奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是对世界奶牛业造成经济损失最大的疾病之一,它不仅直接导致乳品工业的经济损失,而且由于患乳房炎的奶牛其乳汁中经常含有大量的毒素、病原微生物以及治疗后残留的抗生素,使得该病日益引起公众的关注。金黄色葡萄球菌是奶牛乳房炎的主要病原,由于其极易产生耐药性,使得治疗变得相当困难,因此使用预防或治疗性疫苗防治乳房炎就成为首选。金黄色葡萄球菌对上皮细胞的黏附和侵袭力被认为是奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的主要致病机制,金黄色葡萄球菌的致病力涉及到许多不同的毒力因子,如黏附素、荚膜、各种毒素和酶类等。研究表明,以这些毒力因子为靶位进行疫苗研究,可能是预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的有效途径。     

牛源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的最主要病原菌之一。然而,在治疗奶牛乳房炎的过程中由于抗生素滥用,造成乳汁中药物残留及耐药菌株增多。近年来,尤其是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率逐年呈上升趋势,成为危害人畜健康的重要致病菌之一。同时也给奶牛乳房炎的治疗带来巨大的挑战。论文对牛源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法、流行病学、致病性及致病因子、耐药机制、预防与治疗措施及未来发展前景及展望进行了综述,希望为深入研究MRSA,减少其耐药性,研制有效的药物和疫苗起到参考作用。     

奶牛乳房炎疫苗研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺组织炎症，主要为乳腺组织感染病原微生物所致，是奶牛的常见病、多发病。引起奶牛乳房炎的致病菌约为一百五十多种，以金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌为主，约占整个奶牛乳房炎病例的９０％以上。利用疫苗来控制传染性疾病是一种经典的预防手段。利用疫苗防治奶牛乳房炎有很多优点：首先，没有乳汁残留问题；其次，疫苗有助于降低乳腺感染的严重程度，控制亚临床型乳房炎；最后是操作简便，费用低廉。１ 金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗、在乳房炎致病菌中金黄色葡萄球菌在最为广泛，在乳腺组织防御系统中，中性粒细胞对金黄色…     

奶牛乳房炎疫苗介绍

正奶牛乳房炎是由多种非特定的病原微生物引起的乳腺组织的炎症,这种病症在奶牛饲养的过程中十分的常见。这种疾病的病原包括了细菌、真菌、霉形体以及病毒等,其中以金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌以及大肠杆菌最为常见。通过给奶牛注射奶牛乳房炎的疫苗,能够有效防治奶牛乳房炎,降低奶牛乳腺感染的程度,提升奶牛的养殖效果。本文将对奶牛乳房炎疫苗的研究进展进行简单介绍。一、金黄色葡萄球菌苗现今,我国所研制出来的金黄色     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素是其引起奶牛乳房炎的关键因素之一,与金黄色葡萄球菌在奶牛乳房中定植有关的的黏附素主要是ClfA、FnBPA和FnBPB3种。曾有对金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素表达调控的研究发现,在金黄色葡萄球菌感染的早期主要表达黏附素,之后才表达毒素和荚膜,所以人们认为,对金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附进行干预,可以减少或阻止毒素和荚膜的表达,而以黏附素作为靶位进行疫苗研制可能是预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎的有效途径。国外对金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素的研究历史相对较久,并且也取得了许多可喜成绩,而国内对金黄色葡萄球菌的研究相对滞后。因此,研究金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素对预防由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的奶牛乳房炎具有广阔的前景。     

黑龙江地区牛源金黄色葡萄球菌的鉴定及分析

奶牛乳房炎主要是乳腺伴有物理、化学、微生物学的一种炎性变化,包括乳腺感染炎症、微循环和免疫障碍等。奶牛乳房炎是奶牛常见病、多发病之一,也是对奶牛生产危害性极大的一种疾病,同时奶牛乳房炎也影响了牛奶品质、危害人类健康。因此奶牛乳房炎发生的病因、症状、诊断及防制等问题正日益为人们所关注。 在临床及亚临床感染中,金黄色葡萄球菌感染最为广泛。金黄色葡萄球菌可以阻止嗜中性粒细胞的吞噬作用,并产生多种致病因子,造成乳腺组织损伤。由于金黄色葡萄球菌引起的乳房炎疫情不易控制,且菌株分布广泛,因此有必要对发病地区的金黄色葡萄球菌进行流行病学的分型,从而为分析菌株传播机制,采取有效措施降低金黄色葡萄球菌的感染提供依据。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素疫苗的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎不仅是影响乳品工业经济效益的主要疾病之一,而且还危害到公共卫生和人类健康。金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的主要病原,由于金黄色葡萄球菌具有细胞内定植和对抗生素极易产生耐药性的特点,使得用抗生素治疗的效果越来越差,因此使用疫苗进行防制就成为首选。大量研究证实,金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素识别并特异性的结合到组织、细胞的特定分子上是感染的关键,因此,阻断细菌的黏附和在黏膜表面的定植,可能是预防感染最有效的策略,为奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎疫苗的研制提供了新的途径。     

应用次氯酸钠与洗必泰溶液浸泡奶牛乳头防治隐性乳房炎的效果

药物浸泡奶牛乳头是一种防治乳房炎完全有效简单易行的措施。由金黄色葡萄球菌致病的奶牛隐性乳房炎有时可转化为临床型乳房炎。在大多数情况下,     

浅谈奶牛乳房炎

<正>乳房炎是在奶牛饲养中较为常见的疾病,是由病原微生物感染而引起的乳腺和乳头的一种炎症。实际是乳腺炎,但习惯上称为乳房炎。1奶牛乳房炎的分类一般分为临床型乳房炎、亚临床型乳房炎,或急性临床型乳房炎和慢性乳房炎等。2奶牛乳房炎的发病机理乳房炎通常是由病菌感染引起的,最常见的致病菌包括乳房链球菌、停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌。乳房炎的致病     

如何进行奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的合理评估

奶牛乳房炎是造成全球奶业经济损失的主要原因,而金黄色葡萄球菌是最主要的病原菌。本文系统、直观地对研究奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的科研结论进行量化总结和评估,目的是为奶牛乳房炎疫苗的研发提供新思路,为设计合理的奶牛乳房炎疫苗给动物评估试验方案提供科学依据。本文在Pubmed、Science数据库和CNKI数据库对＂奶牛乳房炎疫苗＂类的文章进行了合理的电子检索,然后对细菌疫苗、细菌类毒素疫苗、DNA-重组蛋白疫苗、单一的重组蛋白疫苗等方面的科研论文从试验设计、方法、疫苗类型和研究结果 4个方面进行了全面的分析。结果表明,采用DNA、重组蛋白新技术的疫苗和传统的细菌疫苗已取得良好效果,疫苗可以成为预防和控制金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎的最好或最有前景的一种途径。但是研究方法差异和双盲试验的缺乏阻碍对疫苗效果的合理评估。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein