胡萝卜素含量为180.4μg/g。结果表示,优化培养基组分,控制好发酵条件,就可以利用玉米浆发酵生产富含类胡萝卜素红酵母增色功能饲料。     

刺参“腐皮综合征”拮抗菌CN101发酵条件的优化

探讨一株刺参"腐皮综合征"拮抗菌株CN101的发酵条件,为微生物饲料添加剂的研究奠定基础。本试验以菌体生物量OD_(600)值为检测依据,采用单因素试验和正交试验的试验方法对拮抗菌进行发酵培养基的筛选和发酵条件的优化试验。结果表明,培养基中的不同碳源、氮源、无机盐及其组合对拮抗菌株CN101的生长具有显著的影响,适宜的复合碳源为乳糖.蔗糖3.1、复合氮源为蛋白胨.豆饼粉1.2、无机盐组合为MgSO_4+MnSO_4+NaCl,复合氮源含量对菌体生长的影响最大;菌株CN101最适宜的发酵温度为25℃、初始pH值为7.5,供氧量对菌体生长的影响显著。拮抗菌CN101发酵的最佳培养基配方为乳糖15g、蔗糖5g、蛋白胨2.5g、豆饼粉5g、MgSO_(4)0.25g、MnSO_40.25g、NaCl0.25g、蒸馏水1000ml,最佳发酵条件为接种量1%、装瓶量10%～20%、温度25℃、初始pH值为7.5。研究结果为利用CN101菌株研发微生物饲料添加剂及生产应用提供了科学依据。     

赖氨酸发酵过程中不同氮源的代谢作用研究

赖氨酸正常发酵过程中添加的氮源有无机氮源和有机氮源,作为有机氮源,目前国内多采用豆粕水解液。豆粕水解液水解过程长、能耗大,成本高。基于豆粕水解液中氮的含量与成分分析,尝试用亚硫酸浸泡玉米水的浓缩液玉米浆取代,通过实验观察玉米浆用于赖氨酸发酵的可行性,以及对赖氨酸发酵过程中产酸、转化率等的变化。实验证明,赖氨酸发酵过程中采用玉米浆作为发酵氮源后,产酸及转化率无明显差别,能够较明显的降低赖氨酸发酵生产的成本。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein