Suitability of different artificial diets for development and survival of stages of the predaceous ladybird beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriopis connexa</Emphasis>

The ladybug Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important natural enemy of various pests. The potential of rearing it on 17 different diets was evaluated. The percentage of E. connexa adults was higher when its larvae received only eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) after freezing for 1 day (92.5%) or combined in artificial diets with honey and water (82.5% to 100.0%). The viability from larvae to adult was 72.5% with eggs of A. kuehniella (after 1 day’s freezing) plus an artificial diet based on pet food. No adults of E. connexa were obtained with artificial diets as a stand-alone food source. The duration of the larval period to adult of this predator was longer, but with low viability, with only A. kuehniella eggs (after 6 months’ freezing) or with eggs + artificial diets. Eggs of A. kuehniella (after 1 day’s freezing) supplied separately or along with artificial diets were more appropriate to rear E. connexa and both diets can be used for mass rearing of this natural enemy.     

Oviposition behavior and development of immature stages ofParasierola swirskiana, a parasitoid of the lesser date mothBatrachedra amydraula

Parasierola swirskiana Argaman (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a parasitoid of the mothBatrachedra amydraula Meyrick, a pest of unripe fruits of the date palm,Phoenix dactylifera L. The parasitoid is most commonly found in the field on second-generation host ,larvae. Its biological characteristics were studied in the laboratory. Adult longevity averaged 34.9 and 20.5 days for females and males, respectively. Clutch size ranged between 1 and 13 eggs per host, and was positively correlated with host weight. Females laid an average of 60.4 eggs on 11.6 hosts, with a maximum of 152 eggs on 29 hosts in 53 days. Parasitoids were observed standing motionless upon 52% of the paralyzed hosts, and active brood defense was occasionally observed. Immature development is described. Total development time from egg to adult averaged 13.6 days at 26 ± 2°C and 30-50% r.h. The potential for utilizingP. swirskiana for biological control ofB. amydraula is discussed.     

改进米蛾饲养技术的研究

本文报道米蛾饲养技术的一些改进。用大盘直接饲养米蛾比先用小瓶接种再转入大盘饲养,可以增加出蛾数11—24%。每斤饲料接种2000米蛾卵比1500卵增加出蛾数31%。接种后用少量饲料复盖,比不复盖增加出蛾14.5%。在麦麸为主的饲料中加粮食细面10%或粮食细面和大豆粉各5%,饲养米蛾效果良好。出蛾率为56—62%,雌蛾率为54—60%,每雌产卵126-141粒,每斤饲料出蛾846-940头,得卵65000—74000粒,繁殖倍数可达43-49倍。高梁、白薯、王米、小麦的细面,大豆、花生、菜籽和芝麻的油饼,研细过筛,均可加在麦麸中以提高饲料的营养价值。用半量麦麸,半量谷糠、米糠或草木樨粉的饲料饲养米蛾,出蛾量和产卵量均显著降低。饲料的质量可以影响米蛾的出蛾数、性比、产卵数和生长发育速度。虽然从出蛾数可以大体上看出处理间的差别,但每斤饲料养出的成虫所产的卵量是更精确的衡量标准。饲养试验显示,每饲养出一头米蛾成虫,约消耗饲料0.3克。一斤饲料如出蛾800-900头,消耗饲料在50%左右。     

Parasitism and development of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trissolcus simoni</Emphasis> in eggs of different host species

A scelionid egg parasitoid,Trissolcus simoni (Mayr), was investigated by exposing different host eggs to parasitism by females in order to assess the role of this alternative host species in the biological control of the sunn pestEurygaster integriceps Puton. Egg masses of laboratory colonies of four field-collected host species were used in the experiments. Parasitism rates ofE. integriceps, Dolycoris baccarum (L.),Graphosoma lineatum L. andCarpocoris pudicus (Pd.) averaged 86.8%, 81.6%, 82.8% and 84.0%, respectively. The parasitoid sex ratio and the percent of adult emergence did not differ significantly among the four hosts. The average development period was shorter inD. baccarum andC. pudicus, with respective mean times of 10.3 and 10.8 days for females, and 9.2 and 9.6 days for males, than inE. integriceps andG. lineatum. According to these results, all the tested eggs were adequate hosts forT. simoni development. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003.     

