中国地方品种猪肌肉脂肪酸含量的研究

脂肪酸是构成脂肪的重要化学物质,也是一种重要的芳香物质或芳香物质载体。脂肪酸可分为饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸,前者包括豆蔻酸(C14:0)、棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、月桂酸(C12:0)、十五碳正烷酸(C15:0)、十七碳正烷酸(C17:0);后者包括棕榈油酸(C16:1)、油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、亚麻酸(C18:3)、花生二烯酸(C20:2)、花生四烯酸(C20:4)、20碳五烯酸(C20:5)等。国内对猪肌肉脂肪酸的测定,饱和脂肪酸主要测定豆蔻酸(14:0)、棕榈酸(16:0)和硬脂酸(18:0);不饱和     

气相色谱法测定猪肉脂肪酸组成

实验采用极性毛细管柱气相色谱法测定了猪肉脂肪酸组成的相对百分含量和实际含量。测定结果表明,此方法能准确分离出猪肉中的主要8种脂肪酸:豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生酸,有较好的精密度和重复性、可靠性。     

烘干温度对饲用鱼油脂肪酸组成的影响

试验以饲用鱼油为材料,在干燥温度条件下,(105±2)℃加热处理鱼油6、24、36、48、60和84 h后用气相色谱法对其脂肪酸组成情况进行分析,并以未经加热的鱼油脂肪酸组成作为对照,研究烘干温度对饲用鱼油脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:105℃下,鱼油中的豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量随时间发生变化。EPA和DHA的含量明显减少,分别从10.48%和15.26%下降到2.5%和2.52%。     

猪背最长肌、皮下脂肪及饲料脂肪酸组成的快速测定

传统的脂肪酸分析方法步骤繁琐、耗时长、需用试剂种类多且毒性较大。通过大量试验,建立了一种快速的脂肪酸检测方法,使猪肉、皮下脂肪及饲料的脂肪酸检测变得非常简便。试验采用KB.FFAP毛细管柱和恒温分析的气相色谱法,在22 min内快速测定了猪配合饲料、猪肉背最长肌和皮下脂肪的主要8种脂肪酸组成。结果表明:此方法能准确分离出8种主要脂肪酸—豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生酸,有较好的精密度、重复性和可靠性。     

成都麻羊肉脂中脂肪酸组成特点的研究

采用气质联用仪测定成都麻羊肉中脂肪酸组成与相对含量。结果共测出13种脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸的99.31%。其中饱和脂肪酸为占63.16%,不饱和脂肪酸占36.15%;奇数碳原子脂肪酸为3.11%。主要脂肪酸组成豆蔻酸(C14:0)、软脂酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)和花生四烯酸(C20:4)含量占脂肪酸总量的86.10%;经多重比较,十五烷酸(2.13%)、油酸(29.96%)、硬脂酸(14.48%)、花生四烯酸(6.71%)相对含量在颈肩、腹、腰、后腿、肋5个部位的脂肪酸,差异显著(P<0.05)。其他脂肪酸在不同部位相对含量均不显著。     

牛乳脂肪甘油三酯中sn-2位脂肪酸组成的分析

用胰脂酶专一水解掉牛乳脂肪甘油三酯sn-1和sn-3位置上的脂肪酸得到sn-2单甘油酯和游离脂肪酸,再通过高效液相-蒸发光散射检测法分离出sn-2位单甘油酯,甲酯化后,用GC-MS对sn-2脂肪酸组成进行分析.结果表明石家庄地区夏季牛乳脂肪sn-2位脂肪酸主要有六种,分别为:月桂酸2.57%、豆蔻酸7.68%、棕榈酸34.74%、亚油酸11.56%、油酸22.53%、硬酯酸15.21%.     

不同禽类肌肉脂肪酸组成的比较研究

本文对泰和乌骨鸡、宁都三黄鸡、景德黄鸡、隐性白羽鸡、大余麻鸭、吉安红毛鸭、兴国灰鹅、广丰白银鹅、丰城灰鹅和莲花白鹅的肌肉脂肪酸含量进行了测定。结果表明 ,鸡、鸭、鹅的肌肉脂肪酸构成比例大致相似 ,鸡以油酸含量最高 ,其次是亚油酸 ,棕榈油酸和硬脂酸 ,其他脂肪酸的含量很少 ;鸭、鹅也以油酸含量最高 ,其次是棕榈油酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸。各种家禽的不饱和脂肪酸含量大大高于饱和脂肪酸的相对含量。鸡、鸭、鹅间的必需脂肪酸含量差异较大 ,分别为 2 3.91%～ 2 7.4 8% ,17.31%～ 2 1.6 4 %和 12 .37%～ 14 .5 9%。鹅的芥子酸含量最低。     

