东北三省大豆品种（系）对大豆根腐镰孢菌的抗性分析

用茄镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)和尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)强毒力菌株对408份大豆品种（系）进行抗性鉴定,结果表明东北三省大豆存在大量抗优势致病镰孢菌F. solani和F. oxysporum的资源。黑龙江的357份大豆品种（系）中抗F. solani的占39.03%,抗F. oxysporum的占62.37%。吉林的27份主栽大豆品种中抗F. solani的占23.46%,抗F. oxysporum的占46.91%。辽宁的24份主栽大豆品种中抗F. solani的占25.00%,抗F. oxysporum的占61.11%。黑龙江的菽锦05-SH、黑农65、D09-005、D09-072和 D09-077对来自不同地区的强毒力F. solani和F. oxysporum均表现抗病。来自不同省份的F. solani和F. oxysporum菌株对同一个大豆品种（系）的毒力存在差异,因此在鉴定品种抗病性时应尽量选用当地的镰孢菌株。同时用8种大豆根腐镰孢菌（Fusarium spp.）强毒力和弱毒力菌株接种东北地区的10个主栽大豆品种,在所产生的160个互作中,抗病互作占74.38%,表明主栽大豆品种对镰孢菌根腐病普遍存在抗性。其中绥农28和丹豆13对弱毒力燕麦镰孢菌(Fusarium avenaceum)、黑农44和东农2037对弱毒力尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)表现免疫;不存在对所有8种大豆根腐镰孢菌均表现抗病和均表现感病的大豆品种。依据抗病互作所占比例和平均病情指数,10个主栽大豆品种对8种镰孢菌的总体抗性频率由高到低依次为：九农28、吉育35、绥农28、铁豆44、黑农44、丹豆13、垦丰16、东农2037、辽豆17、合丰55。主栽大豆品种对同种镰孢菌的强毒力和弱毒力菌株抗感表现一致的占71.25%,因而在鉴定品种抗病性时可以不考虑镰孢菌菌株的毒力强弱。     

茶丽纹象甲白僵菌广东分离株的鉴定及生物学特性研究

通过形态学鉴定和rDNA-ITS序列分析,明确了从广东英德茶园中采集到的一株寄生茶丽纹象甲的白僵菌为球孢白僵菌,并命名为Bb1-1。为明确该菌株的生防潜力,以本实验室保存的2株茶丽纹象甲高毒力球孢白僵菌菌株（XJBb3005和XJBb3008）为参考菌,研究了菌株Bb1-1的生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率、耐热力和抗紫外能力等生物学特性,并测定了该菌株在25℃、29℃和32℃下对茶丽纹象甲的毒力。结果表明,3个菌株的生长速率、孢子萌发率和抗紫外能力没有明显的差异;3个菌株产孢量大小顺序为XJBb3005>Bb1-1>XJBb3008;但Bb1-1具有最强的耐热力。在25℃下,3个菌株对茶丽纹象甲成虫的累积校正死亡率之间差异不显著,都超过93.94%;但在高温（29℃和32℃）下,菌株Bb1-1对茶丽纹象甲的杀虫毒力优于两个参考菌株,处理7βd累计校正死亡率分别为90.91%和80%,LT₅₀分别为3.83βd和5.28βd。鉴于菌株Bb1-1耐热力较强,且在高温下对茶丽纹象甲成虫具有较好的杀虫毒力,将在今后该虫的生物防治中发挥重要的作用。     

球孢白僵菌生物学性状与对玉米螟毒力相关性分析

球孢白僵菌的生物学性状与对靶标害虫的毒力具有显著相关性,对球孢白僵菌高毒力菌株的初步筛选具有重要意义.鉴定随机分离自亚洲玉米螟幼虫僵虫的10个球孢白僵菌菌株,对其进行产孢量、孢子萌发率、菌落生长速度以及对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的毒力测定.结果表明,不同菌株的生物学特性和毒力均呈现显著差异.在此基础上,分别进行不同菌株生物学性状...     

