蛋形新面管道简明水力计算及其诺谟图

蛋形断面是排水工程中常用管道断面之一，由于该断面底部为半径较小的弧形，在小流量时可以雏持较大的流速，因而可减少淤积，适用于污水流量变化较大的情况。为便于冲洗和清通，蛋形断面底孤直径不宜小于200mm。蛋形断面管道可现场浇制，也可采用玻璃钢或硬聚氯乙烯树脂等预制。随着我国排水工程技术的发展，蛋形断面排水管道在城市排水工程中的应用将会扩大。蛋形断面管道水力计算比较复杂，目前国内的设计手册中尚无蛋形断面管道水力计算图表，为此，用BASIC语言和LISP语言编程，运用CAD技术，编制了本简明水力计算图表。     

马蹄形断面(Ⅲ型)简明水力计算及其诺谟图

马蹄形断面(Ⅲ型)是一种良好的水流断面,在土压力和活荷载较大时,可以更好地分配管壁压力,因而可减少管壁厚度.在污水流量无大变化及管渠直径大于2m时,在给排水工程中采用此种形式的断面较为合适.马蹄形断面(Ⅲ型)水力计算比较复杂繁琐,现行的给排水设计手册中,尚缺乏该断面水力计算图表.为此,用Bas-ic语言和Lisp语言编程,运用AutoCAD技术,编制简明水力计算图表.     

马蹄形断面暗沟(Ⅰ型)简明水力计算图表

马蹄形断面（ Ⅰ型） 是一种良好的水流断面,在给排水及水利、水电工程中被广泛采用。但马蹄形断面（ Ⅰ型） 水力计算比较复杂,为提高计算的速度和精确度,本人用ＢＡＳＩＣ 语言和ＬＩＳＰ语言编程,运用ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ 技术,编制了本简明水力计算图表。     

槽形断面暗沟简明水力计算图表

将原《拱形断面暗沟》水力计算图表进行优化并压缩。其中谢才系数采用曼宁公式计算（ 原为巴甫洛夫斯基公式） ，符合现行《室外排水设计规范》。另外，增加了“水力要素计算表”和“流量流速修正值表”。从而使该水力计算图表更趋完善。     

常用马蹄形断面（I型）水力计算图

在《马蹄形断面暗沟（Ｉ型）简是水力计算图表》的基础上，用ＬＩＳＰ语言编程，运用Ａｕ－ｔｏＣＡＤ技术，编制了一些常用马蹄形断面（Ｉ型）水力计算图，以方便读者直接查阅。     

小型排水明沟水力计算图

小型排水明沟由于造价低，可以就地浇制或砌筑，应用比较广泛。现行的给排水设计手册中，尚缺乏小型排水明沟水力计算图。因此，用LISP语言编程，运用AutoCAD技术，编制一些小型排水明沟水力计算图，以方便读者直接查阅，减少计算工作量。     

常用马蹄形断面(Ⅰ型)水力计算图

在《马蹄形断面暗沟（Ⅰ型）简明水力计算图表》的基础上，用ＬＩＳＰ语言编程，运用Ａｕ－ｔｏＣＡＤ技术，编制了一些常用马蹄形断面（ Ⅰ型）水力计算图，以方便读者直接查阅。     

气力喷播机喷撒图的计算与分析

选择喷播机喷管出口(喷口)质点为研究对象并建模,采用质点速度分析法求出质点的轨迹方程。在给定条件下绘制出喷撒图,并对喷撒图中重叠面积和漏空面积进行理论计算和分析,得到喷撒作业最优化的喷管摆动频次,为喷播机的性能改进设计提供理论依据。     

利用Excel实现批量计算不同比例尺下的标准分幅图幅号

林业上在制作各类森林资源基本信息的标准分幅图时,需要计算每幅图的标准分幅图幅号,在资源调查时,也需要确定某些坐标点所在的分幅图图幅号,如果数据量较大,手工计算起来比较耗费时间。文章通过借助Excel中的函数功能,在Excel工作表中实现大批量计算不同比例尺下的标准分幅图幅号,不需要VBA知识,不需要深入了解Excel功能,只需要编制几个简单函数就能实现批量计算图幅号,简单易行,适合于广大基层工作者。     

机电式水法空气负离子发生器及其应用

利用喷筒效应设计的机电式水法空气负离子发生器,和现有的利用其他原理设计制造的空气负离子发生器相比,具有产生空气负离子浓度大,空气负离子转播距离远,增加空气湿度等特点;利用该空气负离子发生器可以规划设计大型的或较大规模的空气负离子休憩保健区,在医院,疗养院,城市住宅区,公园,学校等场所具有广泛的应用前景。       

气流干燥变径管处流场的积屑现象分析及数值模拟

本对机制生产线中气流干燥管道变径管处积屑现象进行分析，认为变径管处的回流是产生积屑现象的重要原因。建立了变径管处流场的数学模型，对流场进行数值模拟，对流场中影响回流的几个因素进行分析，认为变径管的变径角是影响回流的重要因素，得出消除回流现象的变径角的取值范围。     

红松种子产量预测与计算方法研究

红松作为我国东北地区地带性顶级植物,需求量逐年增大,积极开展种子产量预测工作,加强采种工作的计划性,保证育苗造林工作的需要,生产遗传品质好、产量高的种子,推动红松造林、更新事业的发展。本文通过对红松种子产量预测与计算方法进行研究,为辽东地区优质便利的红松种源提供技术支撑。     

Relationships between the root system size and its hydraulic properties in white spruce seedlings

Seedlings grown under different N supply were examined for relationships between root system size attributes and its hydraulic properties. These relationships were also studied on seedlings of different stock types (grown in different container types). Measurements with root pressure probes were taken at various times after germination, under applied hydrostatic pressure and non-limiting soil moisture. Different N-treatments and stock types were used solely to produce seedling of different sizes, especially root system sizes. Specific root hydraulic conductivity (Lp_r) typically declined with an increasing root system size and correlations between Lp_r and the root system size attributes were often negative. The flow of water through the root system correlated well with root system size attributes only in young (3–4 month old) seedlings but the correlations were inconsistent among different N treatments and stock types. Neither the root system surface area nor dry weight reliably reflected its ability to absorb and conduct water. Generally, the amount of water delivered through the root system and available for transpiration per unit or leaf surface area or unit of leaf dry weight correlated poorly or negatively with the root system size. Practical and scientific implications of the findings are discussed. *Paper presented at Forest Seedling Root Development Conference: From the Nursery to the Field, Eugene, Oregon, May 12–13, 2004.     

