南安县域甘薯的土壤养分丰缺指标研究

应用"3414"田间肥料试验设计的试验结果,旨在了解南安甘薯产区的N、P、K肥料施用效果,建立县域土壤的甘薯养分丰缺指标,并通过多元二次肥料效应函数寻求甘薯最高产量和最佳经济施肥量。甘薯施用N、P、K肥增产增效较为显著,其增产增收效果NPKNKP,单位肥料效益PNK。南安县域内甘薯的土壤养分丰缺等级指标划分为3级,即当土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量分别为75 m g/kg、20 m g/kg、65 m g/kg时为低,在75~177 m g/kg、20~40 m g/kg、65~135 m g/kg时为中,177 m g/kg、40 m g/kg、135 m g/kg为高。甘薯推荐施肥量随土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量的提高而减少。全市平均,甘薯最高产量施肥量为N 197.43 kg/hm2,P2O563.84 kg/hm2,K2O 226.32 kg/hm2;最佳经济施肥量N 179.74 kg/hm2,P2O561.10 kg/hm2,K2O 212.50 kg/hm2。     

减氮控磷稳钾施肥对水稻产量及养分积累的影响

氮、 磷用量偏大,钾肥用量不足不仅影响水稻的正常生长发育,而且导致养分利用率偏低。本文通过田间试验,研究减量施用氮、 磷肥,稳定钾肥投入对水稻产量、 养分积累量和肥料利用率的影响。试验设14个处理,每个处理重复2次。结果表明,氮钾、 磷钾、 氮磷钾配施处理的水稻秸秆生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于不施肥处理（P0.05）; 减氮控磷稳钾处理（N 225 kg/hm2、 P2O5 60 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2）与常规施肥处理相比（N 300 kg/hm2、 P2O5 150 kg/hm2、 K2O 60 kg/hm2）能显著增加水稻秸秆生物量（P0.05）,明显提高千粒重和籽粒产量; 试验还得出,减氮控磷稳钾处理分蘖期地上部氮、 钾含量和秸秆氮、 钾含量显著高于常规施肥处理（P0.05）; 收获期地上部氮、 钾的积累量和氮、 磷的表观利用率显著大于常规施肥处理（P0.05）。适当减少氮、 磷用量, 增加钾肥用量能改善氮、 钾营养状况,促进地上部干物质的积累,提高籽粒产量和氮、 磷表观利用率。N 196.2 kg/hm2、 P2O5 46.5 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2的配施方案具有实际推广应用价值。     

新建日光温室土壤养分平衡与累积特性

连续3年定点监测位于黄土高原南部陕西杨凌的10余个新建日光温室栽培蔬菜种类、产量及施肥情况,并在每季作物种植前及收获后测定0~100 cm土壤电导率、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾及0~200 cm土壤硝态氮等理化性质。结果表明,过量施用有机肥及化肥导致新建温室土壤养分大量盈余,前3年土壤氮、磷、钾养分(以N、P2O5、K2O计)表观盈余量之和分别高达3 784、4 097及2 727 kg/hm2。种植前3年有机质、全氮呈线性增加,年均增加量分别为4.25、0.25 g/kg;土壤有效磷、速效钾累积更加突出,种植2年后,耕层有效磷及速效钾已达高或极高水平;随着种植年限的增加,土壤剖面硝态氮累积量显著增加,耕层以下土壤有效磷、速效钾含量也有所增加。说明新建日光温室在种植初期就存在施肥过量问题,由此引发的问题值得关注。     

日光温室土壤养分含量及比例与种植年限的关系

对陕西省泾阳县的日光温室蔬菜施肥情况与土壤养分状况进行了研究。结果表明,泾阳县日光温室氮磷钾养分的纯投入量平均为N·651 kg hm~(-2)、P2O5·485 kg hm~(-2)和K2O·855 kg hm~(-2),养分投入量明显偏高。温室耕层土壤速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钾和水溶性钙与种植年限之间都存在极显著的线性正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.995、0.973、0.973和0.979。种植7年后,硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量分别是农田土壤的1.8、5.1和3.6倍,水溶性钾、钙、镁分别是农田的12.2、4.5和2.6倍。随种植年限的延长,温室土壤K、Ca、Mg三者的比例严重失衡,由养分不合理施用带来的养分损失及可能引起的环境问题值得关注。     