Dietary effects upon biological performance and lambda-cyhalothrin susceptibility in the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis

Considered a generalist species among the coccinellids, the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeds upon small arthropods and non-prey plant products, a practice which might enhance its ability to colonize various ecosystems but carries the potential to expose it to prey quality variation and insecticide use. Thus, we examined the effect of four different diets on the development, reproduction, and response to the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin in this species. Three groups of larvae received laboratory-reared diets: (i) eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Ak); (ii) eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Sc); and (iii) eggs of A. kuehniella + S. cerealella at the proportion 1:1; and one group received wild-caught cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Ag). Notwithstanding the generalist feeding behavior of H. axyridis, development and reproduction results were superior with diets of Ag or Ak compared with the diet combining 1:1 Ak + Sc or the diet of Sc eggs only. Furthermore, the Sc diet did not result in satisfactory development and reproduction. Despite this significant variation in biological responses, insecticide susceptibility studies using adults that had been reared on these diets showed no statistically significant differences in susceptibility to the lambda-cyhalothrin.     

大麦虫作为替代寄主和人工饲料繁育花绒寄甲对其繁殖生物学的影响

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides是防治多种蛀干害虫天牛的重要天敌,为了解决人工大量繁育花绒寄甲的技术问题,本文选用大麦虫Zophobas atratus蛹作为繁育花绒寄甲幼虫的替代寄主,利用配置的人工饲料饲喂成虫,在实验室中连续饲养4代花绒寄甲,统计分析所繁育出的每代花绒寄甲成虫的产卵量、产卵前期...     

Parasitism of egg-batches of the cedar processionary moth<Emphasis Type="Italic">Traumatocampa ispartaensis</Emphasis> in Turkey

Studies were carried out on the egg material ofTraumatocampa ispartaensis Doganlar & Avcı (Lep.: Notodontidae) collected onCedrus libani A. Rich. A total of 95 egg-batches were sampled over two annual generations ofTr. ispartaensis. The number of eggs in each egg-batch varied between 39 and 245 and the length of the batches varied between 7 and 36 mm. The mean number of eggs per batch was found to be 119 and 122 in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Based on field data the oviposition period continued from mid August to mid September. The mean hatching rate of the host was found to be 85.8% and 88.9%, whereas the impact of egg parasitoids accounted for 11.3% and 7.4%, respectively in the 2 years.Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet) was observed as the most abundant egg parasitoid, followed byOoencyrtus sp. nearmasii (Mercet) andTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko. Based on the emergence dynamics of the egg parasitoids in the laboratory, it seems thatO. pityocampae emerged mainly in June whereasO. sp. nearmasii andT. brassicae emerged mainly in May. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 3, 2003.     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱MED隐种的田间笼罩控效评价

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati ZolnerowichRose与浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd对其控制效果的影响,在棉田尼龙纱网笼罩中释放烟粉虱之后,再分别单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂、浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者以不同比例组合(1∶1、1∶3、3∶1)释放,定期调查统计2种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生量和烟粉虱的种群动态。结果表明,相对于不放蜂对照,自首次放蜂后40 d开始,所有放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱若虫种群密度,每100 cm~2叶片上均少于1.00头,但各处理间的烟粉虱种群密度无显著差异;海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以3∶1比例组合释放的处理中对烟粉虱的寄生量最高,每100 cm~2棉花叶片上能达到4.25头。表明在棉田中对烟粉虱进行生物防治时,以初级寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂与复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂为3∶1的比例释放,可以到达较好的控制效果。     

The egg parasitoids ofThaumetopoea pityocampa in the atlas Mountains near Marrakech (Morocco)

