1株NADC30-like重组猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的分离鉴定及遗传变异分析

为研究山东地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)流行病毒株的遗传变异情况,本研究从山东省威海市某疑似猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)发病猪场采集的猪肺脏组织中分离到1株PRRSV,命名为SDwh,并对其进行了全基因组序列测定、遗传演化分析和重组分析.结果显示:该病毒株在Marc-145细胞上生长良好,可见明显细胞病变;全基因组演化分析和同源性比对分析结果显示,SDwh株与美国病毒株NADC30和中国的NADC30-like位于同一分支;与北美病毒株NADC30的同源性最高,为93.1%;与我国分离的NADC30-like病毒株CHsx1401、JL580的同源性分别为91.1%和88.4%;与北美经典病毒株VR2332、中国HP-PRRSV JXA1和HuN4的同源性均为85.3%;与欧洲型病毒株Lelystad-virus(LV)同源性最低,为60.6%.与VR2332相比,Nsp2氨基酸序列比对结果显示,SDwh株存在NADC30-like病毒株典型的131个不连续氨基酸的缺失,同时在584~585位缺失2个氨基酸;GP5氨基酸序列比对结果显示,SDwh在GP5抗原表位上有氨基酸的突变.全基因组重组分析结果显示,SDwh株是一株重组病毒株,为NADC30与JXA1-P80的重组病毒,潜在的重组位点位于Nsp2中(2066 nt).本研究结果为PRRSV流行株的重组、演化分析和防控提供借鉴意义.     

国内部分地区猪场猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的检测及高致病性毒株的分离与毒力鉴定

为了解国内部分地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的流行情况,采用国标RT-PCR方法,对2017至2019年间来自全国14个省(市)的不同规模化猪场的1 441份病料进行了PRRSV检测,并对分离到的高致病性PRRSV(HP-PRRSV)毒株进行了分子特性和致病特性研究。结果表明,猪场PRRSV阳性率为22.14%,其中HP-PRRSV占到了阳性样品的49.84%;筛选部分病料分别接种猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)和Marc-145细胞,成功分离到1株病毒,经电镜观察和间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)鉴定为PRRSV,并命名为RP19。对RP19毒株nsp2和ORF5基因序列分析表明,RP19与高致病性毒株TJ的序列相似度最高,并且其nsp2基因编码区含有特征性的(29+1)个氨基酸缺失。以10^5.0 TCID₅₀/mL的攻毒剂量在5周龄的仔猪上进行动物回归试验。结果显示,与对照组相比,RP19的攻毒组仔猪的日增重显著减少,体温升高,出现咳嗽、身体颤抖以及后肢麻痹等严重的临床症状,且有1头仔猪出现死亡,说明RP19有较强毒力。病理组织学结果显示,病...     

New genomic characteristics of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses do not lead to significant changes in pathogenicity

Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (HP-PRRS) initially emerged in China and currently prevails in other Asian countries as well, resulting in immense economic losses. HP-PRRS virus (HP-PRRSV) has undergone rapid evolution since its first recognition in 2006. To analyze the genomic and pathogenic characteristics of 2010 HP-PRRSV, we tested 919 clinical samples collected from China, Laos and Vietnam, sequenced 29 complete genomes of HP-PRRSV isolates, and determined the pathogenicity of seven HP-PRRS viruses isolated from 2006 to 2010. HP-PRRSV was detected from 45.2% (415/919) samples, while only 0.1% (1/919) was classical PRRSV, indicating that HP-PRRSV isolates with a unique discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids (aa) in non-structural protein 2 (Nsp2) are still the predominant viruses. 2010 HP-PRRSV together with 2009 HP-PRRSV isolates form a new evolutionary branch based on phylogenetic analyses. The numbers of potential N-glycosylation sites are variable in major glycoprotein GP5 but are conserved in minor glycoproteins GP2, GP3 and GP4. Pathogenicity studies showed that HP-PRRS viruses isolated from 2006 to 2010 maintain similar level of high pathogenicity, which caused high fever (>41°C for at least four days), 100% morbidity, and 40-100% mortality in 4-10 weeks old pigs. Real time monitoring information from this study could help to understand the genetic and pathogenic evolution of HP-PRRSV and assist in the control of HP-PRRS in Asia.     

