奶牛乳房炎抗性基因的反向Northern斑点杂交差异筛选

分别用地高辛标记患乳房炎奶牛和健康奶牛外周血白细胞cDNA探针,对已构建的奶牛乳房炎抗性相关cDNA文库应用反向Northern斑点杂交技术进行差异筛选,筛选出的50个差异表达克隆测序后获得48个EST序列。根据在GenBank非冗余核酸数据库(nr)和EST数据库中Blastn序列比对结果,将这些EST分为3类:第一类代表已知基因,共35个;第二类代表已知EST,共5个;第三类为新EST,共3个。35个代表已知基因的ESTs按照基因功能分为八类:信号转导与细胞间通信(8.57%)、细胞结构与运动(11.43%)、细胞凋亡(5.72%)、细胞与机体防御(20.00%)、物质转运(8.57%)、翻译与表达调控(20.00%)、代谢(14.20%)及其它(11.43%)。结合相关文献初步探讨了部分患乳房炎奶牛外周血白细胞差异表达基因的功能和意义,其中BNBD5、IgJ、MIP-3、MnSOD、AHCY、WIP等基因可能在奶牛乳房炎抗性中发挥重要作用。     

抑制性消减杂交构建奶牛乳房炎抗性相关cDNA文库

以经产荷斯坦奶牛外周血白细胞为材料，分离Poly(A)^ RNA，反转录合成单链及双链cDNA，经酶切成平均大小为400～600 bp的片段，将患乳房炎奶牛cDNA分成2组，分别与2种不同的接头连接，再与健康奶牛cDNA进行2次消减杂交和2次抑制性PCR扩增，将第2次PCR产物与pGEM-T载体连接，转化大肠杆菌TOP10感受态细胞进行文库扩增，构建了具有高消减效率的奶牛乳房炎抗性相关cDNA文库。文库扩增后得到610个白色阳性克隆，随机挑选克隆进行PCR鉴定，插入片段主要分布在250～750bp之间。文库的成功构建为进一步筛选、克隆与奶牛乳房炎抗性相关的基因奠定了基础，对研究奶牛乳房炎抗性的分子机制以及乳房炎的综合防制具有重要意义。     

SSH法构建奶牛乳房炎抗性相关基因的cDNA文库

以经产荷斯坦奶牛的乳腺组织为材料,抽提总的RNA,分离提纯Poly(A)+RNA,反转录并合成单链和双链的cDNA,经酶切形成200～800 bp的片段.将患乳房炎奶牛的cDNA分成2组,分别与不同的接头连接,再与正常奶牛的cDNA进行2次消减杂交和2次抑制性的PCR扩增;第2次PCR产物与pGEM-T载体连接,转化大肠杆菌TOP10感受态细胞进行文库扩增,构建了具有高消减效率的奶牛乳房炎抗性相关cDNA文库.文库扩增后得到361个白色阳性克隆,随机挑选克隆进行PCR签定,插入片段主要分布在200～800 bp.文库的成功构建为进一步筛选、克隆与奶牛乳房炎抗性相关基因奠定了基础,对研究奶牛乳房炎抗性的分子机制以及乳房炎的综合防制具有重要意义.     

奶牛乳腺组织乳房炎抗性基因反向Northern杂交鉴定

通过反向Northern对构建的文库进行进一步筛选,发现了43个ESTs,测序后得到40个质量合格的EST序列.EST分为3类,第1类代表已知基因,指与GenBank中的基因同源性大于80%、同源片段长度大于100 bp的EST,其中主要是蛋白编码序列,研究中发现的37个为已知基因;第2类代表已知EST,指与已知基因无同源性或同源性较低,但与dbEST库中的序列同源性大于95%、同源性长度大于100 bp的EST,研究中发现的3个为已知EST;达不到上述标准的EST归入第3组即全新的EST,研究未发现新的EST.对检索出的已知基因,从其功能上看主要参与细胞结构、代谢、凋亡、转运、信号传导、转录和翻译调控、机体防御等生命过程,表明这些基因涉及到抗病反应的全过程,包括病原识别的抗性基因、与信号传导和转录调控有关的基因、抗凋亡的基因.     