Studies were performed on 25 egg batches ofThaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) collected onPinus pinaster Ait. on 29. XI. 1995, in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco near Marrakech at 1400-1800 m above sea level. All the egg masses had been deposited in the autumn of 1995 and were exposed to the parasitoids throughout the developmental period of the host. In 1996, the egg batches, kept singly in test tubes, were observed almost daily. Emerged parasitoids were recorded and separated. The final analyses were made in November 1996 based on the meconia and remains of the emerged or the dead parasitoids in the eggs. In all cases, oviposition occurred from the base to the tip of the needles, distances varying up to 62 mm from the base. The mean number of eggs per batch was 175 (range 34-245), the number of egg-rows varied between 6 and 11, and a 1-cm egg-row contained a mean of 9 eggs. Caterpillars hatched from 72. 7% of the eggs; total mortality of the eggs was thus 27. 3%. The impact of egg parasitoids was 21. 4%. Most of the parasitized eggs were attacked byBaryscapus servadeii (Dom.) followed byOoencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet). Males (1. 5%) were found only in B. servadeii. The emergence rate ofO. pityocampae was much higher in the year of host oviposition than in the following year. B. servadeii emerged in equal numbers before and after hibernation, and in the subsequent year in equal numbers in spring and autumn. The high rate of emergence ofB. servadeii in April-May is discussed in relation to the embryonic development ofThaumetopoea bonjeani (Powel) until the end of winter, as an alternative host ofB. servadeii in the Atlas region.     

用正交试验法优选绿盲蝽若虫人工饲料配方

采用10因子3水平正交试验,得出影响绿盲蝽若虫总历期的人工饲料各因子顺序为:鸡蛋啤酒酵母小麦胚大豆卵磷脂、复合维生素卵黄利马豆粉蜂蜜水蔗糖大豆粉;影响绿盲蝽若虫存活率的因子顺序为:鸡蛋啤酒酵母利马豆粉大豆卵磷脂、复合维生素大豆粉蔗糖蜂蜜水小麦胚卵黄。综合两种结果,优选出绿盲蝽若虫人工饲料配方,其成分如下:蔗糖2.8 g、啤酒酵母粉0.25 g、50%蜂蜜水2.5 g、鸡蛋22.5 g、小麦胚10 g、利马豆粉30 g、大豆粉2.5 g、卵黄30 g、大豆卵磷脂1.5 g、复合维生素1.2 g、水164 g。此优化配方饲养绿盲蝽若虫存活率为80.57%,与四季豆饲养的若虫存活率71.13%没有显著差异;若虫总历期为11.80 d,较四季豆饲养的总历期10.4 d延长约1 d。     

Parasitoids Associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mussidia</Emphasis> spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Kenya

The pyralid Mussidia nigrivenella, a pest of cotton, maize and Phaseolus bean in West Africa, has never been reported as a crop pest in East and Southern Africa, although reportedly it exists in the wild. It is hypothesized that the difference in pest status of M. nigrivenella between western and eastern Africa was either due to differences in natural enemy compositions or that there exist several populations and/or species of Mussidia, which vary in their host plant range. Thus, a catalogue of parasitoids of Mussidia spp. was established through surveys in mid-altitude and coastal Kenya, between 2006 and 2007. Mussidia spp. eggs, larvae and pupae were collected from fruits of plants known to host Mussidia spp. and were examined for parasitoid-related mortality. The trichogrammatid Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. lutea was obtained from eggs of Mussidia fiorii. A braconid egg-larval parasitoid, Phanerotoma sp., was reared from the larvae of unknown species of Mussidia (which we are referring to as Mussidia “madagascariensis”, Mussidia “quanzensis”) and M. fiorii, while the bethylid Goniozus sp. and the braconid Apanteles sp. were obtained from Mussidia nr. nigrivenella. Moreover, the ichneumonid larval parasitoid Syzeuctus sp. was obtained from M. fiorii, while the tachinid Leskia sp. was obtained from Mussidia “madagascariensis”. Overall, mortality caused by parasitoids was negligible; hence they were not considered key mortality factors in the population dynamics of the Mussidia spp. in Kenya.     

Reduced consumption of pea protein-treated flour disks by stored-product insects

Consumption of pea (Pisum sativum L.) protein-treated wheat flour by the red flour beetleTribolium castaneum (Herbst.), the rice weevilSitophilus oryzae (L.) and the lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (F.), was significantly reduced compared with wheat flour alone. Consumption was affected when the insects were exposed for 3 days to flour disks containing protein-rich fraction of the ‘Bonneville’ pea variety. Antifeedants present in the pea protein fraction are apparently responsible for the reduced feeding response in these species. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004.     

