杉木林冠下套种福建青冈生长效果研究

通过对福建青冈人工林和杉木人工林的生长对比试验,表明35年生福建青冈的胸径生长明显慢于杉木,但其树高生长量明显高于相同立地条件下的杉木。同时进行了在杉木林冠下套种福建青冈等12个造林树种对比试验,分析其胸径、树高、枝下高和冠幅的生长情况,表明在杉木林冠下生长比较好的树种有细柄阿丁枫、木荷和福建柏,可作为杉木林冠下造林的首选树种;生长较差的有酸枣、拟赤杨、檫树、厚朴、红豆树和福建青冈等,这些树种不适宜作为杉木林冠下造林树种,特别是福建青冈不宜在杉木林冠下造林,其在杉木林冠下的生长速度明显低于在全光照条件下。     

丝栗栲林生长与生产力的研究

在福建省邵武市洪墩采育场，调查丝栗栲林标地１０块，做平均木、树干解析木９株，杉木人工林标地２块，研究丝栗栲的生长与生产力，结果表明：丝栗栲林的胸径、树高及单株材积总生长量，均随年龄的增加而增加；胸径２０ａ前生长最快；树高１６ａ前生长最快；材积３６ａ时尚未有下降的趋势。胸径、树高平均生长量，随年龄增加而增加，当生长量达高峰后，则随年龄的增加而下降；胸径生长高峰，好立地１２ａ，中、劣立地１５ａ；树高生长高峰，好立地１０ａ，中立地８ａ，劣立地１２ａ；材积平均生长量，随年龄增加而增加，好、劣立地３６ａ时仍未下降，中立地３４ａ时生长量最大。胸径、树高连年生长量随年龄增加而下降；材积连年生长量，随年龄增加而增加，当生长量达高峰后，则随年龄增加而下降，生长高峰出现的年龄，好立地２８ａ，中立地２２ａ，劣立地２６ａ。在相似的立地条件下，丝栗栲林的蓄积量比杉木人工林低，但乔木层总生物量比杉木林高。     

炼山对二代5年生杉木幼林生长的影响

在福建南平对炼山和不炼山的第2代5年生杉木幼林生长进行对比研究,结果表明,2种处理杉木平均胸径年均生长量均在1.70 cm以上,平均树高年均生长量均在1.00 m以上;炼山处理杉木的生长量略高于不炼山,但它们之间的差异不显著。     

杉木连栽地力衰退效应研究

调查分析显示，杉木连栽导致林地生产力下降、土壤肥力减退、物理性状变差及土壤微生物数量和酶活性降低。盆栽试验表明，杉木连栽0-20cm表层土，盆栽杉苗成活率只有24.4%，生长量比同层头栽土下降41.8%。经连栽与头栽造林试验，结果表明连栽林地杉木保存率比头栽下降13.2%，连栽杉木高生长明显低于头栽杉木。采用回心土造林，连栽杉木保存率提高16.8%，树高生长量提高37.9%-60.2%。研究认为，不利于杉木连栽生长的限制因子集中在0-20cm表土层，是导致杉木连栽成活率和生长量下降的一个重要因素。     

福建柏混交造林生长效果比较研究

通过对1993年营造的福建柏杉木马尾松混交林、福建柏杉木火力楠混交林、福建柏马尾松混交林3种不同树种组合混交林的调查,以福建柏纯林为对照,比较分析其生长效果,结果表明:福建柏混交造林能明显促进福建柏的生长;3树种组合混交比2树种组合混交的生长效果好,两者间的生长量达显著或极显著差异水平,尤以福建柏杉木马尾松混交林更为适宜。该混交林中的福建柏树高、胸径、材积和林分总蓄积分别比福建柏纯林提高了23.14%、17.14%、87.25%和49.74%。可进一步在闽南山地进行推广应用。     

福建“杉木王”种质资源调查分析

在全面调查的基础上选取44株福建省杉木王进行种质资源分析,结果表明:福建杉木王主要分布在杉木一般产区,闽西中心产区和闽东南边缘产区内杉木王的数量较少。福建杉木王平均分布海拔为759 m,平均活枝下高5.8 m,平均树高32.3 m,平均冠幅12.98 m,平均胸径1.35 m,平均单株材积18.68 m3,显示出很强的生长能力。杉木王样本间活枝下高、材积、冠幅等指标均呈现出较大的表型差异系数。与30年前的调查相比,福建杉木王生长量较低,生长速度缓慢,后期能否保持较高生长量有待进一步观察。     

杉木种子园无性系不同分株自由授粉子代表现

通过对杉木种子园无性系不同分株自由授粉子代８年的试验观察和分析结果表明：在树高、胸径和材积等生长性状上，不同无性系后代生长呈现极显著差异；而无性系内各分株间的后代生长差异均不显著；但各分株后代生长均比相应无性系所有混合种子后代生长好。子代年生长量的分析表明：在年度间、无性系及无性系不同分株间均呈现极显著差异，年度和无性系间交互效应明显，而年度和无性系分株间交互效应不显著；从８年的生长规律发现，种子园无性系分株间生长表现出较高的一致性。     

福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物性质的比较

对福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物数量、组成、季节动态、养分和能量归还及物质化学组成进行了 3a的研究 ,结果表明 :福建柏、杉木林的年均凋落物量分别为 731 83g·m- 2 、5 4 6 85g·m- 2 ,前者是后者的 1 34倍 ,其中落叶分别占总凋落量的 6 5 2 9%和 5 8 2 9% ,而福建柏林落枝、落果和其它组分占总凋落量的比例则比杉木林的低。福建柏林凋落物总量在 5月 (2 0 0 0年为 2月 )和 11— 12月出现两次峰值 ,且第 2次峰值远比第 1次高 ;杉木林总凋落物量 1年出现 3次峰值 (4或 5月、8月和 11月 ) ,且峰值较为接近。福建柏林凋落物年养分和能量总归还量分别为 13 96 1g·m- 2 和 14 6 36 5 8kJ·m- 2 ,杉木林的则分别为 12 0 0 5g·m- 2 和 12 2 91 17kJ·m- 2 ,前者分别是后者的 1 16倍和 1 19倍 ,其中福建柏林通过落叶归还的养分和能量则分别是杉木林的 1 6 3倍和 1 2 9倍。福建柏落叶N、P浓度和易分解物质 (水溶性物、半纤维素和粗蛋白 )含量高于杉木 ,而难分解物质 (如纤维素、木质素 )的含量低于杉木 ,且C N、C P、木质素 N及木质素 P的比值也比杉木落叶的低。说明福建柏林凋落量比杉木大 ,落叶质量亦比杉木的高。     

宁化县木荷混交造林效果分析

对木荷与杉木、马尾松不同混交方式、混交比例的混交林、木荷纯林的生长效果进行调查分析,结果表明：木荷更适宜种植混交林,杉木×木荷3∶1比例混交林的木荷平均胸径、平均树高、单株材积及林分生长量均比杉木×木荷2∶1混交林及木荷纯林更好,具有显著性差异。混交方式以水平带状混交林分生长更好,水平带状混交木荷的平均胸径、平均树高、单株材积、平均冠幅均比垂直带状混交及木荷纯林高。杉木与木荷混交应控制好木荷的混交比例,否则会影响混交效果,而且到一定年龄时对林分应进行间伐,控制好林分密度,促进林分生长。     