奶牛乳汁外泌体中乳房炎抗性相关microRNA的筛选与功能分析

奶牛乳汁外泌体中的microRNA(miRNA)在乳腺癌、炎症和其他乳腺疾病发生时起着关键的调控作用,为了解及分析乳汁外泌体中可能存在的参与奶牛乳房炎抗性的miRNA,以健康牛及乳房炎奶牛乳腺组织差异表达miRNA为背景,结合目前已知的奶牛乳汁外泌体miRNA,利用Targetscan、miRDB、miRanda、Vesiclepedia、DAVID等生物信息学分析系统及数据库系统,筛选奶牛乳汁外泌体中可能参与奶牛乳房炎抗性的miRNA,并对其序列保守性、候选靶基因及靶基因参与的调控功能通路等进行预测与分析。结果表明,健康奶牛与乳房炎奶牛乳腺组织中存在显著表达差异的miRNA 29个;Vesiclepedia数据库和NCBI检索文献共获得奶牛乳汁外泌体中的miRNA 66个,其中miR-223、miR-125b、miR-378b在两数据中共存,并在人与奶牛及其他哺乳动物之间高度保守。候选靶基因的KEGG功能通路分析显示,MAPK,p53、PI3K-Akt及miRNA的癌症作用、内质网蛋白加工、溶酶体和细胞凋亡等通路均被显著富集。表明外泌体中存在的3个miRNA对奶牛乳房炎发生时的炎症反应及免疫应答均可起重要调控作用,但其具体分子机制仍有待进一步验证。研究结果可为奶牛乳房炎分子辅助选择标记的筛选以及跨物种机体免疫调控的影响因素及作用机制研究提供参考。     

中国北方奶牛金葡菌乳房炎感染现状及耐药性和流行类型研究进展

奶牛乳房炎,尤其是由金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)感染引起的隐性乳房炎是最难以防控的奶牛常见病。近五年来,本课题组对中国北方六个省市九个荷斯坦牛场的生产群高体细胞数(SCC)和低SCC奶牛以及临床乳房炎奶牛进行了十一批次采样,共采集奶样1 112头份,分离出191株金葡菌,所检测牛的平均金葡菌感染率达11.7%,其中生产群奶牛金葡菌感染率为12.4%,临床乳房炎牛为10.8%。对这些金葡菌进行药敏试验以及毒素基因检测,发现氯霉素和阿米卡星对金葡菌有较强抑制性,毒素基因检出率最高者是杀白细胞素基因PVL(70.2%)。依据金葡菌PFGE分型结果绘制中国北部及华东地区奶牛乳源金葡菌的流行图谱。结合国内外相关研究结果,对比分析了国内外奶牛金葡菌乳房炎的感染情况以及金葡菌的耐药性、毒素基因和流行类型,并提出了降低奶牛感染金葡菌乳房炎的相关策略。     

表达序列标签的应用现状及分析方法研究

表达序列标签是由大规模随机挑取的cDNA克隆测序得到的组织或细胞基因组的表达序列标签。1个表达序列标签(EST)代表生物某一时期的某种组织或细胞的1个表达基因。数量迅速增加的表达序列标签已经成为开发分子标记的重要资源。介绍了EST原理、基因表达分析的方法比较、基因测序聚类分析的3个数据库比较及详细方法,表明EST在发现新基因及基因组研究中的应用具有良好的前景。     

东方田鼠肺脏裂解物筛选日本血吸虫成虫噬菌体展示cDNA文库

目的寻找与东方田鼠抗性相关的血吸虫靶基因。方法以东方田鼠肺脏裂解物为探针,亲和淘洗筛选日本血吸虫成虫（44d）噬菌体展示cDNA文库。三轮筛选后．随机挑取76个阳性噬菌体克隆进行序列测定及生物信息学分析。结果共获得了13个有效EST序列,其中8条EST序列与已知基因或表达序列标签同源,5个EST序列与已知基因或表达序列标签均无同源性,为新的表达序列标签。功能预测结果显示．这13个有效EST编码蛋白主要与血吸虫基因表达调控及蛋白质加工修饰相关。结论东方田鼠直接或间接地影响血吸虫基因表达,进而影响血吸虫的发育,可能是东方田鼠具有抗血吸虫特性的一个重要分子机理。     

冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

通过LMT法、乳汁pH检验法和体细胞直接计数等方法相结合,对冀东地区3个大型奶牛场、8个奶牛养殖户选取的1 021头奶牛进行隐性乳房炎流行病学调查与病菌分离鉴定。结果表明,隐性乳房炎发病率为60.63%(619/1021),乳房炎阳性乳样品中细菌分离率达88.21%(546/619)。从543头隐性乳房炎患牛的阳性乳区乳样中分得细菌共4类14种菌82株,其中葡萄球菌36株,占43.90%;链球菌33株,占40.24%;肠杆菌类8株,占9.76%;棒状杆菌5株,占6.10%。冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌。     

奶牛乳房炎抗性研究文献综合分析

奶牛是提供乳汁及各类乳制品的重要畜种,然而全世界25%~68%的奶牛受到不同程度乳房问题的困扰。针对奶牛群乳房健康改良,各国奶牛科学家进行了大量研究。本文首先利用Web of Science网络检索平台,以奶牛(dairy cattle)、乳房炎抗性(mastitis resistance)等为关键词,获得逾60年(1954~2015年)关于奶牛乳房炎抗性的科技文献5 843篇;基于这些文献,进一步利用CitespaceⅡ软件,系统分析了奶牛乳房炎抗性研究的主要领域、热点及前沿,为提高奶牛群乳房健康及乳房炎抗性提供综合全面的信息。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -