Aerobic bacterial culture of used intravenous fluid bags intended for use as urine collection reservoirs

Numerous studies have shown a relationship between indwelling urinary catheters and bacterial urinary tract infection. Some veterinary hospitals utilize stored, used intravenous (IV) fluid bags as part of the urine collection system. The authors cultured 95 such bags to see if they were potential sources of bacterial contamination. Forty-two unused IV bags were emptied of their contents for use as controls. Results indicated no aerobic bacterial growth in either group. The authors conclude that properly stored, used IV bags are unlikely sources of aerobic bacterial contamination when used in a urine collection system.     

Role of Intraocular Leptospira Infections in the Pathogenesis of Equine Recurrent Uveitis in the Southern United States

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) has been linked to leptospirosis in Europe; however, regional differences exist in reports from the United States. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of intraocular leptospiral infections in horses with ERU in the Southern United States. Blood and ocular fluid samples were collected from horses with ERU and normal controls. Leptospira serology was performed using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Aqueous and vitreous humor samples were obtained and submitted for aerobic and Leptospira culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and MAT. Twenty-one control horses (40 eyes) and 31 ERU horses (46 eyes) were available. Serology was available for 48 of 52 horses: 16 of 21 control and 23 of 27 affected horses were positive for at least one serovar; bratislava was the most common serovar identified. Bacillus sp. and Micrococcus sp. were cultured from one control horse's eye; Streptococcus sp. (n = 1) and Leptospira (n = 6) were cultured from the eyes of six ERU horses. Leptospira isolates belonged to serogroup pomona (n = 4) and grippotyphosa (n = 2). Polymerase chain reaction results were positive in 14 of 31 (45%) horses with ERU; no control horses were positive by PCR (P = .0001). Microscopic agglutination test was positive for 17 of 24 ERU horses (71%) and one 21 (4.7%) normal horses (P < .0001). Horses with ERU had a high prevalence of Leptospira infection based on PCR and MAT results from intraocular fluids compared with control horses. The diagnosis of intraocular infections was not aided by serology and required specific invasive sampling of ocular fluid. Leptospira infection should be considered as a cause of ERU in the Southern United States.     

Microbiologic evaluation of canine urine: direct microscopic examination and preservation of specimen quality for culture

Urine specimens were obtained from 115 dogs. Each specimen was divided into 2 aliquots; one aliquot was placed into a sterile container (non-preserved), and the other was preserved in a boric acid-glycerol-sodium formate at 4 C. Both aliquots were then transported to a laboratory, and specimens of each aliquot were bacteriologically cultured immediately upon arrival at the laboratory. Specimens of the preserved aliquot also were cultured after 24, 48, and 72 hours of preservation. In 47 specimens containing greater than or equal to 1 X 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml, the results of quantitative bacteriologic culturing of preserved urine at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours were the same as the result of the immediate quantitative bacteriologic culture of non-preserved urine. In 2 of 5 specimens containing greater than or equal to 1 X 10(3) CFU/ml but less than 1 X 10(4) CFU/ml, the results of quantitative bacteriologic culture of preserved urine differed from the corresponding immediate culture of nonpreserved urine. Bacteria were not isolated from 63 specimens (less than 1 X 10(3) CFU/ml). Bacteriologic cultures of preserved urine were also negative for bacterial growth at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Bacteriuria was detected by direct microscopic examination of gram-stained smears of uncentrifuged urine in 50 of 52 urine specimens from dogs with urinary tract infection. Bacteria were observed in 1 of 63 specimens that did not have bacterial growth when cultured.     

Bacterial colonization of intravenous catheters in young dogs suspected to have parvoviral enteritis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bacterial colonization of IV catheters among young dogs suspected to have parvoviral enteritis, to identify the organisms responsible for catheter colonization, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms that were obtained. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 100 dogs. PROCEDURE: Catheters were aseptically removed when fluid therapy was discontinued, the catheter was replaced, or the dog died. The distal tip of the catheter was cut off, split open, and vortexed with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. The saline solution was plated on culture plates, which were then incubated and examined for bacterial growth every 24 hours for 72 hours. All bacteria cultured were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated from 22 catheters. Most bacteria that were isolated were of gastrointestinal tract or environmental origin (Serratia odorifera, S. liquefaciens, S. marcescens, Acinobacter anitratus, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp). Only 2 gram-positive organisms were isolated (Staphylococcus intermedius and Streptococcus spp). High percentages of organisms were resistant to penicillin, lincomycin, cloxacillin, erythromycin, and cephalexin. Percentages of organisms resistant to amikacin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, potentiated sulfonamides, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were low. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that IV catheters may be colonized with bacteria in 22% of young dogs suspected to have parvovirus infection.     

Failure to establish infection with Tetratrichomonas sp. in the reproductive tracts of heifers and bulls

Experimental infection of the reproductive tracts of heifers and bulls with Tetratrichomonas sp. isolated from preputial smegma of virgin bulls was attempted. Nine heifers and four bulls were challenged by inoculation of 7 x 10(6) Tetratrichomonas sp. into the vaginal lumen and preputial cavity, respectively. Vaginal mucus and preputial smegma samples were collected and cultured for Tetratrichomonas sp. Heifers were slaughtered in groups of three at 2, 9 and 21 days after inoculation. Two heifers and two bulls infected with Tritrichomonas foetus and two uninfected heifers were used as controls for the model infection. Tetratrichomonas sp. were only isolated in vaginal mucus of 7/9 inoculated heifers at 6h post-inoculation, and genital secretions taken at slaughter time from vagina, uterus and oviduct were cultural negative. Bulls challenged with Tetratrichomonas sp. remained cultural negative. Since Tetratrichomonas sp. survived only a few hours in the female genitalia and did not survive in the male genitalia after experimental challenge, Tetratrichomonas sp. did not colonize the genital tract. These were likely trichomonads from the digestive tract. Collection of clean samples without fecal contamination from the reproductive tract is proposed as a measure to avoid Tetratrichomonas sp. transitory genital infection.     

预防犊牛腹泻复合微生态制剂3株菌种的配比优化

试验旨在研究预防犊牛腹泻复合微生态制剂3株菌种的配比优化。通过研究嗜酸乳杆菌、布氏酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌不同浓度人工胃液、人工肠液、牛胆盐的耐受性及其对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌性,确定其生物学特性;以大肠杆菌K99为指示菌,研究3种益生菌不同配比对大肠杆菌K99的抑菌效果,以确定其最佳组合。结果表明:(1)3种益生菌在不同pH人工胃培养条件下都具有较好的耐受性,其中嗜酸乳杆菌、芽孢杆菌在pH为5时,存活率达到了118.75%、142.24%,布氏酵母菌对不同pH均表现成活率达到了100%以上。(2)3种益生菌在人工胃液中9 h存活率较高,与0 h的OD600相比,布氏酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌存活率分别为108.7%、129.73%、96.37%。(3)在含有不同浓度的牛胆盐培养基中,布氏酵母菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌存活率较对照组的存活率最高为60.49%、85.1%、47.42%。(4)3株益生菌按照不同配比在培养12 h后,试验组第2、4、8组较对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05);培养24 h后,试验组第3、4、5、6较对照组差异显著(P<0.05),组间差异不显著(P>0.05);第8个处理组在培养12 h后对大肠杆菌K99的抑菌效果较好。综合分析,3株益生菌对人工胃液、人工肠液、牛胆盐具有较好的耐受性,并具对大肠杆菌K99、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌均有一定的抑菌特性。嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、布氏酵母菌最佳的优化配比为3:3:1。     

Epidemiology of Salmonella derby strains isolated from swine, pork and pork products

A total of 35 Salmonella derby strains, isolated from 6 types of samples of porcine origin from 9 different places in Hungary were examined for their characteristics. Thirty-two strains (91%) were of phage type 25, 2 (6%) of phage type 15 and 1 (3%) of phage type 58. Colicin production was observed in 3 (9%) strains. Five strains (14%) were found to be resistant to tetracycline (Tc). The strains harboured plasmids of 2.2, 2.4, 3.4, 4.2 and 72 Md. The 72 Md plasmid appears to be characteristic of S. derby and possibly encodes Tc resistance. The 72 Md plasmid belonged partly to incompatibility (Inc) group I1, while the other plasmid of the same size belonged to Inc. group B. The findings suggest that healthy salmonella carrier pigs carried the infection from the farm to the abattoir. Slaughtering of infected pigs may have led to contamination of the carcasses and, thereafter, that of the pork and pork products.     