杉木实生及无性系人工林生长规律的研究

通过测算杉木实生林与无性系林的生长因子数值,建立测树因子与林龄的回归模型,选取不同生长因子的最优生长模型,采用分层切割法及树干解析法对广西省苍梧县天洪岭林场23年生实生杉木林和21年生无性系杉木林的生长规律进行研究。结果表明,2种人工林的胸径、树高及材积总生长量都随着林龄的增加而增大;2种杉木人工林胸径、树高及材积的平均生长量和连年生长量呈现出波动式生长,从2种生长量曲线的走势上看,实生林的平均生长量和连年生长量曲线波动幅度较大,但无性系林的生长趋势要强于实生林。可见,杉木无性系的生长量比实生林更具优势,具有更高的生长稳定性和生长潜力,更符合杉木人工林"速生、丰产、优质"的培育目标。     

水曲柳、胡桃楸等天然次生林生长情况调查

通过标准地调查,对现有天然次生林水曲柳、胡桃楸和黄菠萝幼龄林林分特征、优良单株径级分布、生长过程进行研究,指出相应的抚育技术措施,为小兴安岭天然次生林中水曲柳、胡桃楸和黄菠萝等珍贵阔叶树种单株定向培育提供科学依据。     

永仁县云南松天然次生林生长过程分析

采用德国近自然经营技术,将林木分为特优木、优势木、中庸木和被压木,应用永仁县云南松天然次生林的试验样地数据和树干解析资料,分析云南松天然次生林的生长过程。结果表明,云南松林分的生长过程中优势木株数只占林分总株数的27.34%,但材积占林分总材积的比例达66.58%;25年生优势木的单株平均材积是中庸木和被压木的2.91倍和10.46倍。11年生时云南松树高连年生长量最大,为0.83 m,高生长主要在3～11年;33年生时胸径连年生长量最大,为2.065 cm。胸径生长主要在11～33年,此期间林分应适度间伐,可促进其快速生长。46年生时材积连年生长量最大,为0.053 693 m3;53年后明显下降;材积生长主要在32～53年期间;60年时连年生长量和平均生长量相等,说明进入数量成熟阶段,可以主伐。云南松天然次生林的经营期长,建议引入德国近自然经营技术,提高林分质量和缩短大径级培育时间。     

珍贵用材树种──福建柏

本篇对福建柏的形态特征、分布范围、适生环境、生物学特性及有关造林技术等作了较全面的介绍     

Species Interactions in the Dynamics of Even- and Uneven-Aged Boreal Forests

Many boreal tree stands are neither clearly even-aged nor clearly uneven-aged. The stands may undergo a series of stages, during which an even-aged stand is transformed into two-storied mixed stand, and finally to multistoried or uneven-aged stand structure. The species composition often changes during the succession of stand stages. This study developed models for stand dynamics that can be used in different stand structures and species compositions. The model set consists of species-specific individual-tree diameter increment and survival models, and models for ingrowth. Separate models were developed for Scots pine, Norway spruce, and hardwood species. The models were used in a growth simulator, to give illustrative examples on species influences and stand dynamics. Methods to simulate residual variation around diameter increment and ingrowth models are also presented. The results suggest that mixed stands are more productive than one-species stands. Spruce in particular benefits from an admixture of other species. Mixed species improve diameter increment, decrease mortality, and increase ingrowth. Pine is a more beneficial admixture than birch. Simulations showed that uneven-aged management of spruce forests is sustainable and productive, and even-aged conifer stands growing on medium sites can be converted into uneven-aged mixed stands by a series of strong high thinnings.     

Exploring life growth patterns in birch (Betula pendula)

The conversion of homogeneous plantations of conifers to mixed or broadleaved forests is part of sustainable forest management strategies in Western Europe. For the conversion of pine plantations on sandy soils, birch seems a convenient choice. Yet, thus far, little is known about the growth of mature birches outside Northern Europe. We sampled 32 birch trees in forests throughout the sandy ecoregion in northern Belgium at sites that varied in soil and local stand conditions. Half of the birches showed the characteristic pattern in growth (expressed as basal area increment) with a sharply increasing growth till around the age of 25 years followed by a steep decrease in growth. The growth was strongly related to tree age and crown dimensions, only weakly related to soil conditions, and not related to the local stand conditions.     

