犬细小病毒山东流行株分离鉴定及其全基因组测序分析

为了解山东地区犬细小病毒的流行及其变异情况,应用F81细胞从山东地区送检的发病犬粪便中分离出4株细小病毒,根据PCR和电镜技术对其进行鉴定,并对分离株的全基因组进行克隆测序与序列分析。结果表明:所分离到的4株病毒均能在F81细胞上产生明显的细胞病变,经PCR及电镜观察鉴定为犬细小病毒,分别命名为QN1/QN2/QN3/QN4株。全基因组分析结果显示,除QN3株的基因组全长为4 756 nt外,其余3株均为4 757 nt;4个分离株之间全序列核苷酸同源性为99.31%,与GenBank登录的10株具有代表性的CPV核苷酸序列比对,同源性为98.2%⁹9.9%;VP2基因的核苷酸序列同源性为98.5%99.9%;VP2基因的核苷酸序列同源性为98.5%⁹9.9%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.1%99.9%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.1%¹00%;表明各分离毒株的亲缘关系较近,同属于NewCPV-2a亚型。     

贵阳地区犬细小病毒VP2基因的克隆及遗传进化分析

为研究贵阳地区犬细小病毒（canine parvovirus,CPV）的流行基因型及其遗传进化情况,本试验对从贵阳市分离的10株CPV的VP2基因进行PCR扩增和克隆并进行序列分析。结果显示,分离的病毒能使F81猫肾细胞产生明显的细胞病变（CPE）,分离的10株病毒中,7株为CPV-2a亚型,3株为CPV-2c亚型,命名为GY-1~GY-10。10株CPV分离株与疫苗株VP2基因的同源性98.4%~99.4%,与其他国内外参考株的同源性为97.7%~99.9%。本试验首次报道贵阳市CPV的流行基因型为CPV-2a亚型并伴随CPV-2c亚型存在,对监测CPV遗传变异趋势及疫苗的研制具有重要意义。     

犬细小病毒新2b型分离株的分离鉴定

为了更好的了解我国东北地区犬细小病毒的流行情况,采用F81细胞从来自长春某宠物医院疑似患有肠炎的犬粪便样品中分离出1株病毒,经形态学、血清学、动物回归试验和分子生物学鉴定,分离的病毒为犬细小病毒new CPV-2b型,命名为CPV JL13-1。对该病毒主要结构蛋白VP2基因进行克隆测序和基因进化分析表明,CPV JL13-1分离株VP2基因与GenBank上提交的其他41株犬细小病毒株核苷酸和氨基酸均有较高的同源性,分别为98.6%~99.5%和97.6%~99.5%,其中核苷酸和氨基酸同源性最高的均为B-2004株。本研究为犬细小病毒分子流行病学调查和疫苗的研究奠定基础。     

犬细小病毒VP2基因的扩增、序列分析及其原核表达

为了制备犬细小病毒(CPV)VP2蛋白抗原,试验采用PCR方法,以一例疑似CPV感染的出血性肠炎患犬粪便为样品对VP2基因进行扩增,并将该目的基因克隆到p MD18-T质粒上,进行EcoRⅠ/HindⅢ双酶切鉴定及测序鉴定;对该基因进行序列分析后将VP2基因克隆到原核表达载体p ET-32a上,并转化E.coli BL21(DE3),诱导表达后进行Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化、Western-blot试验验证其生物活性。结果表明:克隆的基因全长为1 790 bp;该基因序列与已报道的CPV基因序列同源性高达99.2%~99.9%,氨基酸同源性达99.0%~99.8%,为新CPV-2a基因亚型,其中与泰国株GQ379042.1亲缘性最高,仅1个碱基不同,与猫细小病毒同源性高达98.69%;获得了87 ku的目的蛋白。说明该临床病例确为CPV感染。该株细小病毒VP2蛋白的成功表达可为吉林省CPV流行病学调查提供资料,可用于进一步的疫苗研究及免疫学方法的建立。     

犬细小病毒山东分离株VP2基因的克隆与遗传变异分析

为了解山东省犬细小病毒(CPV)流行毒株的遗传变异情况及其与犬细小病毒病的分子流行病学关系,对2013年分离到的12株山东CPV流行毒株进行了VP2基因克隆测序与同源性分析,绘制系统进化树。结果表明,获得的VP2基因的全长为1 755 bp,编码584个氨基酸残基;各分离毒株之间的核苷酸和氨基酸同源率分别为98.9%~100.0%和98.8%~100.0%,与Gen Bank公布的国内外参考毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源率在98%以上,分离株VP2基因及其推导的氨基酸的变异主要以点突变为主,关键氨基酸位点未见明显改变。遗传进化分析显示,有8株为New CPV-2a,4株为New CPV-2b,表明目前山东省所流行的CPV主要以New CPV-2a亚型为主。研究结果为山东犬细小病毒病的防控提供了依据。     

犬细小病毒临床分离株VP2基因进化分析

为了对犬细小病毒临床分离株的VP2基因进行遗传变异分析,了解本地区犬细小病毒流行的优势型别及病毒变异情况。采集2例患犬细小病毒病的动物粪便,提取病毒基因组,设计特异性引物,PCR扩增VP2基因,对扩增产物测序,对序列结果与同属其他毒株VP2基因序列用MEGA 7和MegAlign进行同源性分析和遗传进化分析。同时比较其氨基酸变异情况。结果显示,PCR扩增出VP2基因,测序结果显示大小为1 755 bp,2株病毒VP2基因NCBI序列登录号分别为MH155192和MH155193, MH155192与MF467233.1和JQ743891.1的核苷酸同源性为99.9%,MH155193与KY937651.1、KP260509.1、KY937641.1核苷酸同源性为99.8%。MH155192主要位点氨基酸分别为为267Y,324I,370Q,426D,440A。MH155193主要位点氨基酸分别为267Y,324I,370R,426E,440T。且2株病毒297位均为A。表明分离到的2株病毒分别为新CPV-2b和CPV-2c型。     