甘蔗赤腐病菌对碳、氮源的利用及其室内毒力测定

选择来自海南岛不同蔗区的4个甘蔗赤腐病菌的有效单孢菌株用于毒力测定,并对其代表菌株的碳、氮利用特性进行了研究。结果表明,综合赤腐病菌生长速度及其长势2个指标而言,其最适碳源是D-木糖,氮源则是硝酸钠。此外,毒力测定结果表明,6种常用药剂对4株赤腐病菌的生长有不同程度的影响。其中,多菌灵、正品甲津托、福美双和丙环唑对甘蔗赤腐病菌毒力较强,相比之下,百菌清和代森锰锌两种药剂效果较差。     

紫外线对大豆疫霉菌的诱导变异作用

为明确紫外线对大豆疫霉菌的诱导突变作用,研究了紫外线诱变的突变菌株的菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、菌丝形态、卵孢子形态、产孢能力、同宗配合能力、致病力和抗药性的变异情况.结果表明,大豆疫霉菌突变菌株菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、菌丝和卵孢子形态以及同宗配合能力都发生显著变异,游动孢子产孢量和致病性明显降低.虽未发现对甲霜灵产生抗性的突变菌株,但出现了对甲霜灵敏感性增强的突变菌株.说明紫外线辐射可导致大豆疫霉菌控制生物学性状和致病性的基因发生变异,紫外线可能是引致大豆疫霉菌变异的因素之一.     

黑龙江省大豆疫霉根腐病菌毒力类型分布及品种抗性评价

对2008～2009年从黑龙江北部、东部、中部、南部等大豆产区采集的典型大豆疫霉根腐病株和病土进行分离纯化,得到64个大豆疫霉菌株;用国际上通用的一套鉴别寄主进行毒力测定,将病原菌划分为10个毒力类型,在不同来源的发病样本范围内明确了不同菌株的毒力类型和分布.用下胚轴创伤接种方法鉴定了73个大豆品种对不同大豆疫霉根腐病菌菌株的抗性反应,结果有29个品种抗4个以上大豆疫霉根腐病菌株,占鉴定总数的39.7%;在被鉴定的新品系中抗性表现最好的是07-1-1,它对1、3、11、21、24分离物均表现为抗病.     

大豆疫霉菌生物学性状的遗传与变异

大豆疫霉菌引起的大豆疫病是大豆上危害严重的毁灭性病害之一.采用经典遗传学方法研究大豆疫霉菌单孢后代的菌丝生长速率、菌落形态、产孢量以及同宗配合性状的遗传变异,以期为有效控制大豆疫病的发展和蔓延奠定基础.结果表明,菌落形态、生长速率和同宗配合性状在单孢后代可稳定遗传,控制上述性状的遗传因子是纯合的;大豆疫霉菌的游动孢子产生能力在单孢后代发生连续性变异,表明这种性状可能是数量遗传性状,也可能控制这种性状的基因为杂合基因或细胞质遗传因子.研究结果初步揭示了大豆疫霉的遗传特征、遗传多样性及多样性产生的遗传学基础.     

大豆大类共生体生理化特性变化规律研究Ⅰ

本文报道了从我国１５个省（区）分离的大豆三类共生体５４个菌株的部分生理生化特性及其变化的研究结果。菌株的世代时间测定表明，２６株快生菌株为２．６－４．７ｈｒ，１２株慢生菌株多数为８．５－１２．１ｈｒ，１６株超慢性生菌株在１８．２－３９．６ｈｒ之间；改变大风大浪原对代时有影响，但仍在各自的代进范围内，证明世代时间是大豆力菌株间比较稳定的重要表型特征之一；在ＹＥＭ培养基上快生菌株产酸，超慢生菌株产碱能     

大豆疫霉对甲霜灵敏感性的遗传与变异

通过平板法,在含甲霜灵1.0μg·mL-1的CAM平板上测定了分离于不同地区的5个大豆疫霉菌和以Ps411-4为亲本的无性后代、有性后代对甲霜灵敏感性的遗传.结果表明:分离自不同地域的菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性存在差异,供试菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性在无性单孢后代无显著变异,而在50个自交有性后代中,上述浓度对其菌丝生长的抑制率分布范围为70.2%～96.8%,与亲本存极显著差异,其中5株高于亲本,4株低于亲本,41株与亲本相似.表明大豆疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性同样在无性后代稳定遗传而在有性后代发生变异.结果提示,供试大豆疫霉菌株中上述性状可能由细胞核杂合基因控制.     