气相色谱快速测定猪肉、脂肪及饲料脂肪酸组成

传统的脂肪酸分析方法的步骤繁琐、耗时长、需用试剂种类多且毒性较大。笔者通过大量试验,建立了一种快速的脂肪酸检测方法,使猪肉、皮下脂肪及饲料的脂肪酸检测变得非常简便。采用AT-FFAP毛细管柱、恒温分析的气相色谱法,在22min内快速测定了猪配合饲料、猪肉背最长肌和皮下脂肪的主要8种脂肪酸组成。测定结果表明,此方法能准确分离出8种主要脂肪酸:豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生酸,有较好的精密度和重复性、可靠性。     

黑水虻幼体营养成分分析研究

本文运用多种分析技术,测定了一种黑水虻幼体营养成分及含量。结果表明:本试验研究的黑水虻幼体蛋白质含量为47.3%,脂肪含量为32.6%,灰分含量为7.0%,氨基酸态氮含量为280 mg/100 g,胆固醇含量为172.7 mg/100 g,维生素B1含量为0.235 mg/100 g,烟酸含量为9.395 mg/100 g,未检测到烟酰胺的存在;共检测到7种偶数碳脂肪酸组成,分别是月桂酸、油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、豆蔻酸、硬脂酸、葵酸,其中饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸之比为3∶2,必须脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的17%,油酸和亚油酸含量分别是10.7 g/100 g、8.0 g/100 g。     

对猪不同脂肪组织中脂肪酸含量研究

对川藏黑猪和杜长大猪背部脂肪、腹部脂肪、板油3个组织脂肪酸含量进行测定,结果表明,脂肪组织中棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸的总含量达到93%以上;两个猪种板油中的棕榈酸+硬脂酸总量极显著高于背部脂肪组织和腹部脂肪组织(P0.01),油酸+亚油酸总量极显著低于背部脂肪组织和腹部脂肪组织(P0.01);两个猪种背部脂肪的棕榈酸+硬脂酸总量极显著低于板油(P0.01),油酸+亚油酸总量极显著高于板油(P0.01)。杜长大猪中棕榈酸+硬脂酸总量、油酸+亚油酸总量在3种脂肪组织中差异极显著(P0.01);川藏黑猪腹部脂肪中硬脂酸含量显著低于杜长大猪(P0.05)。综上表明,脂肪酸含量在不同脂肪组织中存在差异性。     

Influence of Carotino oil on in vitro rumen fermentation,metabolism and apparent biohydrogenation of fatty acids

The study appraised the effects of Carotino oil on in vitro rumen fermentation, gas production, metabolism and apparent biohydrogenation of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Carotino oil was added to a basal diet (50% concentrate and 50% oil palm frond) at the rate of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% dry matter of the diet. Rumen inoculum was obtained from three fistulated Boer bucks and incubated with 200 mg of each treatment for 24 h at 39°C. Gas production, fermentation kinetics, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), metabolizable energy and free fatty acids were determined. Carotino oil did not affect (P > 0.05) gas production, metabolizable energy, pH, IVOMD, IVDMD, methane, total and individual VFAs. However, Carotino oil decreased (P < 0.05) the biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acids but enhanced (P < 0.05) the biohydrogenation of oleic acid. After 24 h incubation, the concentrations of stearic, palmitic, pentadecanoic, myristic, myristoleic and lauric acids decreased (P < 0.05) while the concentration of linolenic, linoleic, oleic and transvaccenic acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLAc9t11) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of Carotino oil. Carotino oil seems to enhance the accumulation of beneficial unsaturated fatty acids without disrupting rumen fermentation.     

Qualitative and quantitative studies on the metabolism of fatty acids, in particular on that of linoleic acid in calves]

24 calves of the breed "Deutsche Schwarzbunte Rasse" were used for qualitative and quantitative investigations on the metabolism of fatty acids, particularly that of linoleic acid. The trial comprised 6 calves in 4 groups. The experimental rations consisted of powdered skim milk, oat meal, milk sugar, coco fat and varying proportions of linoleic acid (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.5%). The control group received the basal ration without supplements of linoleic acid. After a short period of adjustment the metabolic trial was started with 9 periods each lasting 7 days. The composition of fatty acids in the faecal lipids was analysed by gas chromatography. The studies led to the conclusion that the fatty acids contained in the faecal fat were not immediately derived from the dietary fat. The results of the trial also showed that the major proportion of all the fatty acids present in the faecal lipids consisted of only 4 fatty acids, viz. oleic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid and myristic acid. Changes observed for the content of linoleic acid in faecal lipids were negligible so that the assumption may be made that all of the linoleic acid added was completely digested.     

