河曲丝叶蜂在拉萨的发生规律及防治策略

为明确河曲丝叶蜂Nematus hequensis Xiao在拉萨的发生规律,本研究通过在柳树上进行室外定期、不定期的系统调查和室内饲养相结合,调查研究了河曲丝叶蜂的形态特征、生物学习性和发生规律。经调查研究,河曲丝叶蜂在9月下旬以老熟幼虫在土中结茧越冬,越冬基数170头/m~2;完全变态发育;幼虫共5龄;1～5龄幼虫的体长、体宽分别为(2.0～3.0 mm,1.0 mm)、(7.2 mm,1.1 mm)、(12.0 mm,1.5 mm)、(16.8 mm,2.6 mm)、(24.0 mm,3.4 mm);河曲丝叶蜂在拉萨1年发生1代,每年7月中旬开始化蛹,7月底开始羽化,8月初开始孵化,孵化盛期为8月21日至9月2日,孵化末期为9月12日,为害高峰期为8月下旬至9月上旬。     

前裂长管茧蜂低温储存技术的研究

前裂长管茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead)是桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)及多种其他实蝇害虫幼虫期重要的天敌寄生蜂。本文研究了该蜂低温储存的适宜虫期、温度和时间条件。结果表明,在5℃条件下12日龄的前裂长管茧蜂受低温影响最小,储存3 d后羽化率达94.67%,与对照的95.33%无显著差异;储存6 d后蜂蛹羽化率下降到70.00%,低于对照但高于其他日龄。相同日龄的前裂长管茧蜂随着储存时间的延长,其羽化率逐渐降低,甚至不羽化。为进一步研究冷存对前裂长管茧蜂品质的影响,以储存温度(2、5、8、11和14℃)和储存时间(3、6、9和12 d)为参试因子,对12日龄前裂长管茧蜂冷藏后的羽化率、繁殖子代数、繁殖子代雌蜂数、子代性比、雌蜂寿命、发育历期以及种群趋势指数进行综合分析。结果表明:12日龄的前裂长管茧蜂在8℃下储存3 d,其种群趋势指数为29.32;14℃下储存6 d和9 d的种群趋势指数分别为32.85和27.04,均高于对照的25.16。因此上述组合是前裂长管茧蜂蛹低温储存的适宜条件。     

双齿锤角叶蜂生物学特性及药剂防治

双齿锤角叶蜂（Odontocimbex svenhediniMalaise）是近年发生于甘肃天水刺五加（Acanthopanax senticosus）的一种食叶新害虫,其寄主刺五加是首次报道。该虫1年发生1代,翌年4月上旬越冬预蛹开始化蛹,4月中旬成虫羽化,下旬开始产卵,卵产于叶背面或正面主脉周围叶表皮下,卵期9~11 d;幼虫食叶为害,共5龄,6月上旬至7月中旬为猖獗为害期,6月下旬幼虫开始老熟,老熟幼虫于寄主或周围非寄主植物枝条结茧越夏越冬。5月中下旬3龄前幼虫期,用25%灭幼脲悬浮剂1 500倍液,防效达95%以上。用3%高渗苯氧威乳油或1.8%阿维菌素乳油5 000 倍液,防治3龄后幼虫,防效达92%以上。     

绿柳叶蜂生物学特性及防治

绿柳叶蜂分布在泰山、蒙山，寄主为柳属植物。泰安一年发生2－3代，以老熟幼虫在干基周围10cm深土中结茧越夏、越冬。可采取冬前根际周围堆土坡，保护利用自然天敌和第一代幼虫期喷施敌敌畏、灭扫利等方法进行防治。     

冷藏对不同季节采集的美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂羽化的影响

研究了10％冷藏不同时间对天津地区不同季节采集的美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂自然种群羽化率和羽化进度的影响。结果表明,不同季节发育的寄生蜂对10℃低温的耐受力不同,不同处理的羽化率和羽化进度有较大差异。7月份和9月中旬的寄生蜂随冷藏时间延长,羽化率显著下降;9月底、11月下旬的寄生蜂耐寒力增强,冷藏15～60d处理后羽化率无显著降低。25℃适宜条件下,7月份、9月底的寄生蜂均在20d内羽化,11月下旬、12月的寄生蜂出现羽化延迟,21～40d之间亦有羽化。9月底的寄生蜂冷藏30、45、60d处理,随冷藏时间延长,16～20d羽化比例明显增加,21～25d依次渐增;11月下旬、12月的寄生蜂冷藏处理后羽化进度加快,冷藏60d内随时间延长,10d内羽化比例明显增加。     

宜昌市柑橘大实蝇羽化出土观察初报

2011年～2012年,笔者开展了柑橘大实蝇羽化出土观测.结果表明:宜昌市柑橘大实蝇羽化出土盛期在5月中下旬,羽化历期24d ～ 28d左右,羽化盛期历期7d～15d;羽化出土率40％～90％;同一地区随着海拔升高,羽化出土发生期相应推迟,不同海拔高度羽化率(或蛹死亡率)则差异不明显.     

黑纹粉蝶越冬代和越夏代的羽化对策

多年系统观察了黑纹粉蝶越冬蛹在春季的羽化和越夏蛹在秋季的羽化。结果表明，春季羽化的成虫有一个较密集的羽化期，而秋季羽化的成虫羽化或拉得很长。讨论了这种羽化对策的适应意义。     

松叶蜂病原微生物的研究进展

本文对我国松叶蜂几个危害区幼虫期或茧期的病原进行了调查，统计了松叶蜂类害虫的为害和病原的寄生情况。详细描述了国内外已分离的主要松叶蜂病毒各自超微结构的特征、所属类型、及其一系列研究近况。总结了近年来国内外利用松叶蜂病原微生物防治该类害虫取得的成果、目前所存在的问题。还就我国利用松叶蜂病原防治该虫进行了展望。     

华中黑头三节叶蜂调查研究初报

华中黑头三节叶蜂(Arge huazhongia Wei)是发生在苦水玫瑰上的新害虫,在兰州市一年发生2代,主要以幼虫群集取食玫瑰叶片,雌成虫选择苦水玫瑰健壮的当年生新枝顶部产卵,老熟幼虫在玫瑰根际落叶及虫粪间结茧越冬,次年5月中下旬越冬态成虫羽化.植株受害率达81.4％,当年生新梢受害率30.6％.     

宜昌市柑橘大实蝇羽化出土观察

近几年来,笔者开展了柑橘大实蝇成虫羽化出土观察,结果表明:宜昌市柑橘大实蝇成虫羽化出土盛期在5月中下旬;在成虫羽化出土盛期,成虫以上午(12点以前)时段羽化出土为主,占全天羽化出土数量的85.8%;羽化出土历期22d~26d,羽化盛期历期7d~12d;羽化出土率40.5%~82.5%;雌雄比1.037~1.119:1。以上监测值在不同监测地点和年度间有一定差异。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.