氮磷钾肥料对魔芋产量的影响效应研究

试验结果表明,平均1 kg N素增产鲜芋6.77 kg,平均1 kg K2O增产鲜芋8.0 kg。磷钾配合优于氮磷配合,氮磷钾配合最好。1 hm2施N量216 kg、施K2O 280 kg时,鲜芋产量最高。氮钾配合与磷钾配合都能提高魔芋生产的经济效益,但差于氮磷钾配合。1 hm2配合施用N 122 kg、P2O572 kg、K2O 147 kg的经济效益最佳。种植魔芋后各处理的土壤养分状况发生了重大变化,土壤有机质、碱解氮各处理均降低,施用钾肥较多的处理速效磷和速效钾增加。     

半旱地不同栽培模式及施氮下农田土壤养分表观平衡状况研究

以在陕西关中地区连续7年的夏玉米冬小麦轮作体系定位试验为对象,采用养分投入量与作物养分携出表观平衡法分析了不同栽培模式及施氮量下土壤氮磷钾养分的平衡状况及其与土壤养分含量间的关系。结果表明,两种秸秆覆盖的模式（即覆草模式和垄沟模式）土壤氮磷钾养分的亏缺状况均较常规模式及控水模式低,说明秸秆还田在平衡土壤养分状况方面具有重要作用。当施氮量为每季N 120 kg/hm2时,土壤氮素基本达平衡状况;而施氮量达N 240 kg/hm2时,土壤氮素盈余量显著增加,平均达1471 kg/hm2。不同处理土壤氮平衡值与土壤 02 m剖面累积的硝态氮以及土壤磷、钾的总平衡值与土壤有效磷及速效钾间呈极显著正相关,土壤氮平衡值每增加100 kg/hm2,02 m土壤剖面硝态氮累积量增加约 38.3 kg/hm2;土壤磷、钾的平衡值每降低 100 kg/hm2,土壤有效磷和速效钾含量分别降低约 3.5 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg,说明农田养分平衡盈亏决定了土壤养分的消长规律。     

氮磷提高华北落叶松人工林地土壤养分和酶活性的作用

【目的】采用田间试验,研究外源施用氮、磷肥对处于中龄林的20年华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林地土壤养分和酶活性特征的影响,并对土壤肥力水平进行评价,以筛选出最佳施肥方案。【方法】2012年4月中旬对处于中龄林的20年华北落叶松人工纯林进行外源施用氮、磷肥,在5月到10月中旬采集0—20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤养分和土壤酶含量,分析其在整个生长期内的动态变化,运用主成分分析法筛选出最佳施肥方案。【结果】1)施用氮、磷肥显著增加土壤速效氮和速效磷含量(P0.05),降低土壤速效钾含量和p H值。与对照相比,不同施肥处理速效氮增加幅度为N2PN2N1PN1P,速效磷为N1PPN2PN2N1,而速效钾降低幅度为N2PN1PN2PN1,p H降低幅度为N2PN2PN1PN1。2)施肥后,土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性显著增加(P0.05),过氧化氢酶活性降低。与对照相比,不同施肥处理蔗糖酶增加幅度是N1PN2PN1PN2,磷酸酶是N2PN1N1PN2P,脲酶是N2PN1PN1N2P,而过氧化氢酶降低幅度是N2PN2N1PPN1。3)土壤中养分含量对季节变化的响应非常敏感,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾整体呈先降低后增加的趋势,最小值出现在植物生长旺盛的7、8月份。土壤酶活性变化比较复杂,多数最大值出现在7、8月份。4)施氮肥、磷肥和氮磷配施处理均提高了土壤速效氮和速效磷含量,速效氮由21.56 mg/kg上升到35.77 mg/kg,速效磷由1.86 mg/kg上升到3.73 mg/kg,尤以N1P和N2P配施效果最明显。5)氮肥、磷肥和氮磷配施处理,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均增加,虽然过氧化氢酶活性小幅下降,但总的来说土壤酶活性增强,以N1P和N2P配施效果最为明显。6)主成分分析表明,施肥提高了土壤肥力水平,提高效果表现为N1PN2PPN1N2CK。N1P处理土壤肥力水平增加了1.505,N2P增加了1.405。【结论】施氮、磷肥可显著增加林地土壤养分,增强土壤酶活性,有效改善华北落叶松人工林地土壤肥力状况,缓解氮、磷亏缺导致的林地地力衰退。供试条件下华北落叶松的最佳施肥方案是N 75 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2(N1P),而N 150 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2(N2P)次之。     