Effect of fatty acids added to the milk replacer on white scour and excretion of fatty acids in Holstein calves

In order to examine the relationship between white scour and fatty acids, we added fatty acids to the milk replacer. Twenty healthy Holstein calves were divided into 4 groups, five calves per group; a control group with no fortified fatty acid, and 3 groups fed either with oleic, stearic, or palmitic acid, respectively. The calves were fed milk replacer (5% of the calf's body weight) twice a day but the fatty acids (2 wt % of milk replacer) were added only once. The fecal and blood samples were obtained at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after feeding of the acids. All five calves in the palmitic acid group, and 3 out of 5 calves each in the stealic and the oleic acid groups had whitish feces after feeding fatty acid. The stearic acid group had a significantly elevated stearic acid concentration in the feces during 24–36 h compared to the pre-feeding level. The fecal concentration of palmitic acid increased significantly at 24–36 h in the palmitic acid group. We concluded that the long-chain saturated fatty acids are one of the causes of white scour in calves.     

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid composition of pig skeletal muscle and fat

The dietary dose responsiveness of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) addition relative to the fatty acid profile of edible lean tissue was examined in grower pigs treated with or without porcine somatotropin (pST). Gilts and barrows were fed CLA at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% of diet by weight from 20 to 55 kg BW. Additional pigs were administered (pST) at 0 or 100 microg x kg BW x d(-1) and fed either 0.5 or 2.0% CLA. Animals were fed diets containing 18% CP, 1.2% lysine, and 3.5 Mcal of DE/kg at 110% of ad libitum intake. The fatty acid profile in latissimus dorsi and dorsal s.c. adipose tissue samples was determined by gas chromatography. Dietary CLA replacement of corn oil increased the percentage of total fatty acids as stearic acid, whereas the percentages as oleic and linolenic acids were reduced in lattisimus muscle. Treatment with CLA + pST increased the percentages of linoleic and arachidonic acids while reducing the percentages of palmitic and oleic acids in lattisimus muscle. Dietary CLA increased the percentages of palmitic and stearic acids in s.c. adipose tissue while reducing the percentages of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. The percentage of palmitic acid was reduced in s.c. adipose tissue, whereas linoleic acid was increased with CLA + pST. No synergistic effect was detected between CLA and pST for reducing carcass lipid content in grower pigs. However, pST increased the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lattisimus muscle and s.c. adipose tissue while reducing the percentages of saturated fatty acids in swine fed CLA.     

奶牛常用饲料营养特性及脂肪酸组成特点的研究

用常规分析方法和气相色谱法分别测定奶牛常用20种精粗饲料的常规营养成分及其脂肪酸组成和含量。结果显示,饲料中高级脂肪酸主要有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,且不同来源的饲料其营养特性和脂肪酸组成和含量不一样。     

脂肪酸组合对体外瘤胃微生物发酵挥发性脂肪酸的影响

为研究长链脂肪酸组合对体外培养瘤胃微生物发酵挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响，并得出最优脂肪酸组合及添加水平，试验选取硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸4种脂肪酸因子，设置0.5%、1.0%、1.5%等3个水平进行L₉（3⁴）正交试验，其中Ⅰ~Ⅸ组为试验组、Ⅹ组为对照组，各处理均设3个重复。以3头瘤胃瘘管山羊为瘤胃液供体进行体外发酵试验，测定各组培养液VFA 24 h内的动态变化。结果显示，各组的总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度总体上呈先上升后下降再上升的波动变化趋势。其中在6 h时Ⅶ组TVFA浓度最高。乙酸/丙酸比值总体呈下降趋势，6 h前下降较快，6 h后趋于平缓。丁酸摩尔百分比在7.97%~15.41%间变动。主成分与最优组合分析表明，TVFA浓度影响的主次顺序为亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、α-亚麻酸；以添加1.5%硬脂酸、0.5%油酸、1.5%亚油酸、0.5%α-亚麻酸时组合效应最好。     

Genotype,production system and sex effects on fatty acid composition of meat from goat kids