吉林省犬细小病毒流行毒株的分离及VP2基因序列分析

为了解吉林省宠物医院就诊犬犬细小病毒流行现状及毒株变异情况,从吉林省长春、吉林、辽源、松原、九台地区采集就诊犬肛门拭子73份,采用胶体金快速检测试剂盒检测后,阳性样品15份。选取具有代表性的6份病料使用F81细胞进行病毒的分离,成功分离到6株病毒(暂命名为JL-CC1、JL-CC2、JL-JL、JL-SY、JL-JT、JL-LY),经通用引物鉴定均为犬细小病毒。VP2基因序列分析结果显示,6株CPV分离株之间的核苷酸同源性为99.3%~100%,与近年来国内分离株核苷酸同源性为98.9%~99.9%,与国外分离株核苷酸同源性为98.3%~99.7%。遗传进化树结果表明,6株分离株分属4个分枝:JL-CC1、JL-LY、JL-SY与山东、辽宁分离株同属1个分枝,JL-CC2与黑龙江分离株同属1个分枝,JL-JT与吉林分离株同属1个分枝,JL-JL与2013年吉林、黑龙江分离株同属1个分枝。氨基酸序列比对显示6株分离株JL-CC1、JL-CC2、JL-JT、JL-LY、JL-SY属于New CPV-2a基因亚型,JL-JL株为属于New CPV-2b基因亚型。此外,6株CPV分离株在267、324、377、440位氨基酸发生了变异。结果表明,吉林省CPV以CPV-2a亚型为主,CPV-2b亚型为辅,并存在基因多变现象,可为吉林省CPV的有效防控提供数据支持。     

犬细小病毒基因型的调查

采用 PCR方法扩增了 13株犬细小病毒 ( canine parvovirus,CPV) VP2基因的 2个片段 ,通过序列测定和 DNAS-tar软件分析 ,结果显示 ,我国的 CPV分离株也存在基因变异现象 ,除发现 CPV- 2、CPV - 2 a、CPV- 2 b突变株外 ,还发现在 CPV- 2 a基础上进一步进化产生的 2个新的变异株。在我国 ,CPV- 2曾在 2 0世纪 80年代早期流行 ,但 1986年后分离到的 CPV以 CPV- 2 a为主 ,在 2 0 0 2年送检的 8份病料中分离到 4株 CPV- 2 a和 4株 CPV- 2 b。PV/貉 / CC/ 1/ 86在CPV- 2 a的基础上 VP2发生氨基酸 30 0 G→ S替换 ,PV/犬 / JL / 1/ 0 2在 CPV- 2 a的基础上 VP2发生氨基酸 5 6 4 S→ N替换 ,其确切的生物学意义尚不清楚。我国的 CPV分离株与参考毒株的核酸同源性超过 98% ,没有形成明显的中国CPV分支 ,进化方式与文献报道的进化方式一致     

贵阳地区犬细小病毒NS1基因的克隆及序列分析

为了解贵阳地区犬细小病毒(CPV)非结构蛋白NS1的遗传变异进化状况,试验采用PCR检测、分子克隆、测序及生物信息学软件对分离自贵阳的8株CPV的NS1基因进行序列分析。结果表明:成功扩增并克隆测序得到8株CPV NS1基因,全长为2 007 bp,共编码668个氨基酸;分离株间NS1基因核苷酸序列的同源性为98.4%～99.8%,与10株犬类参考毒株CPV NS1基因序列的同源性为98.3%～99.6%,与其他11株非犬类参考毒株NS1基因核苷酸的同源性为39.4%～99.1%。说明CPV NS1基因具有一定的种属特异性,其亲缘关系越近同源性越高。     

云南蓝舌病病毒1型毒株M6基因序列分析

为了解云南蓝舌病病毒(Bluetongue virus,BTV) 1型M6基因流行株的遗传变异及其与国内外流行病毒的遗传进化关系,试验从细胞培养物中分别提取4株云南分离株BTV-1 (Y863、SZ120169、6-12和7-12) RNA,用M6基因特异引物进行RT-PCR扩增和测序,采用生物信息学软件对获得的M6基因编码区序列进行核苷酸、氨基酸同源性比对及遗传进化分析.结果表明,分别获得4株云南分离株BTV-1 M6基因1 763 bp序列;4株云南分离株BTV-1核苷酸同源性在95.2%~99.9%之间,氨基酸同源性在97.6%~99.8%之间,1979年师宗分离的Y863病毒毒株与2012年师宗(SZ120169)、2013年江城(6-12、7-12)分离的3株病毒毒株核苷酸同源性分别为95.5%、95.2%和95.2%,氨基酸同源性分别为97.6%、98.4%和98.2%,而近两年(2012、2013)分离病毒核苷酸和氨基酸同源性较高,分别在96.9%~99.9%和99.1%~99.8%之间;遗传进化分析发现,4株云南分离株BTV-1为Eastern基因群病毒,它们之间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为95.2%~99.9%和97.6%~99.8%;进一步分析发现4株云南分离株BTV-1与希腊及澳大利亚 BTV-1型毒株亲缘关系较近,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为90.4%~95.6%和95.1%~99.1%,而与地中海国家(意大利、法国、阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥和突尼斯)和南非毒株关系较远,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在83.8%和95.7%以下.4株云南分离株BTV-1属于Eastern基因群病毒,云南分离株BTV-1 M6基因在自然进化中发生遗传变异缓慢,该基因可以用来进行BTV-1基因群分布及毒株的地理区域来源相关的研究.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.