露地洋葱施肥、土壤养分及产量状况的分析研究

在农户调查和土壤测试相结合的基础上,分析了山东惠民县露地洋葱土壤养分状况、肥料投入及其对产量和养分平衡的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥农户占总调查户的44%,平均由有机肥带入的氮磷钾养分量分别为N 170kg hm-2、P2O5112 kg hm-2、K2O 223 kg hm-2。化肥氮、磷投入量较高,平均分别为N 458 kg hm-2和P2O5399 kg hm-2,是洋葱氮磷吸收量的4.0和6.0倍,化学钾肥不足(K2O 131 kg hm-2),占洋葱钾吸收量的55%。收获时0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量达到88 kg hm-2,O lsen-P(P)和速效钾(K)平均含量分别为25.5和104 mg kg-1。自春季返青前到收获期间,30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤无机氮含量均有不同程度的提高,土壤氮表观损失量与氮素投入量呈显著直线相关,维持土壤氮素平衡的最大氮素供应量为290 kg hm-2。相关分析表明,无论是氮、钾化肥投入量还是各阶段土壤无机氮、速效钾含量都与洋葱产量无显著相关,而磷肥用量及0~30 cm土壤剖面O lsen-P含量与产量有显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

秸秆覆盖对滨海盐渍土土壤养分的影响

采用小麦秸秆(A)、30cm玉米秸秆(B_1)、50cm玉米秸秆(B_2)、玉米整杆(B_3)、杂草(T)5种不同类型,设计0.3kg/m~2(F_1)、0.6kg/m~2(F_2)、0.9kg/m~2(F_3)、1.2kg/m~2(F_4)4种梯度覆盖量,通过田间试验研究不同秸秆类型与覆盖量组合对滨海盐渍土土壤各养分指标的影响,并进行土壤养分综合评价,筛选较好的处理组合。结果表明:秸秆覆盖1a,A、B_1、B_2、B_3类型处理地块土壤各养分指标在覆盖量为0.6kg/m~2时增加效果较好;T类型处理地块土壤碱解氮含量与有机质含量分别在覆盖量为0.6kg/m~2与0.9kg/m~2时增加效果较好,对土壤速效磷、速效钾含量无显著增加效果。AF_2处理对土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量的提升效果最明显,B_1F_2处理对土壤速效钾含量的提升效果最明显。不同处理均可增加土壤养分,各类秸秆与覆盖量的最佳组合对滨海盐渍土土壤养分提升效果表现出AF_2B_1F_2B_3F_2B_2F_2TF_4的顺序,AF_2处理对土壤养分有较好的提升效果。     

施肥对河西绿洲制种玉米各器官养分吸收及产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的配合施用对制种玉米氮、磷、钾的养分含量、吸收状况及产量的影响。结果表明,施肥对制种玉米干生物量的累积有明显的促进作用,增施氮、磷肥有利于提高制种玉米干物质的累积,当氮肥过量时,干生物量反而有所下降。合理配施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥,促进了养分比例的协调供给,明显增加了制种玉米各器官的养分含量、养分吸收量及养分收获指数。合理配施氮、磷肥能使制种玉米具有明显的增产效果。每生产100 kg玉米籽粒,最高产量氮素、磷素、钾素的吸收量分别为N:2.25 kg,P2O5:0.60 kg和K2O:2.40 kg,植株吸收养分适宜比例(N︰P2O5︰K2O)3.73︰1︰3.97。在制种玉米生产中推荐施肥量为N 360 kg/hm2,P2O5 180 kg/hm2,K2O 90 kg/hm2。     

缺苞箭竹密度对叶片养分动态和养分利用效率的影响

The monthly dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and stocks in leaves, resorption efficiency, and resorption proficiency as well as leaf-level use efficiency, nutrient productivity, and mean residence time were studied to understand the effect of stem density of dwarf bamboo (Fargesia denudata Yi) on leaf-level N and P use efficiency in three dwarf bamboo stands with different stem densities under bamboo-fir (Picea purpurea Mast.) forest over one growing period in the Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Dwarf bamboo density had little effect on the dynamics pattern of both N and P concentrations, stocks, resorption efficiency, and resorption proficiency, but strongly affected their absolute values and leaf-level use efficiency. Higher density stands stored more nutrients but had lower concentrations. There was a clear difference in the resorption of limiting nutrient (N) and non-limiting nutrient (P) among the stands. Phosphorus resorption efficiency, N resorption proficiency, and P resorption proficiency increased with increase of stem density, but no significant variation of N resorption efficiency was found among the stands. Moreover, the higher density stands used both N and P more efficiently with higher N productivity and higher P mean residence time, respectively. Higher P productivity was found in the lower density stands, but there was no clear variation in the N mean residence time among stands. These suggested that the higher density stands may have more efficient strategies for utilizing nutrients, especially those which are limiting.     