The Use of Ultrasound to Assess the Thrombogenic Properties of Teflon and Polyurethane Catheters for Short-Term Use in Systemically Healthy Horses

The objective of this study was to establish an ultrasound scoring system to assess the degree of fibrin tag and clot formation associated with jugular catheters in horses. A second objective was to test the hypothesis that, in healthy horses undergoing short-term anesthesia, polyurethane (PU) catheters have a different ultrasound score compared with polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) catheters. Twenty-three systemically healthy horses requiring anesthesia were randomly assigned PU or Teflon catheters. The mean catheter dwell time was 5 hours. Ultrasound was used to examine the jugular vein before catheter placement, before catheter removal (mean, 4 hours 45 minutes), and approximately 24 hours after catheter insertion (mean, 24 hours 42 minutes). The repeatability of the ultrasound scoring system was assessed by producing a series of randomly ordered selected still images for independent evaluation by four radiologists on two separate occasions. The interobserver and intraobserver repeatability was determined using a weighted kappa statistic, with substantial intraobserver repeatability mean κ .77 (range, .59–.91) and moderate interobserver repeatability mean κ .53 (range, .33–.67). The proportion of positive bacteriologic cultures in the polyurethane (PU) and Teflon groups was compared using Fisher's exact test, with no significant difference (P > .99) between the two groups. The distribution of the scores from the PU and Teflon groups was compared using the Mann-Whitney test, with no evidence of a difference between groups at the time of catheter removal (P = .23) and 24 hours after catheter insertion (P = .20). Further studies with a larger sample of systemically healthy horses are required to substantiate this preliminary finding.     

生物频谱对家兔胚胎发育影响的初步研究

本文首次研究了周林生物频谱照射对家兔胚胎体外发育的影响，初步探讨了周林生物频谱在胚胎工程中应用的可能性。周林生物频谱分别照射家兔２－细胞胚胎３、５、７、１０、１５、２０、２５分钟，结果照射１０、１５、２０、２５分钟，可使７２小时（从注射ＨＣＧ后算起，即照射后４８小时）桑椹胚发育率显著增加，照射２０和２５分钟可提高７２、８４、９６和１０８小时囊胚发育率，照射１０分钟和１５分钟可提高１０８小时囊胚发育率，照射７、１０、１５、２０和２５分钟可提高９６小时扩张囊胚发育率及１０８小时孵化囊胚发育率。周林生物频谱照射家兔１６－细胞胚胎２０分钟，其６０小时（从注射ＨＣＧ后起，即照射后１２小时）致密桑椹胚发育率与对照比较差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），囊胚、扩张囊胚和孵化囊胚发育率与对照比较无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）     

Effect of replacement of pyruvate/lactate in culture medium with glucose on preimplantation development of porcine embryos in vitro

The effect of glucose supplementation at different times in in vitro culture on the developmental competence of in vitro produced (IVP) porcine embryos was examined. In Experiment 1, when IVP embryos were cultured in modified NCSU-37 supplemented with pyruvate and lactate (IVC-pyr/lac) for 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, or 118 h and subsequently in modified NCSU-37 supplemented with glucose (IVC-glu) until Day 6 (Day 0=day of in vitro fertilization), the rates of blastocyst formation were significantly higher in embryos cultured in IVC-pyr/lac for 24 or 48 h (24.4% and 23.0%, respectively) than in embryos cultured in IVC-pyr/lac for the whole culture period (14.5%). However, there were no significant differences between embryos obtained after the energy source replacement and embryos cultured in IVC-glu for the whole culture period on the rates (15.2%-24.4%, and 16.8% respectively). Replacement of pyruvate/lactate with glucose at 58 h of culture in Experiment 2 significantly enhanced the rate (31.3%) compared to those after replacement at 48 h, 53 h and 63 h of culture (20.6%, 20.8%, and 21.1%, respectively). In conclusion, replacement of pyruvate/lactate with glucose as the energy substrate was optimal at 58 h of culture for the development of porcine embryos to the blastocyst stage.     

林可霉素微球制剂在鹅体内的药代动力学研究

为了解林可霉素微球制剂在动物机体内的药代情况,在鹅体内进行了两种剂型药物的药代动力学比较研究.试验选取健康鹅分为两组,即对照组肌肉注射30％林可霉素水溶液,试验组肌肉注射30％林可霉素微球溶液,0.5 mL/只.选取0～72 h内的不同时间点采集鹅血浆样品,应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对鹅血浆中林可霉素的含量进行检测...     

添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对仔猪生产性能的影响

试验选择16窝8日龄杜长大三元杂交哺乳仔猪,按分娩日期、产仔数相近的原则随机分成4组,每组4窝。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础日粮添加0.01%金霉素,试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组)饲喂基础日粮中添加0.01%、0.05%和0.10%的枯草芽孢杆菌,研究枯草芽孢杆菌对仔猪生产性能的影响。结果表明,饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌的试验猪与金霉素对照组相比,仔猪平均日增重明显提高、腹泻发生率得到降低,枯草芽孢杆菌各组均高于金霉素对照组;枯草芽孢杆菌以0.10%添加为最好,但各组间均差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,枯草芽孢杆菌对提高仔猪生产性能有良好的效果,枯草芽孢杆菌完全能够替代饲料中的金霉素。     

枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长、胴体和鸡肉品质的影响

本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长性能、胴体和鸡肉品质的影响。选用90羽7日龄的肉仔鸡,随机分成3个处理组,每个处理设3个重复。对照1组饲喂基础日粮,对照2组饲喂基础日粮添加0.05%的硫酸新霉素制剂,试验组饲喂基础日粮添加0.1%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂。试验期35d。试验结果表明:试验组肉鸡的末期平均体重、净增重和日增重均比对照1组高,且差异显著(P<0.05),但均比对照2组低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组鸡的平均采食量均略高于两对照组(P>0.05),试验组的饲料转化率较对照1组提高3.14%,比对照2组低1.59%(P>0.05)。试验组肉鸡胴体品质的各项指标与两对照组相比,除了腿肌重和腿肌率有显著差异外(P<0.05),其余各项指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验组鸡肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均高于两对照组。这表明在较高的营养水平条件下添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡生长具有一定的促进作用,对肉鸡胴体和鸡肉品质无不良影响,可增加鸡肉鲜味。     

Induction of Parturition in the Cow using Cloprostenol and Dexamethasone in Combination

Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that induction of parturition in the cow would be more predictable with the simultaneous use of a combination of cloprostenol and dexamethasone than with either hormone used alone.

In experiment I all 19 beef cows treated with 500 μg cloprostenol and 25 mg dexamethasone in combination calved within 72 hours whereas dexamethasone (n = 19) or cloprostenol (n = 16) treatments alone each resulted in two induction failures. In those cows successfully induced, the mean interval from treatment to birth was 34.6 ± 1.4 hours for the cloprostenol plus dexamethasone group, 43.3 ± 2.4 hours for the dexamethasone group and 44.9 ± 2.1 hours for the cloprostenol group. Control cows (n = 15) did not calve during the first 72 hours after treatment with saline. The incidence of retained placenta ranged from 19 to 53% in induced groups whereas placentae were not retained by cows in the control group.

In experiment II all 30 beef cows in the cloprostenol plus dexamethasone group calved within the 72 hour limit, with a mean interval of 39.1 ± 1.0 hours. Twenty-six of 31 cows calved within 72 hours with a mean interval of 51.9 ± 3.4 hours after a single injection of cloprostenol and 29 of 33 cows calved within 72 hours with a mean interval of 52.6 ± 3.3 hours after two injections of cloprostenol, 12 hours apart. Five of 34 control cows calved within 72 hours of time of treatment. The incidence of retained placenta was again high in induced cows. Results indicate that the simultaneous administration of cloprostenol and dexamethasone does constitute a safe, reliable and effective method of inducing parturition in the cow.

     

Bacterial contamination of commercial ear cleaners following routine home use

Ear cleaning solutions are designed for repeated use, which raises the possibility for bacterial contamination leading to recurrent or persistent infectious otitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial contamination of commercial ear cleaners following routine home use in dogs and to describe the characteristics that are associated with contamination. Used ear cleaner bottles and information regarding their use were obtained from canine owners visiting veterinary dermatologists. Both the bottle applicator tips and the solution contents were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Bacterial contamination was present on 10% of the bottle tips and in 2% of the solutions. Isolated bacteria included Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Bacillus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Burkholderia cepacia. The contamination rate was significantly higher on the applicator tips than in the solutions (P = 0.0076). The applicator tip contamination rate was significantly higher in expired samples (17%) than in-date samples (4%; P = 0.0277). The bottle sizes were significantly larger for the samples with contaminated applicator tips compared with noncontaminated tips (P = 0.0455). The contamination rate was significantly higher when Tris-EDTA was an ingredient. Cleanliness of the bottle, contact with the ear canal and infection status of the ear at time of culture had no bearing on the contamination rate. In summary, with routine home use of commercial ear cleaners, pathogenic bacterial contamination is of minor concern. This concern may increase when expired products or larger bottles of ear cleaner are used and when Tris-EDTA is an ingredient.     

