呼和浩特地区牛羊布鲁菌流行株种及生物型鉴定

应用常规细菌学方法,对呼和浩特部分地区疑似布鲁菌病的牛、羊流产胎儿病料进行了布鲁菌分离,共分离到4株布鲁菌.进一步根据细菌形态、培养特性、生化特性以及平板凝集试验等对分离到的细菌进行种型鉴定.结果表明,其中3株为羊种布鲁菌生物3型,1株为牛种布鲁菌生物3型.本研究结果为内蒙古地区布鲁菌病的防控奠定了病原学基础.     

布鲁菌病研究进展

布鲁菌病是目前世界上流行最广、危害最大的人兽共患病之一,在全世界170多个国家和地区有人、畜布鲁菌病存在和流行.我国25个省(市、区)有人、畜布鲁菌病存在和流行.随着畜牧业的快速发展,布鲁菌病在多数疫区明显有回升趋势.2005年全国新发病19 664人,发病率为1.504/10万,超过历史最高记录.布鲁菌是细胞内寄生的革兰氏阴性菌,主要引起人的波状热和慢性感染以及动物睾丸炎和流产等,直接危害公共安全,造成严重的经济损失.近年来从多种海洋哺乳动物(海豹、海豚、鲸等)中也分离出布鲁菌.通过DNA同源性比较,发现海洋与陆地哺乳动物布鲁菌DNA的同源性高达90%以上.随着分子生物学的发展,对布鲁菌分子结构的研究不断获得新的发现,为进一步认识和控制布鲁菌病提供了可能.文章从布鲁菌病流行的历史与现状、布鲁菌的抗原分子生物特性、布鲁菌病的检测方法和布鲁菌病疫苗的现状等方面对布鲁菌病的研究进展做了介绍.     

主要国际组织在布鲁菌病防控方面的作用

布鲁菌病是由布鲁菌感染引起的一种危害严重的人兽共患病,该病可以造成动物的流产和不育,以及人类的波浪热。布鲁菌病在全球范围内流行,目前报道有布鲁菌病发生的国家和地区达到160多个。鉴于该病对畜牧业的发展和人类公共卫生安全的巨大威胁,世界动物卫生组织(OIE)、联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)等国际组织对布鲁菌的防控给予了广泛的重视。本文阐述了OIE、FAO和WHO等国际组织在布鲁菌病防控领域各自所发挥的作用,并针对布鲁菌病防控方面提出了我国未来参与国际合作的相关建议。     

江西省宜春市某肉牛场布鲁菌病的流行病学调查

布鲁菌病是一种以母畜流产、暂时或永久性不育、产奶量下降为主要特征的一种人畜共患传染病,严重危害畜牧业发展和人类健康。为了掌握江西省宜春市某肉牛场布鲁菌病感染情况,以便做好布鲁菌病的预防、控制和净化工作,采用虎红平板凝集试验和试管凝集试验,对该规模化肉牛养殖场的300余头肉牛进行随机抽检。结果显示,随机抽检的60头肉牛样品中,布鲁菌病感染率为0,表明该牛场的布鲁菌病防控措施有效。     

新疆布鲁菌病发生情况及变化趋势

为了掌握布鲁菌病在新疆地区的发生情况及变化趋势,基于对该地区布鲁菌病监测数据的收集和整理,对2005—2011年新疆地区14个地(州、市),96个县(市、区)上报的布鲁菌病监测数据进行了初步的分析,并对不同牲畜、不同场点及地区分布的布鲁菌病发生及流行情况进行了比较。结果表明,2005—2011年牛和羊布鲁菌病平均阳性率是0.66%和0.61%,牛布鲁菌病规模场和行政村平均阳性率是0.37%和0.77%,羊布鲁菌病规模场和行政村平均阳性率是0.77%和0.52%;牛布鲁菌病阳性率以塔城地区最高,阳性率为2.91%,羊布鲁菌病阳性率以乌鲁木齐市最高,阳性率为14.67%。     

奶牛布鲁菌病血清学调查及病原分离鉴定

2015—2016年应用虎红平板凝集试验、试管凝集试验对新疆维吾尔自治区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州21个奶牛场、503个奶牛养殖户所饲养的奶牛进行了布鲁菌病血清学调查,虎红平板凝集试验阳性率为1.10%,试管凝集试验阳性率为0.82%。对2013—2016年4年内在该地区收集的奶牛流产胎儿、胎衣、阴道分泌物等243份病料进行布鲁菌的分离鉴定,结果分离出2株羊种2型布鲁菌和2株牛种3型布鲁菌。血清学调查及布鲁菌分离鉴定结果佐证了在该地区存在布鲁菌病,建议奶牛养殖场（户）和有关部门切实做好布鲁菌病的检疫及防控工作。     

绵羊种布鲁菌致病机制与防控研究进展

布鲁菌病(Brucellosis)是一种高度流行的人畜共患传染病,可造成巨大的经济损失,严重制约了当今畜牧业的发展并对人类健康构成了严重威胁。绵羊种布鲁菌病是由绵羊种布鲁菌(Brucella ovis,B.ovis)引起的一种以绵羊生殖系统功能障碍和怀孕绵羊流产为特征的慢性传染性疾病。目前,对于绵羊种布鲁菌的胞内寄生机制和感染机制尚不清楚,现将从病原学、流行病学、致病机制和疾病防控等方面对绵羊种布鲁菌病的研究进展进行概述,为后期挖掘绵羊种布鲁菌的致病机理和与其相关的研究奠定一定的理论基础。     

羊用布鲁菌病疫苗研究进展

布鲁菌病是重要的人兽共患病,对畜牧业发展和人类健康威胁严重。疫苗免疫仍是目前预防和控制动物布鲁菌病的措施之一,用于羊布鲁菌病防控有多种疫苗,如S19、RB51、Rev.1等,每种疫苗均各有利弊。现今,众多研究者也通过基因工程等技术积极研究DNA疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、亚单位疫苗等。论文就羊用布鲁菌病疫苗的应用及新型疫苗的研究现状进行综述,以期为羊布鲁菌病的预防提供参考。     

青海省牛布鲁菌病的流行病学调查

为了了解青海省牛布鲁菌病的流行情况,为布鲁菌病的防控提供科学依据。我们采用虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)及动物布病试管凝集试验(SAT)进行牛布鲁菌病的血清学分析。结果显示,在2 734份牛血液样品中,虎红平板凝集试验阳性率为3.51%,不同地区之间无统计学差异(P0.05);布病试管凝集试验(SAT)复筛结果阳性率为3.00%,不同地区间的布鲁菌血清阳性率无统计学差异(P0.05)。上述结果提示,我们青海省牛布鲁菌病患病率较高,应尽快制定防制措施,以免危及动物及人类公共健康。     

布鲁菌病防控措施研究进展

布鲁菌(Brucella)病主要侵害生殖系统,引起母畜发生流产和公畜睾丸炎。是危害性极大的人畜共患病之一,不仅给畜牧业发展带来重大的经济损失,也给人的生命安全带来威胁,目前布鲁菌病无有效药物治疗,本文主要针对布鲁菌病综合防控进行介绍,并提出了相应的防控措施,以期为有效防控该病提供参考。     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

加强兽药研究开发提升行业科技创新水平

提升行业科技创新水平为主题,回顾和分析了我国新兽药研究开发的历程和研究现状及面临的形势,并围绕创新与发展的要求,提出了加强兽药研究开发的对策及建议。     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.