Two trials were performed to assess the meat fatty acid profile of goat kids from different genotypes, production systems and sex. In the first trial, genotype effect was determined in 24 suckling male kids from Turkish Saanen, Maltese and Gokceada breeds. In the second trial, male and female Gokceada Goat kids were used to compare the effect of extensive and semi‐intensive production systems on fatty acid composition of meat. Significant genotype effect was observed in the percentages of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n‐9), linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n‐6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n‐3), despite no differences on the ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) and n‐6/n‐3 (P > 0.05). The effect of production system had also significant effects on fatty acids, but sex only influenced significantly stearic acid (C18:0), C18:1 n‐9 and C18:3 n‐3 fatty acids and total PUFA level and PUFA/SFA ratio. This study confirms that dairy breeds are prone to produce higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in their muscle. Meanwhile, meat from Gokceada goat kids, which is one of the indigenous breeds in Turkey, had similar PUFA/SFA and n‐6/n‐3 ratios to Turkish Saanen and Maltase.     

Effect of maternal corticosterone on utilisation of residual yolk sac fatty acids by developing broiler embryo

1. Increased concentrations of maternal corticosterone are deposited into egg yolk under stress conditions. This experiment investigated the effect of maternal corticosterone on yolk and yolk sac fatty acid profiles of eggs and developing broiler embryos. 2. At 42 weeks of age, 200 broiler breeder females were randomly divided into two groups: maternal corticosterone (MC): 2 mg/hen/d of corticosterone dissolved in 1 mL of 99% ethanol and mixed in the individual daily feed for a 14 d period, and control: 1 mL of ethanol added to the individual daily feed. Hens were inseminated, and eggs were collected daily from d 3 of corticosterone feeding to d 14 and incubated. Fatty acid profiles of egg yolk and yolk sac were analysed before incubation and at 12, 14, 18 and 21 d of incubation. 3. Yolk corticosterone concentrations were greater in MC eggs. Before incubation, eggs from MC had lower DHA (22 : 6 n-3) but higher stearic (18 : 0) and dihomo-gamma linolenic (20 : 3 n-6 Cis 8,11,14) acid content compared with the control. 4. Higher concentrations of stearic (18 : 0), elaidic (18 : 1 tr n-9), eicosenoic (20 : 1 n-9), eicosadienoic (20 : 2 n-6), dihomo-gamma linoleic (20 : 3 n-6) and arachidonic (20 : 4 n-6) acids and lower concentrations of myristic (14 : 0), palmitoleic (16 : 1 n-7), linoleic (18 : 2 n-6) and DHA (22 : 6 n-3) were found at different periods of incubation in the residual yolk sac of MC than from controls. 5. The results suggest that the preferentially selective absorption of fatty acids is related to specific tissue requirements.     

鲈鲤肌肉脂肪酸组成分析

对鲈鲤肌肉脂肪酸进行测定,结果显示:鲈鲤肌肉中含有7种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸有3种,不饱和脂肪酸有4种。3种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量为28.22%,4种不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)为71.75%,以不饱和脂肪酸中油酸C18∶1含量最高,为44.28%。鲈鲤鱼体肌肉脂肪酸主要由油酸C18∶1、棕榈酸C16∶0、亚油酸C18∶2和棕榈油酸C16∶14种脂肪酸组成,这4种脂肪酸质量分数总和占脂肪酸总质量分数的93.58%。鲈鲤肌肉脂肪酸种类组成与其它几种淡水鱼类比较,存在明显差异。     

添加共轭亚油酸对肉鸡肌肉脂肪酸影响的研究

试验选用健康、体重相近的肉鸡100羽(公母各半)。随机分为4个处理,日粮中添加CLA分别为0%（对照组）、0.25%、0.5%、1%,试验期60 d。结束时每组随机抽取15羽进行屠宰。研究添加不同水平的CLA对肉鸡肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,豆寇酸含量分别提高16.18%(P>0.05)、30.49%(P<0.01)、40.63%(P<0.01);棕榈酸含量分别提高9.38%(P>0.05)、23.81%(P<0.05)、24.73%(P<0.05);棕榈油酸含量分别降低5.00%、5.31%、29.00%(P<0.05);硬脂酸含量分别提高19.62%、23.41%、33.46%;油酸含量降低14.48%、16.52%、27.23%;亚油酸添加0.25% CLA组提高0.72%,其中添加0.5%和1%组分别下降20.75%(P<0.01)、7.1%;亚麻酸含量分别提高90.00%(P<0.01)、92.81%(P<0.01)、93.33%(P<0.01)。