大豆资源抗疫霉根腐病基因分析

采取下胚轴创伤接种法鉴定156份大豆资源对13个不同毒力基因型大豆疫霉菌株的抗性。结果表明,125份资源分别抗1-13个菌株,占鉴定资源总数的80.13%。125份抗性大豆资源对13个大豆疫霉菌株共产生90种反应型。通过与13个鉴别寄主的反应型比较发现,有9份大豆资源产生的5种反应型与含有已知抗病基因的大豆资源的反应型相同;12份大豆资源产生的5种反应型与已知2个抗病基因组合的反应型一致,另外,还有至少抗1个菌株的104份大豆资源产生的80种反应型,既不同于已知单个抗病基因的反应型,也不同于2个已知抗病基因组合的反应型,推测可能含有新的抗病基因或基因组合。     

Assessing general combining ability for late blight resistance and tuber characteristics by means of glasshouse seedling tests

Summary Screening tests to detect resistance to late blight in both foliage and tubers were done on glasshouse-grown seedling progenies in parallel with visual assessments by three experienced potato breeders of the yield and quality of glasshouse-grown tubers of the same progenies. There were large differences between the parents of the progenies in their general combining ability (GCA) for both foliage and tuber blight, despite some variation due to specific combining ability for foliage blight. There were also differences between parents in their GCAs for visual preference scores, but these GCAs and those for blight resistance were not correlated. The blight-resistant cv. Stirling had the best combination of high GCAs for all three attributes. The use of these and other seedling progeny tests in a multitrait genotypic recurrent selection scheme is discussed.     

Assessing progenies of potato for resistance to skin spot (Polyscytalum pustulans) in the glasshouse

Summary Crosses were made between six parents differing in susceptibility to skin spot and glasshouse-grown tubers from true seedlings of the nine resulting progenies assessed for resistance to the disease. The assessment was evaluated by a two-year comparison with the behaviour of field-grown tubers of the progenies and their parents. The correlations between progenies in the glasshouse and field were r=0.911 and 0.753 and those between the mid-parental values and the progeny means were high (r>0.864), indicating that parental differences were heritable. It is concluded that correlations were sufficient for glasshouse-grown tubers to be used for assessing large numbers of progenies in genetical studies and for eliminating highly susceptible progenies at an early stage in a breeding programme. R.L. Wastie died 16.01.96.     

Contribution of synthetic tetraploids (AAAA) and diploids (AA) to black Sigatoka resistance and bunch weight to their triploid progenies

The generation of banana triploids from tetraploid-diploid crosses requires knowledge on the influence of the parents on black Sigatoka resistance and agronomic traits to the triploid progenies. The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of tetraploid and diploid parents on black Sigatoka resistance and agronomic traits in the triploid progenies generated from tetraploid-diploid crosses. The mating scheme was designed as a 4 × 5 North Carolina II mating design. Due to problems in seed set and germination, progenies from 2 male parents with 4 female parents were evaluated at two sites in Uganda. The results showed that the male-parent triploid progeny heritability estimate for the number of leaves at harvest was greater than the female parent estimate. The diploid parents had higher correlation coefficients for the total leaves at harvest with the triploid progenies than tetraploid parents with triploid progenies. Disease development over time took more days in diploid parents than in the tetraploid parents with the triploid progenies as intermediates. These results suggested that diploids transferred black Sigatoka resistance to the triploid progenies as measured by the number of standing leaves and disease development overtime. There was a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between tetraploid female parents and triploid progenies for plant height and bunch weight. The triploid progeny-tetraploid female parent heritability estimates for plant height (0.92) and bunch weight (0.72) were highly significant. These results indicated that the female synthetic tetraploids influenced plant height and bunch weight in the triploid progenies. Therefore, it is important to select the tetraploids with heavy bunches to effectively improve yield in triploid progenies generated by tetraploid-diploid crosses. The tetraploid-diploid progenies had a significant (P < 0.05) family-by-site interaction for bunch weight indicating that new banana genotypes need to be tested across different environments to select stable genotypes to promote to end-users.     