The epidemic status and genetic diversity of 14 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) isolates from China in 2009

A high-mortality swine disease, the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (HP-PRRS), reappeared in some regions of China in 2009. To explore the possible mechanisms underlying the emergence of HP-PRRSV and more fully understand the extent of the genetic diversity of this virus in China, the complete genome of 14 isolates from 10 provinces in China from 2009 were analyzed. Full-length genome sequencing analysis showed that the 14 isolates were closely related to HP-PRRSV, with 98.0-98.9% nucleotide similarity, although 2 of the 14 strains exhibited a new, discontinuous 29-amino acid deletion in the Nsp2 gene. Furthermore, amino acid analysis of the GP5 protein indicated that the 14 isolates had a concurrent mutation in a decoy epitope and different mutations in glycosylation sites. Additionally, the antigenic drift in GP3 and a 1-nucleotide deletion in both the 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR, which are found in almost all highly pathogenic Chinese PRRSV isolates, were examined in all 14 isolates. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the 14 strains belonged to the North American genotype and were clustered in a subgroup with other HP-PRRSV isolates that have been found in China since 2006. However, compared with other Chinese HP-PRRSV isolates collected in 2006-2008, the phylogenetic tree showed that the 14 isolates had a closer relationship with each other. These results indicated that HP-PRRSV remained an extensive pandemic, affecting swine farms in China in 2009 and revealed new genetic diversity.     

生物反应器中PRRSV TJM株在Marc-145细胞上最佳增殖条件研究

为了在Marc-145细胞上获得更高滴度的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)TJM株,对细胞培养条件、细胞接种量、微载体的用量以及病毒培养时间等条件进行了优化。结果表明,利用生物反应器悬浮培养Marc-145细胞在血清为金源康且含量为10%、培养基为DMEM、细胞接种密度为20~30细胞/球、微载体为5 g等条件下生长状态最好;病毒最佳培养时间为27~36 h,病毒增殖效果好且能够达到最高的病毒滴度。本试验为微载体培养条件下大规模生产PRRSV-TJM株疫苗奠定了一定理论基础。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GZZJ201711株全基因组序列分析

为了解贵州省毕节地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)基因变异情况,于2017年从贵州毕节地区某疑似感染PRRSV猪群分离到1株PRRSV,将其命名为GZZJ201711毒株。采用RT-PCR分段扩增出PRRSV GZZJ201711株13个基因片段,分别连接到pMD19-T载体上进行测序,拼接后得到PRRSV GZZJ201711株全基因组长15 322 bp (去除polyA尾),包括5’UTR、ORFla-ORF7、3’UTR。序列分析表明,GZZJ201711株与欧洲型Lelystad virus(LV)株核苷酸同源性为60.3%,与美洲型毒株代表株ATCC VR-2332核苷酸同源性为89.2%,与HP-PRRSV(HUN4、JXA1、TJ)等毒株同源性在98.8%~98.9%之间。GZZJ201711株与高致病性毒株JXA1、HUN4、TJ属于同一小分支,其中与XJu-1、GDHY毒株遗传关系最近。GZZJ201711毒株的NSP2基因有30个氨基酸缺失,与JXA1、HUN4、TJ等HP-PRRSV毒株缺失位置一致。     