Compositional nutrient diagnosis and main nutrient interactions in yellow pepper grown on desert calcareous soils

Mineral‐nutrient stress is one of the main factors limiting crop production, especially in arid lands. The mineral requirement of a crop is difficult to determine, and the interpretation of foliar chemistry composition is not easy. This study was conducted to compute the minimum yield target for fresh fruit of yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and the corresponding Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) as well as to identify significant nutrient interactions of this crop in desert calcareous soils. Preliminary CND norms were developed using a cumulative variance‐ratio function and the chi‐square distribution function. From a small database, we computed means and standard deviations of row‐centered log ratios, V_X, of five nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and a filling value, R, which comprises all nutrients not chemically analyzed and quantified them in 54 foliar samples of the popular yellow pepper cv. ‘Santa Fé’. This cultivar is widely grown in northwest Mexico under arid conditions. These norms are associated to fresh fruit yields higher than 15.04 t ha^–1. Principal‐component analyses, performed using estimated CND nutrient indexes, allowed us to identify four interactions: negative P‐Ca, P‐Mg, and N‐K, and positive Ca‐Mg. Pepper plants growing on calcareous soils tend to take up more Ca and Mg than considered as optimum in other soil conditions.     

System productivity,nutrient use efficiency and apparent nutrient balance in rice-based cropping systems

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to assess system productivity, nutrient use efficiency and apparent balances of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in diversified rice-based cropping systems at Gazipur, Bangladesh. Four cropping systems: wheat–fallow–rice, maize–fallow–rice, potato–fallow–rice and mustard–fallow–rice in main plots and four nutrient combinations: NPK, NK, NP and PK in sub-plots were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Receiving the NPK treatment, all the component crops gave the highest yield, and omission of N from fertilizer package gave the lowest yield. The maize–rice system removed the highest amount of N (217 kg ha^?1), P (41 kg ha^?1) and K (227 kg ha^?1) followed by wheat–rice, potato–rice and the least in mustard–rice system. The wheat–rice and maize–rice system showed negative K balance of –35.5 and –60.4 kg ha^?1 in NPK treatment, while potato–rice system showed a positive K balance of 31.0 kg ha^–1 with NPK treatment. The N, P and K uptake and apparent recovery by the test crops may be used for site-specific nutrient management. The K rates for fertilizer recommendation in wheat and maize in Indo-Gangetic plain need to be revised to take account for the negative K balance in soil.     

最佳养分管理对华北冬小麦养分吸收和利用的影响

针对华北地区小麦施肥过量和不平衡、产量和肥料利用率较低的现象,进行了河南、山东、河北3个小麦主产区最佳养分管理、农民习惯施肥和减素处理对冬小麦产量、养分吸收、利用和经济效益影响的田间试验。结果表明,在山东和河北较高肥力地区,最佳施肥处理(OPT)与农民习惯施肥(FP)处理相比在减少氮肥施用5.4%和43.8%的情况下,分别提高氮肥回收利用率7.7和4.5个百分点;在河南低肥力地区,OPT处理在比FP处理增加10%氮肥施用量的情况下,冬小麦增产12.5%,氮肥回收利用率提高了13.0个百分点。同时,OPT处理钾肥和磷肥的回收利用率也有不同程度的提高。由于地区土壤肥力和养分供应能力变异较大,基于土壤养分测定和目标产量的优化养分管理很有必要且切实可行。     