水稻籽粒蛋白质含量选择对杂交后代蛋白质含量及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

 以籽粒蛋白质含量有显著差异的杂交后代及亲本为材料,分析了灌浆成熟过程中叶片蛋白水解酶和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性以及籽粒可溶性蛋白质含量的变化动态。结果表明,在籽粒蛋白质含量相近的亲本衍生的杂交后代中,通过籽粒蛋白质含量的连续定向选择不仅可以获得籽粒蛋白质含量和叶片蛋白水解酶活性及籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性明显变高或变低的杂种后代,而且可获得蛋白质含量和酶活性超亲的后代;稻米蛋白质含量与灌浆过程中的叶片蛋白水解酶活性呈正相关, 籽粒可溶性蛋白质含量与籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性呈显著负相关。     

Assessing general combining ability for gangrene resistance by means of a glasshouse seedling test

Summary A seedling progeny test for resistance to gangrene (Phoma foveata) was used to evaluate progenies from a 15×15 half diallel set of crosses, including 14 selfs and 25 reciprocal crosses, which was originally made to investigate the inheritance of resistance to late blight and cyst nematodes. Nine out of the 14 selfs were more susceptible than the crosses involving their parents, so that overall the selfs were slightly more susceptible than the crosses, thus providing evidence of non-additive gene action in favour of resistance. However, when the selfs were omitted from the analysis, all of the variation between progenies could be attributed to differences in the General Combining Abilities (GCAs) of their parents. The four parents with the best GCAs for gangrene resistance all had sizeable contributions fromSolanum tuberosum subsp.andigena in their pedigrees.     

胚挽救技术进行无核葡萄及三倍体新种质创制

以二倍体无核葡萄作母本,自交,与二倍体有核葡萄、四倍体有核葡萄杂交,采用胚挽救技术对其自交、杂交胚珠进行培养。对无核×四倍体有核葡萄杂种幼苗进行了流式细胞仪的染色体技术进行倍性鉴定,并进行胚挽救苗的炼苗移栽。共获得幼苗114个单株,初步鉴定三倍体幼苗4株,胚挽救苗成活82株,成活率平均达90.11%。     

Heterosis and combining ability analysis for resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato

Summary In an epiphytotic year of early blight, data were recorded on its incidence in 72 progenies (18 females x 4 males) and their parents planted in a randomised complete block design at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Combining ability analysis showed that both additive and non-additive gene action were important, with a preponderance of the latter in the inheritance of resistance to early blight. In general, progenies were as good as or better than mid-parent values. Crosses involving both or at least one parent with good general combining ability resulted in heterotic early blight resistant progenies. Promising parents and crosses were identified.     

Effects of Grain Protein Content Selection on Protein Content and Key Enzyme Activity Involved in Nitrogen Metabolism in Progenies Derived from a Rice Cross

Two japonica rice parents (Tong 769 and Xixuan 1) and their progenies, significantly different in protein content of grains, were investigated to reveal the activities of proteinase in leaves and glutamine synthetase in grains, as well as the dynamic changes of soluble protein content in grains during rice grain filling. The results showed that the parents were very similar in protein content, however, advanced lines with different protein contents in grains and varied activities of proteinase and glutamine synthetase were acquired by consecutively directional selection of the grain protein content in their progenies. Moreover, the enzyme activity and the protein content in grains exceeded their parents during grain filling. The protein content in grains was positively related with the proteinase activity, and the soluble protein content was negatively related with the glutamine synthetase activity in grains to some extent.     

Comparisons of tetraploid progenies of potato dihaploids,their chromosome-doubled derivatives and second generation dihaploids

Summary Comparisons were made between tetraploid progenies obtained by crossing dihaploid and chromosome doubled dihaploid potatoes with tetraploids. Dihaploids obtained from a doubled dihaploid produced some progenies from 2xx4x crosses which were as high yielding and had as good tuber characteristics as control progenies produced by intercrossing heterozygous tetraploids. It was found that there was a slight reduction in tuber yield associated with inbreeding but selection could be made among highly inbred material for useful parents. Other characters were little affected by inbreeding. It was concluded that haploidisation and chromosome doubling could be used to produce homozygous clones for use by breeders without greatly depressing the agronomic value of their offspring.     

Inheritance of resistance toFusarium spp. in tuber progenies of potato

Summary Glasshouse-grown seedling tubers of 22 progenies from parents differing in resistance toFusarium coeruleum andF. sulphureum (Gibberella cyanogena) were wound-inoculated with a cornmeal + sand culture of one or other of these dry rot pathogens. WithF. coeruleum, differences between progenies were due entirely to differences in the general combining abilities (gca) of the parents. Parental and gca values were highly correlated, as were the mean resistance of a progeny and that of its parents. WithG. cyanogena the agreement between replicates was poor and differences between progenies were less clear. It is suggested that different resistance mechanisms operate against these two pathogens.