PRRSV广西分离株GXYL-1403全基因克隆与序列分析

对本实验室所分离的1株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)毒株GXYL-1403进行全基因组克隆和序列分析。参考已发表的扩增全长PRRSV序列的13对特异性引物,用RT-PCR方法对病毒基因组进行分段扩增。将扩增得到的PCR片段克隆到pMD18-T载体上,获得的重组质粒经PCR鉴定后进行序列测定。通过软件对所扩增序列进行拼接,获得GXYL-1403的全长序列,并对GXYL-1403进行比较和遗传进化分析。结果表明GXYL1403株基因序列全长为15 018bp,与国内外多株PRRSV毒株进行同源性比较发现,与VR-2332的相似性为89.1%,与TJ、JXA1、HEB1、HUB1、HUB2、TP株同源性达到了97.9%~98.1%。另外,GXYL-1403分离株nsp2蛋白含有高致病性PRRSV特异的1+29个氨基酸的缺失。特别重要的是,在缺失29个氨基酸区域的上游,含有连续20个氨基酸缺失,在下游出现了连续74个氨基酸的缺失。遗传进化分析发现美洲型PRRSV主要分为3个亚群,GXYL-1403跟高致病性PRRSV毒株属于同一分支,证实了GXYL-1403株为美洲型PRRSV毒株。     

表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白重组猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒的研究

为构建表达猪瘟病毒(CSFV)E2蛋白重组猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒(PRRSV),本研究首先利用高致病性PRRSV弱毒疫苗HuN4-F112株的感染性分子克隆作为平台,构建了一个在nsp2区有缺失的感染性分子克隆,命名为pHuN4-F112-△480-620。以pHuN4-F112-△480-620作为载体,采用突变PCR的方法将CSFV的主要保护性抗原E2基因1 bp～9 99 bp,1 bp～600 bp,1 bp～330 bp及256 bp～330 bp基因片段分别插到nsp2中aa 480～aa 620位氨基酸缺失编码区域。结果显示,插入完整E2基因或较大E2基因片段的重组PRRSV cDNA质粒均未能拯救出病毒,只有插入较小的E2基因片段(256 bp～330 bp)的重组病毒cDNA质粒成功地拯救出了重组病毒rPRRSV-F112-E2(256-330),拯救的病毒能够在MARC-145细胞上引起明显的细胞病变,而且生长速度明显高于其亲本病毒,间接荧光检测表明该重组病毒能够表达外源基因。     

云南香猪PRRSV分离株ORF7基因遗传变异分析

为了解2014年云南省香猪群体中猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的流行特征,将疑似猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)病例肺脏和淋巴结研磨处理后接种Marc-145细胞进行盲传,传至第2代48 h时出现2株病毒致Marc-145 细胞聚集融合、巨细胞等病毒致细胞病变(CPE)效应现象,将其命名为YN-2XZ1和YN-3X...     

两株猪繁殖与呼吸征病毒的分离鉴定及遗传变异分析

从广东省发病猪场采集的组织和血清中分离到两株PRRSV,病料经RT-PCR检测为阳性,通过Marc-145细胞进行传代,可产生明显细胞病变,通过间接免疫荧光可检测到荧光信号,两株病毒分别命名为ZH-GD株和ZS-GD株。对两株病毒的ORF5和Nsp2高变区进行序列测定和分析,结果表明,PRRSV ZH-GD株和ZS-GD株的核苷酸序列与欧洲型代表株LV株间的相似性相对较远,与美洲株经典毒株VR-2332间的相似性分别为88.6%和88.1%,与中国经典美洲毒株CH-1a间的相似性分别为94.4%和93.0%。在Nsp2上有30个氨基酸的缺失,与JXA1、XH-GD等高致病性变异株的Nsp2缺失位置一致。分离的两株PRRSV均属于美洲型的变异株PRRSV。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒云南株的分离鉴定及其ORF5基因遗传特性分析