Attraction ofTrichogramma platneri to eggs of some lepidopterous pests of avocado

The attraction ofTrichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to eggs of two lepidopterous avocado pests,Boarmia sel-enaria (Schiffermüller) (Geometridae) andCryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) (Phycitidae), was evaluated in olfactometer tests. The mobility of the wasp as measured by a mobility index was 0.6 for males and 1.8 for females; the males had a lower mobility and a lower search capacity index than the females. Frozen and fresh youngB. selenaria eggs had the greatest attraction forT. platneri, which diminished with increasing age of the eggs. The eggs ofC. gnidiella were also attractive to the parasitoid. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2704-E, 1989 series.     

采用饲喂法和微注射法评价Cry2Aa蛋白对二化螟盘绒茧蜂的安全性

为评价转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis的安全性,采用饲喂法和微注射法综合评价转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂的影响。结果表明,寄生饲喂转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1的二化螟Chilo suppressalis后,二化螟盘绒茧蜂体内未检出Cry2Aa蛋白,其每茧块茧数、茧长、雄成虫寿命和雌雄比分别为20.00个、2.58 mm、2.34 d和3.10,均显著小于对照,而卵及幼虫的总历期、蛹期、雌成虫寿命、茧质量和成虫质量均与对照差异不显著;寄生微注射Cry2Aa蛋白的二化螟后,除卵及幼虫的总历期和蛹期外,二化螟盘绒茧蜂其他生命表参数和体内过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR）活力均与阳性对照之间差异显著;寄生微注射Cry2Aa蛋白的二化螟后,二化螟盘绒茧蜂所有生命表参数及体内POD、SOD和GR活力均与阴性对照之间无显著差异。表明饲喂法中转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂产生的影响是由寄主介导效应引起的,而非Cry2Aa蛋白本身,因此转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂安全。     

Biological control of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae by seasonal inoculative releases of Diglyphus isaea: simulation of a parasitoid-host system

A deterministic model was developed to simulate population growth of the agromyzid flyLiriomyza bryoniae and the parasitoidDiglyphus isaea. The model has two driving variables, ambient temperature and leaf nitrogen content of the tomato plant. Results of a glasshouse experiment were used to validate the model. The timing of successive generations of leafminers was simulated accurately over four generations. Population growth of leafminers was correctly simulated during the first two generations, but overestimated in the third generation. Mortality of leafminers due to parasitism was overestimated in the first generation after introduction of parasitoids: 73% instead of the observed 30%. A nearly 100% mortality of leafminers was correctly simulated in the second generation after introduction of parasitoids. Sensitivity analysis was performed for three types of variables: (1) driving variables, temperature and leaf nitrogen content; (2) parasitoid traits, searching efficiency and allocation of attacks to host feeding and oviposition, and (3) introduction strategies for biological control, timing, number of releases and number of parasitoids per release. Population growth was sensitive to temperature, leaf nitrogen content, searching efficiency of parasitoids and numbers of parasitoids released.     

Evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungiMetarhizium anisopliae andBeauveria bassiana against the red palm weevilRhynchophorus ferrugineus

The red palm weevil (RPW,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most severe pests of various palm species, including date palms. While examining the susceptibility of RPW to two entomopathogenic fungi,Metarhizium anisopliae andBeauveria bassiana, strains of the former were found to be more virulent than those of the latter, achieving 100% larval mortality within 6–7 days. The most virulent strains ofM. anisopliae were then tested on RPW eggs and adults. Incubation in a substrate treated withM. anisopliae spores increased egg mortality and reduced their hatchability. The total percentage mortality of eggs and hatched larvae was 80–82%, compared with 34% in the controls. RPW adults were challenged with two types of fungal formulation: dry powder and aqueous suspension. Cumulative adult mortality of 100% was achieved in 2–3 weeks for the dry rice-based formulation and in 4–5 weeks for the spore suspension. As a result of decreased longevity, treated females had a shorter oviposition period and three times lower fertility than the controls. Possible strategies for fungus application are discussed in the light of the high susceptibility of eggs and larvae to fungal infection. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 19, 2006.     