Calculation method for sunshine duration in canopy gaps and its application in analyzing gap light regimes

Understory light is essential to the growth and survival of plants, yet the light varies temporally and spatially within forest gaps. Measurement of understory light levels using light sensors is both time and labor intensive. Sunshine duration (SD) has a strong correlation with solar radiation and has been the variable most widely used for estimating solar radiation. The power of SD-based methods for estimating solar radiation lies in its ability to quickly estimate light levels. Although several calculation methods for SD within canopy gaps are available, all the methods oversimplify canopy gaps by classifying them as cylindrical or ellipsoid and thus have a relatively low level of accuracy. In this study we developed a calculation method for SD at any given point within natural canopy gaps and we used SD to estimate solar radiation within 12 canopy gaps on Mt. Taibai in China based on the Angström-Prescott model. We then evaluated the SD-based solar radiation by the total and direct solar radiation derived from a gap light index based on hemispherical photographs (HP). Finally, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of light levels within these 12 gaps by using the solar radiation derived from SD at hundreds of simulated points in each gap. Our results showed that (1) SD-based solar radiation was not statistically different from HP-based direct solar radiation and had a strong linear correlation with HP-based total solar radiation; (2) growing-season daily mean solar radiation within the 12 gaps varied from 0.08 to 13.28 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹ with an average of 4.13 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹; (3) solar radiation had a positive correlation with the ratio of the square root of the canopy gap area to the mean canopy height. This relationship was significant but solar radiation had no correlation with the canopy gap area; (4) among most gaps solar radiation was greatest in May while potential SD was longest in June 2008. From these results we can conclude that the SD-based method for estimating solar radiation developed in this study can quickly and accurately estimate light levels at any specified point within canopy gaps. SD-based solar radiation appears to be a good choice for studies on the spatial-temporal characteristics of gap light levels.     

大断面地下斜井开挖施工技术

大断面地下斜井是引水式电站常有的建筑物，特别是在大装机容量抽水蓄能电站的引水系统中，主要建筑物中都有大断面、高落差，大倾角的地下斜井，该建筑物也是引水系统中施工难度最大，不安全因素最多的部位，其开挖和政施工基本上都在工程建设的关键线路上，现以浙江桐柏抽水蓄能电站引水斜井为例，介绍大断面地下斜并开挖施工技术。     

液压沉拔桩机的特点及应用性能

配方介绍了液压振动沉拔桩机的特点、工作原理、安全控制、主要技术性能和应用工作特性。     

Stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit and its relationship to hydraulic conductance in Pinus palustris

We studied the response of stomatal conductance at leaf (gS) and canopy (GS) scales to increasing vapor pressure deficit (D) in mature Pinus palustris Mill. (longleaf pine) growing in a sandhill habitat in the coastal plain of the southeastern USA. Specifically, we determined if variation in the stomatal response to D was related to variation in hydraulic conductance along the soil-to-leaf pathway (KL) over the course of a growing season. Reductions in KL were associated with a severe growing season drought that significantly reduced soil water content (theta) in the upper 90-cm soil profile. Although KL recovered partially following the drought, it never reached pre-drought values. Stomatal sensitivity to D was well correlated with maximum gS at low D at both leaf and canopy scales, and KL appeared to influence this response by controlling maximum gS. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that stomatal response to D occurs to regulate minimum leaf water potential, and that the sensitivity of this response is related to changes in whole-plant hydraulics.     

Coordinating leaf functional traits with branch hydraulic conductivity: resource substitution and implications for carbon gain

We studied relationships among branch hydraulic conductivity, xylem embolism, stomatal conductance (gs), foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and specific leaf area (SLA) of seven tree species growing at four temperate woodland sites spanning a 464-1350 mm rainfall gradient. Specifically, we examined the question: are gs and foliar N concentration coordinated with branch hydraulic conductivity and, if so, what are the implications for carbon assimilation? Area-based, light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Aa) was uniquely and positively correlated with gs and foliar N concentration. Multiple regression analyses showed that, when variability in SLA was controlled for, the (positive) partial slope for each predictor remained significant. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between gs and foliar N concentration such that, for any given Aa, leaves with a high gs allocated less N to foliage than leaves with a low gs. Foliar N concentration was negatively correlated with branch hydraulic conductivity, whereas gs was positively correlated with branch hydraulic conductivity. These relationships were also significant when variability in leaf area to sapwood area ratio, gs and SLA were controlled for in a multiple regression, suggesting that the relationships were unique and independent of other confounding factors. Trees with low water transport capacity were able to support a high Aa by increasing investment in foliar N. Resource substitution occurred such that there was a trade-off between gs and foliar N in relation to branch hydraulic conductivity. High Aa could be sustained through either a high branch hydraulic conductivity and hence high gs and a low allocation to foliar N, or the effect of a low branch hydraulic conductivity and hence low gs could be offset by a high allocation to foliar N. The results are discussed in relation to mechanisms for minimizing the negative effects of limited water availability on carbon gain.