用Marc145细胞从云南某猪场分离到两株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV),将其命名为YN-1和YN-2。分离株在Marc145细胞上盲传4代后出现明显的细胞病变,其滴度为10^-3.6/0.1 mL。PCR方法对NSP2基因进行扩增结果表明,分离株缺失了90个核苷酸缺失,NSP2基因符合强毒特征。对分离株ORF5基因序列进行扩增和测序,进行同源性及遗传特性分析,结果表明,分离到的两株PRRSV位于进化树的同一个小分支上,其核苷酸同源性为99.5%,与山东株JN-HS、河南株Henan-1及越南株347-T-KSA位于同一个小分支上,其遗传距离较近,核苷酸同源性高达99.2%~99.8%,与国内经典毒株Ch-1a和VR-2332的核苷酸同源性仅为94.4%~94.5%,与国内其它强毒株的核苷酸同源性高达98%~99%,均属于强毒株。     

口蹄疫、猪瘟、高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征3种疫苗同步两点免疫的田间应用试验

为探索农村散养猪口蹄疫（foot-and-mouth disease,FMD）、猪瘟（classical swine fever,CSF）、高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,HP-PRRS））疫苗的最佳免疫程序,在2个镇开展田间免疫试验,A镇采用"332法"免疫程序,即先用FMD和CSF疫苗同时在颈部分两侧注射,间隔14 d后再用HP-PRRS疫苗注射;B镇采用"321法"免疫程序,即将CSF和HP-PRRS疫苗混合后作一针在颈部一侧注射,FMD疫苗作一针在颈部另一侧注射。应用ELISA方法检测FMDV、CSFV和HP-PRRSV抗体,应用RT-PCR方法检测FMDV、CSFV和HP-PRRSV病原;统计、分析生猪免疫密度、免疫副反应率、生猪死淘率、散养猪抗体阳性率、屠宰猪抗体阳性率、死淘猪病原阳性率、屠宰猪病原阳性率等指标。结果显示,应用"321法"的B镇与应用"332法"的A镇相比,其HP-PRRS免疫密度、散养猪CSFV和HP-PRRSV抗体阳性率、屠宰猪HP-PRRSV抗体阳性率均显著增加（P<0.05）,散养猪死淘率、HP-PRRSV阳性率均显著下降（P<0.05）,而其他主要考核指标则差异不显著（P>0.05）。以上结果表明,应用"321法"免疫程序的免疫效果优于"332法",值得在临床推广应用。     

PRRS流行毒株与减毒活疫苗TJM F92株qPCR区分方法的建立与应用

 
为快速准确区分PRRS流行毒株与减毒活疫苗TJM F92株以及对流行毒株进行定量检测,按GenBank中发表的美洲型PRRSV SX 1分离株、弱毒疫苗株NSP2基因缺失部位的不同设计了一对特异性引物,通过RT PCR和体外转录的方法,构建了体外转录RNA作为标准品,并对反应条件和反应体系进行优化,旨在建立一种敏感性高、特异性强、重复性和稳定性良好的qPCR鉴别方法。结果表明,该方法最低能检测出1.0×101拷贝/μL的模板,敏感性比常规PCR高100倍;应用该方法对218份临床样本进行鉴别与定量,qPCR检出率较常规RT PCR高12.9个百分点。研究表明,qPCR鉴别方法的建立实现了对PRRS流行毒株与疫苗毒株的快速区分以及对流行毒株的定量检测,为PRRS的快速诊断提供了依据。     

Application Experiment in the Field of FMD,CSF and HP-PRRS Vaccines Simultaneously Vaccinated at Two Different Sites