Effect of different hosts onThaumetopoea pityocampa populations in northeast Portugal

A study was carried out at the Natural Park of Montesinho, NE Portugal, in order to evaluate the effect of different pine species (Pinus pinaster Ait.,P. nigra Arn. andP. sylvestris L.) onThaumetopoea pityocampa populations. The structure of the egg batches, the impact of the egg parasitoids on natural mortality of the pest and the species of parasitoids present, as well as their emergence dynamics, were analyzed. The length of the egg batches varied among pine species with the longest ones onP. nigra. The mean number of eggs per batch differed betweenP. sylvestris and the two other hosts studied, with fewer eggs per batch on the first. No differences were found in the size of eggs among pine species. The egg mortality varied between 25.8% and 33.0%, with no differences among hosts. Parasitism was the main cause of death.Baryscapus servadeii (Mercet.) was the most abundant parasitoid species, followed byOoencyrtus pityocampae (Dom.) andTrichogramma embryophagum Htg.B. servadeii dominated in the egg batches collected fromP. pinaster andP. nigra, whereasO. pityocampae was most frequent onP. sylvestris. The emergence ofB. servadeii started in the middle of March and continued until August, with the emergence peak at the end of May. The emergence ofO. pityocampae started at the end of April and continued throughout September, with maximum values in June. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 20, 2006.     

A novel use of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) as inoculative agent of baculoviruses

Background

Alphabaculoviruses are Lepidoptera-specific virulent pathogens that infect numerous pests, including the Spodoptera complex. Due to their low environmental persistence, the traditional use of Alphabaculoviruses as bioinsecticides consist in high-rate spray applications with repeated treatments. Several abiotic and biotic factors can foster its dispersion, promoting their persistence in the agroecosystem. Amongst biotic factors, predatory arthropods can disperse the viruses by excretion after preying on infected individuals. Therefore, this study focused on promoting predator's ingestion of nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV)-treated diets, and the later exposition of the insect host to leaf surfaces contaminated with predator excreta. The virus–host–predator system studied was Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV), Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter). The infective potential of N. tenuis feces and the retention time of SpliNPV were assessed under laboratory conditions after feeding on treated diets (sucrose solution and Ephestia kuehniella eggs).

Results

Mortality of S. littoralis larvae was lower via N. tenuis excretion than in positive control (spray application) in the first infection cycle, together with a delay in host death. In the second infection cycle, both SpliNPV-treated diets triggered 100% mortality. Both diets allowed the transmission of SpliNPV, with a faster excretion via sucrose solution compared to E. kuehniella eggs. SpliNPV remained in N. tenuis digestive tract and was viable after excretion at least for 9 days for both diets.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the potential of the predator N. tenuis as inoculative agent of baculoviruses, representing a new alternative that, along with inundative applications, might contribute to improve pest management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂对柞蚕灰卵的寄生选择与适应性

为明确柞蚕Antheraea pernyi灰卵(工厂化繁育赤眼蜂过程中广泛存在的一种感病寄主卵)对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi寄生选择与适应性及其繁育子代蜂寄生能力的影响,以柞蚕灰卵作为供试寄主,健康卵作为对照,在无选择和双向选择条件下研究松毛虫赤眼蜂对其的寄生选择与适应性,并比较灰卵和健康卵繁育的子代蜂对0、1、2、3日龄米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵的寄生能力。结果表明,在无选择条件下,松毛虫赤眼蜂在灰卵上的寄生率、羽化率、单卵出蜂数和总蜂数分别为30.0%、54.1%、39.3头和48.7头,而在健康卵上分别达到96.0%、93.0%、82.5头和96.8头。在双向选择条件下,松毛虫赤眼蜂在灰卵上的寄生率、羽化率、单卵出蜂数和总蜂数分别为33.3%、27.1%、24.7头和52.2头,而在健康卵上分别为68.0%、86.3%、60.6头和74.2头。在无选择和双向选择条件下,松毛虫赤眼蜂在灰卵和健康卵上的发育历期和后代雌性比均不存在显著差异,但灰卵繁育的子代蜂对1、2日龄米蛾卵的寄生数则显著低于健康卵繁育的子代蜂,且后者对米蛾卵的寄生数随着米蛾卵日龄的增加呈逐渐下降趋势,而灰卵繁育的子代蜂对0、3日龄米蛾卵的寄生数要显著高于1、2日龄的。表明柞蚕灰卵会对松毛虫赤眼蜂的寄主选择与适应性以及子代蜂的寄生能力产生不良影响。