Effect of complete competition control and annual fertilization on stem growth and canopy relations for a chronosequence of loblolly pine plantations in the lower coastal plain of Georgia

Stem growth, developmental patterns and canopy relations were measured in a chronosequence of intensively managed loblolly pine stands. The study was located on two distinct sites in the lower coastal plain of Georgia, USA and contained a factorial arrangement of complete control of interspecific competition (W) and annual nitrogen fertilization (F). The W treatment increased growth rate for several years, while the F treatments led to sustained growth increases. The combination of the W and F treatments resulted in more than 180 Mg ha⁻¹ stem biomass production at age 15 which is more than double the production of control treatment. Stem biomass production is continuing to increase through age 15 as indicated by the current annual increment in stem biomass continuing to exceed the mean annual increment in stem biomass. The F treatment decreased wood quality by decreasing whole tree latewood specific gravity from 0.565 to 0.535 and by lengthening the transition from juvenile to mature wood from 4 to 5 years. Increased rates of stem growth in response to cultural treatments were largely mediated by increased leaf area, with strong functional relationships between leaf area index and current annual increment. However, growth efficiency (stem production per unit of leaf area) decreased with stand age. These results indicate that nutrient amendments are necessary for sustaining high rates of stand development on relatively nutrient poor lower coastal plain soils.     

Spatiotemporally interactive growth dynamics in selected South African forests: Edaphoclimatic environment, crowding and climate effects

Stand-level tree diameter growth patterns were explored for evergreen moist forests in the southern Cape, South Africa. Results of standard multiple regression analyses, involving 934 permanent sample plots with data spanning a 10-year interval, revealed that stand-level increment of canopy species in the canopy layer (>30 cm dbh) was significantly determined by inherent species-specific growth capacities (species composition of the stand), water availability, forest matrix crowding and tree condition impairment (age-related manifestations of reduced vitality indicated by signs of crown die-back, damage and stem rot). In contrast, stand-level increment of trees of canopy species in the subcanopy layer (10-20 cm dbh) was prominently shaped by light availability, as mainly determined by the degree of canopy-level disturbance (mortality rate of trees >30 cm dbh), crowding (canopy-level overhead and forest matrix crowding) and proximity to conspecific adults (within 6-8 m). In addition to species-inherent and resource factors, considerable variation in stand-level growth resulted from site-climate interactions. For 507 of the permanent sample plots, increment data was available for two consecutive 10-year intervals; permitting the analysis of spatiotemporal interactions of growth patterns (repeated measures ANOVA). In the Knysna forests higher canopy-level increment rates were associated with the moister southerly facing slope sites in comparison with the drier northerly facing and ridge sites during the first increment period. During the second increment period, increment rates on the drier, but better illuminated sites had increased disproportionately. In contrast, in the Tsitsikamma forests, higher increment rates during the second increment period were encountered on moister flat bottomland sites (with extended periods of subsoil wetness) than on the comparatively drier southerly facing slope sites (increment period × site-based water availability × forests interaction). In both forests relatively higher growth performance of subcanopy-level trees during the second increment period was associated with stands experiencing conditions of enhanced light availability. Atmospheric temperatures were higher during the second increment period (mean periodic T_max: + 0.64 °C). The detected spatiotemporal interactions were interpreted as site × climate interactions where site-related conditions of favourable light or water availability resulted in enhanced temperature-linked growth responses during the second increment period. A metabolic performance trade-off model provided a framework for the interpretation of these complex site-climate interactions by placing the patterns of forest growth into an ecophysiological explanatory context.     