In order to explore the optimal immune procedure of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever (CSF) and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (HP-PRRS) vaccines in backyard pigs in rural areas, field immune experiment was carried out in two towns. Town A used "332" immune procedure, namely, FMD vaccine and CSF vaccine were simultaneously injected at different sides of the neck, and HP-PRRS vaccine was injected 14 days later. Town B used "321" immune procedure, namely, HP-PRRS vaccine and CSF vaccine were mixed together and injected in one side of the neck, and FMD vaccine was injected in the other side of the neck. FMD, CSF and HP-PRRS antibodies were detected by ELISA, and FMDV, CSFV and HP-PRRSV were detected by RT-PCR. The assessment indexes, including the immune density, immune side-reaction rate, death rate of pigs, positive rate of antibody of backyard pigs, positive rate of antibody of slaughter pigs, positive rate of pathogen of backyard pigs, positive rate of pathogen of slaughter pigs and so on, were collected and analyzed. The results showed that, compared with town A used "332" immune procedure, the HP-PRRS immune density, the positive rate of CSF and HP-PRRS antibody of backyard pigs, the positive rate of HP-PRRS antibody of slaughter pigs were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the death rate and the positive rate of HP-PRRSV of slaughter pigs were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in town B used "321" immune procedure. The other major assessment indexes had no significant difference (P>0.05). The results indicated that the immune efficacy of "321" immune procedure was better than that of "332", and it was worthy to be applied in clinical practice.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒湖南分离株ORF5基因的遗传进化分析

为了解猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）在湖南省地方猪保种场的感染情况,本研究在2019－2020年间从湖南省2个地方猪保种场采集287份全血样品。首先将血样混合成41份,采用RT-PCR或PCR法进行PRRSV病原检测,进一步通过高保真PCR扩增从PRRSV阳性样品中扩增PRRSV ORF5基因;测序后利用DNAStar软件分析获得的ORF5基因及其编码的GP5氨基酸与国内外不同PRRSV毒株的遗传进化关系;最后用PRRSV阳性血清接种Marc-145细胞,经盲传分离毒株,并用Reed-Muench法测定病毒滴度。结果显示,检测的41份混样中有3份PRRSV病原核酸呈阳性;从PRRSV阳性混样中单独扩增获得6条PRRSV ORF5基因序列,均属于PRRSV-2型的lineage 8分支,相似性为99.2%~99.8%;6条ORF5基因编码的GP5蛋白氨基酸序列在信号肽区域（第23位）、潜在的N-糖基化位点（第33位）和表位C （第59位）存在差异;PRRSV阳性血清接种Marc-145细胞盲传5代后出现明显的细胞病变,获得1株PRRSV毒株,命名为NX-1,病毒TCID₅₀为4×10⁵/mL。本研究表明,湖南省地方猪保种场存在PRRSV感染,感染的PRRSV属于PRRSV-2型的lineage 8,其GP5氨基酸序列存在的多处变异可能是造成疫苗免疫失败的原因之一,以上结果可为湖南省地方猪保种场的免疫防控提供一定参考。     

杂交野猪猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分离及其ORF6、ORF7基因的序列分析

试验旨在研究杂交野猪猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV) 辽宁分离株的遗传变异情况及分子生物学特征.用Marc-145细胞从辽宁某杂交野猪场疑似猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, PRRS)病猪血液中分离到1株病毒,该分离毒株经Marc-145细胞6次传代后出现稳定的细胞病变,采用RT-PCR方法对分离病毒进行ORF6和ORF7基因的扩增、克隆和测序,并与已知序列毒株的相应片段进行同源性比对.结果表明,分离毒株的ORF6、ORF7基因与国内外美洲型毒株的核苷酸同源性分别为96.0%～100.0%、94.5%～99.4%;氨基酸同源性分别为89.6%～100.0%、87.3%～98.7%;与欧洲型代表毒株LV的ORF6、ORF7基因差异较大,核苷酸同源性分别为70.4%、70.1%,氨基酸同源性分别为48.8%、49.7%.推测辽宁杂交野猪体内分离毒株在基因型上属于美洲型毒株.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白分段表达及其生物学功能的鉴定

为进一步研究PRRSV GP5蛋白的生物学功能,本研究将已分离的PRRSV北美洲型野毒株TA-12的GP5基因分为4段(79 bp～207bp、133bp～330bp、229bp～492bp和382bp～603bp)分别克隆于pGEX-6p-1中,并转化E.coli BL21(Rosetta)细胞进行诱导表达.表达蛋白经纯化后,以间接荧光方法(IFA)检测它们与Marc-145细胞的相互作用.IFA检测结果表明GST-GP5-1和GST-GP5-2融合蛋白均能够与Marc-145细胞结合,而且其结合位点在27aa～110aa区域.本实验为进一步研究GP5蛋白生物学功能提供试验依据.     