减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡

【目的】我国化肥过量施用现象普遍,不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续生产。研究化肥减量施用对小麦产量、籽粒灌浆和肥料利用率的影响,可以为我国化肥高效施用和零增长目标提供理论依据。【方法】在四川盆地进行了两个大田试验,以习惯施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 180、120、45 kg/hm2) 为对照,设置减量施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 96、60、45 kg/hm2) 处理,测定了小麦产量及构成、籽粒灌浆、花后干物质转运、旗叶叶绿素含量、养分平衡和肥料利用率。【结果】与习惯施肥相比,减量施肥下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数没有显著变化,小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦千粒重显著提高 5.8%。根据 Logistics 方程拟合结果,减量施肥显著提高了小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦理论最大千粒重,渐增期、缓增期籽粒净增重,对其他灌浆参数影响不显著。减量施肥下小麦干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献率增加 28.5%、17.5% 和 20.7%,但花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降速度加快。习惯施肥和减量施肥土壤氮素盈余分别为 22.6 和 –30.2 kg/hm2,土壤磷盈余分别为 80.4 和 22.8 kg/hm2。减量施肥后氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率比习惯施肥提高 79.2%、69.1% 和 27.9%,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率提高 91.1%、72.7% 和 68.5%。【结论】本试验的两年时间内,减量施肥可以维持小麦产量,促进小麦干物质转运及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献,但花后功能叶衰退加速。减量施肥下肥料利用率提高,土壤磷素盈余降低,土壤氮素亏缺,需要在确保维持小麦产量、土壤肥力和养分平衡的基础上,继续优化减氮量。     

Influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) on nutrient use efficiency,soil fertility and productivity of hybrid rice

A field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 on sandy-loam lateritic soil of Indian subtropics to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) on crop productivity, nutrient use efficiency of applied nutrients and soil fertility in restoring sustainability with hybrid rice cultivation. Application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through mustard oil cake (MOC) or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer recorded significantly higher grain and biomass yields, greater NPK removal and higher partial factor productivity of applied nutrient (PFPN) than those of the crop having 100% RDF, 100% RDN through MOC and 25% RDF + 75% RDN through MOC, which showed very poor performance. The former treatments also improved organic carbon and available NPK contents in soil in spite of greater removal of NPK by the crop. Results of study suggested integrated use of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through MOC or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer for increasing hybrid rice productivity, PFPN and improving soil fertility for sustainability.     

Genetic variation in nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of oil palm

Observations of the vegetative and reproductive biomass produced annually and the mineral element contents have been conducted on diverse oil palm plant materials tested in a genetic test in Indonesia. The results show that the nutrient uptake (for trunk growth, leaf renewal and bunch export) greatly varies (CV = 10% for N uptake and 17% for K uptake) with the origins of the planting materials considered. For equivalent production, the uptake in nutrients of certain plant material may differ very significantly; for the same level of uptake in nutrients, production can vary significantly. This study supports the hypothesis that the optimal nutrient thresholds are intrinsically linked to the plant material. It assumes that some planting materials have different needs and that a fertilizer regime could be adapted to their specific needs without losses in performance. To confirm these assumptions, the need of implementing specific experimental devices with differentiated fertilization regimes is discussed.     

Dry matter production and nutrient accumulation in Crotalaria spectabilis shoots

Among Crotalaria L. species, Crotalaria spectabilis stands out for its good adaptation to various production systems in the Brazilian cerrado, high nutrient cycling, reduction of weeds incidence, and antagonistic action on the nematode population. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize dry matter production and macronutrient accumulation in plant shoots at different growth and development stages. The experimental design consisted of random blocks, with 12 cutting times and 5 repetitions. At each collection, the plants were divided into leaves, stems?+?branches, pods, and seeds, for macronutrient level determination. The stem?+?branches are the primary drain on nutrients during the formation of reproductive structures. Macronutrient concentration in the shoots exhibited the following order: K?>?N>Ca?>?P>Mg?>?S and the order of nutrient export in seeds was N?>?K>P?>?Ca?>?S>Mg. Cutting aimed at nutrient supply to the soil should be conducted before pod formation, and at the end of the cycle for biomass production.     

Soil test reporting a nutrient index system

Abstract

An index system of reporting soil test results is suggested which is not confounded with the requirements of a particular crop but is based on each laboratory's evaluation of the test results in relation to the predicted relative sufficiency of each element in a fertile soil. It is suggested that soil test—fertilizer rate correlation adjustments begin after the fact rather than in a precursory manner to influence the results reported. A 0–100 index is proposed as a self explanatory measure and correlated with general crop response as follows: 0–15, nutrient deficiencies visible; 16–50, nutrient deficiencies obscured but plant response probable; 51–100, adequate nutrients available for most crops; 100+, amounts available in excess of present needs.