峦大杉引种造林试验

峦大杉经 12a的引种造林试验表明 :1年生苗平均高 2 0 5cm ,平均地径 0 37cm ;造林后第 12a林分平均树高 10 4～11 1m ,胸径 13 5～ 14 1cm ;造林初期生长缓慢 ,树高在第 2a后、胸径在第 4a后年生长量与本地杉木无显著差异 ;12年生的纯林与混交林树高、胸径值差异不显著 ;育苗与造林技术均容易掌握 ,具有重要的引种价值。     

Forest dynamics after selective timber harvesting in Papua New Guinea

Forest dynamics after timber harvesting is a major issue for tropical forest managers and communities. Timber harvesting provides income to communities and governments and resources to industry but it has also been identified as a potential contributor to deforestation and degradation of tropical forests. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) harvesting is primarily occurring in accessible primary forests however, the fate of these forests under current harvesting practices is poorly understood.In this study we investigated the impacts of selective harvesting on stand structure, growth and dynamics, recovery and degradation, and species diversity. We also assessed the impacts of forest fire after the 1997-98 El Nino on basal area (BA) growth and mortality rates of natural tropical forests in PNG. For this study we used data from 118 (105 in selectively harvested and 13 in un-harvested forest), one-hectare permanent sample plots distributed across the country and measured for over 15 years by the PNG Forest Research Institute (PNGFRI). We analysed data from 84 of these plots in harvested forest to examine temporal trends in stand condition following harvesting. Mortality rates were investigated in 10 of the 21 plots in harvested forest that were burned during the 1997-98 El Nino drought with sufficient data for analyses. We tested a model developed in Queensland tropical forests to determine whether or not a critical threshold residual BA existed for the recovery of harvested tropical forests in PNG. Results from a logarithmic regression analysis of the relationship between starting BA (BA at first census) and stand BA increment after selective harvesting showed a positive increase in BA growth (r² = 0.74, p < 0.05). However, there was no critical threshold in residual BA that determined whether a harvested forest was likely to degrade or recover BA growth after harvesting. Our analyses suggested that the response to harvesting was variable, with the majority of un-burned plots (75%) showing an increase in BA and remainder a decrease. Average BA of selectively-harvested tropical forests was about 17 m² ha⁻¹ ± 4.17 (SD). Average annual increment in BA across the 84 un-burned plots was 0.17 m² ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ ± 0.62 (SD). Thus these forests generally show capacity to recover after selective harvesting even when the residual BA is low. A proportion of the BA increment is made up of non-commercial pioneer species that originate in significant gaps after harvesting. On burned plots, BA is affected by high mortality rates. The fate of these forests will depend on the degree of future harvesting, potential conversion to agriculture and the impact of fire and other disturbances.     

Productivity and optimal management of the uneven-aged hardwood forests of Hyrcania

Hyrcania is a productive region near the southern coast of Caspian Sea. Her forests are mostly uneven-aged beach-dominated hardwood mixtures. There is increasing willingness to treat these forests without clear-felling, following the ideas of continuous cover management. However, lack of growth and yield models have delayed this endeavor, and no instructions for uneven-aged management have been issued so far. This study developed a set of models that enable the simulation of stand development in alternative management schedules. The models were used to optimize stand structure and the way in which various initial stands should be converted to the optimal uneven-aged structure. The model set consists of individual-tree diameter increment model, individual-tree height model, survival model, and a model for ingrowth. The models indicate that the sustainable yield of the forests ranges from 2.2 to 7 m³ ha^?1 a^?1 in uneven-aged management, depending on species composition. Better ingrowth would substantially enhance productivity. The optimal stand structure for maximum sustained yield has a wide descending diameter distribution, the largest trees of the post-cutting stand being 80–100 cm in dbh. If cuttings are conducted at 30- or 40-year intervals, they should remove 20–40 largest trees per hectare. Despite moderate growth rate, uneven-aged management produces high incomes, 850–1,000 UDS ha^?1a^?1, because the timber assortments that are obtained from the removed large trees have very high selling prices. Optimal conversion to uneven-aged structure showed that the steady-state stand structure depends on initial stand condition and discount rate when the length of the conversion period is fixed. Discount rates higher than 1 % lead to reduced wood production, heavy cuttings, and low basal areas of the steady-state forest.