An attenuated live vaccine based on highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) protects piglets against HP-PRRS

Porcine infections with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) cause significant morbidity and mortality and currently there are no effective vaccines for disease prevention. An attenuated strain, HuN4-F112, was obtained by passaging the HP-PRRSV HuN4 on Marc-145 cells (112th-passage). PRRSV-free pigs were inoculated intramuscularly with HuN4-F112 (10^2.0, 10^3.0, 10^4.0, 10^5.0 and 10^6.0 TCID₅₀ for groups 1–5, respectively). The groups 3–5 could resist the lethal challenge and did not show any obvious changes in body temperature nor clinical signs throughout the experiment, the pathological lesions were milder and the gained weight at a greater rate (P < 0.05), compared to group 1 and control. Sequence analysis of the HuN4 passages showed a conserved epitope in GP5 protein was mutated (¹⁹⁶QWGRL/P²⁰⁰ → ¹⁹⁶RWGRL/P²⁰⁰), as a result the monoclonal antibody could not recognize the HuN4-F112 any more. These results suggested that the HuN4-F112 could protect piglets from lethal challenge and might be a candidate vaccine against the HP-PRRSV.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒HB-3株GP5-M-N蛋白核酸疫苗的构建及免疫原性

为探索猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）核酸疫苗用于免疫预防的可行性,试验用PCR方法扩增出PRRSVHB-3株GP5、M和N基因,通过I,inker序列将GP5和M串联为GP5-M,双酶切后和N基因-起插入真核表达载体构建重组质粒pcDNA-GP5-M-N,经酶切鉴定表明GP5、M和N基因和载体连接正确。然后将重组质粒转染至Marc-145细胞,经间接免疫荧光及Western blot分析证实重组蛋白能在Marc-145细胞中表达。然后用重组质粒pcDNA-GP5-MN免疫Balb／c小鼠,中和抗体检测结果表明,首免后2周即有小鼠产生可检测到的病毒中和抗体（1：4）,随后抗体水平快速升高,第8周抗体效价达到最高（1：32）。说明本试验构建的重组质粒pcDNA-GP5-M-N能诱发免疫小鼠产生较高水平的中和抗体,为PRRSV核酸疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

Diagnosis of a Large Number of Death Cases of Newborn Piglets and Isolation and Identification of HP-PRRSV

The assay was aimed to provide theoretical references for the prevention and control of newborn piglet epidemic diarrhea which was characteristic of high morbidity and mortality.An outbreak of newborn piglet epidemic featuring diarrhea,emesis and lassitude was reported in January 2013 in a large-scale pig farm in Yulin,Guangxi province.The morbidity and mortality in the epidemic were 80% and 80% to 100%,respectively.To identify the causes,ten samples of small intestines,spleens,lungs and lymph glands were collected for the bacterial isolation,PCR,virus isolation,determination of TCID₅₀,gene sequencing and analysis.The detection results showed that PEDV and PRRSV were positive while those of CSFV,PRV,TGEV and PRoV were negative.No pathogenic bacteria were isolated.Clone and sequence results of ORF7 and Nsp2 genes of the isolate indicated that the isolate was an American PRRSV,with ORF7 of 372 bp (123 amino acids) and Nsp2 of 2 850 bp (950 amino acids).There was a discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids of Nsp2 gene at sites 481 and 532 to 560,which was consistent with Nsp2 of highly pathogenic PRRSV JXA1,so the isolate could be determined as a HP-PRRSV strain.48 h after Marc-145 cells being inoculated by pathological sample,the typical CPE of PRRSV appeared,and TCID₅₀ of PRRSV isolate was 10^-5.75/0.1 mL.The newborn piglet epidemic diarrhea was caused by PEDV infection and HP-PRRSV subsequent infection.