Urinary tract infection induced by intermittent urethral catheterization in dogs.

Sterilized and unsterilized catheters were passed into the urinary bladders of 9 clinically normal adult male dogs once daily for 5 consecutive days, and the dogs were examined for up to 30 days to determine whether urinary tract infections developed. Two dogs that were catheterized with clean unsterilized catheters (1 clinically normal dog and 1 dog given immunosuppressant drugs) developed persistent cystitis and pyelonephritis due to infection with Proteus sp. One dog given immunosuppressant drugs developed a mixed bacterial infection (Proteus sp and Escherichia coli) that resolved without treatment between 22 and 30 days later.     

氧化应激对PRRSV致PAM细胞TLR3/NF-κB分子转录的影响

为探讨氧化应激对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)TLR3/NF-κB信号分子转录的影响,体外分离培养PAM,分为对照组、PRRSV感染组、抗氧化剂NAC+PRRSV组,促氧化剂H2O2+RRRSV组。分别在培养6、12、24、48、72h收集细胞,观察各组的细胞病变、real-time PCR检测PRRSV、TLR3、TRIF和NF-κB mRNA转录量的变化。结果显示,PRRSV感染组PRRSV、TLR3、TRIF及NF-κB mRNA的转录量与对照组相比随感染时间的延长显著升高(P0.05),48h达到最大值;NAC处理接毒组各信号分子mRNA的转录量比PRRSV感染组同时间点略低;H_2O_2处理接毒组比PRRSV感染组的略高。结果表明,氧化应激可增强PRRSV致PAM细胞TLR3/NF-κB分子mRNA的转录量,NF-κB的活化可能是PRRSV导致细胞损伤的机制之一。     

Initial experience with the intravenous administration of colloidal carbon to cattle in relation to the incidence of mastitis

The influence was studied of intravenous application of colloid carbon to ten dairy cows of Bohemian Spotted breed in the seventh to eighth months of gravidity, as exerted on the health condition of mammary glands and on milk yield in the subsequent lactation. The cure consisted of three i. v. installations in 72-hour intervals; one dose contained 150 mg carbon in 20 ml of 20% glucose. No adverse by-effects were observed in the course of application and after it. During the subsequent lactation period (nine months) the test cows exhibited a better health condition of mammary glands if compared with the control group (ten dairy cows). In the test group no case was recorded of the clinical form of mastitis while in the control group one case of acute mastitis and two cases of chronic mastitis occurred. S. agalactiae was not isolated at all in the test group while in the control group it was isolated in two cows. S. aureus was also isolated more times (in 32 cases) in the control cows than in the test ones (in 27 cases). A higher average counts of cells in udder-quarter milk samples were found in the test group only at the onset of lactation (from the third month after calving), the average counts of cells over the whole period under study were however lower in the test group (1 380 000 per ml) than in the control group (1 234 000 per ml). The average daily milk yield per cow in the test group exceeded the average milk production in the control group in the period of study. An increase by 1.630 1 as compared with the untreated cow was observed in the average milk yield. It has been demonstrated by the results that by the intravenous instillation of colloid carbon nonspecific natural defensive mechanisms of dairy cows, mainly leucocytes, are stimulated, which enhanced the cell readiness to react to infectious process (mastitis) and overall injury of the organism (sepsis).     

凝结芽孢杆菌制剂对仔猪生长性能的影响

凝结芽孢杆菌除具有一般乳酸菌的维持肠道微生态平衡,刺激免疫,促进动物消化等益生作用外,还具有耐高温、耐酸和耐胆盐等高抗逆性,且具有较强的抑制肠道致病菌能力。选择21日龄仔猪,体重在6 kg左右90头,公母各半,分成三个组,分别为对照组（饲喂教槽料）,试验组1组（饲喂添加0.1%凝结芽孢杆菌制剂）、试验2组（饲喂添加0.2%凝结芽孢杆菌制剂）,每组30头,每组3个重复,试验期为10 d。试验结果表明：试验期间仔猪的毛色状态和精神状态指标较对照组均有所改善,试验组2平均日增重与试验组1和对照组相比差异显著（P＜0.05）,腹泻率和死亡率也有所下降,在添加量为0.2%凝结芽孢杆菌的日粮中效果优于添加量为0.1%的日粮。