安徽省肥西县家兔球虫感染情况初步调查

对安徽省肥西县不同地区的家兔球虫种类及感染情况进行调查,结果表明该地区家兔球虫感染率为100%,并均为混合感染。鉴定出9种艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),即大型艾美耳球虫(E.magna)、盲肠艾美耳球虫(E.coecicola)、穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.perforans)、斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、中型艾美耳球虫(E.media)、松林艾美耳球虫(E.matsubayashii)、肠艾美耳球虫(E.intestinalis)和那格浦耳艾美耳球虫(E.nagpurensis),并对家兔球虫的感染强度和优势虫种等进行了记述。     

江苏省实验兔球虫感染情况调查研究

为了解江苏省实验兔球虫病流行情况,通过收集卵囊及显微镜观察,对江苏省4个实验兔养殖供应基地进行了球虫感染情况的调查,结果显示,调查的实验兔球虫感染率为100％,并且均为混合感染.共检测出10种艾美耳属的球虫,分别是斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai)、穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.perforans)、中型艾美耳球虫(E.media)、大型艾美耳球虫(E.magma)、梨形艾美耳球虫(E.piri ormis)、无残艾美耳球虫(E.irresdua)、盲肠艾美耳球虫(E.coecicola)、肠艾美耳球虫(E.intestinalis)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、黄氏艾美耳球虫(E.flavescens).并且检测了实验兔球虫的感染强度(OPG)和优势虫种,为江苏省实验兔球虫病的防治提供了依据.     

杨凌地区家兔球虫种类的初步调查

对陕西杨凌地区的家兔球虫种类进行初步调查,结果表明,该地区家兔球虫感染率为100％,且均为混合感染。感染强度OPG最大值为21875。本次共检出11种家兔艾美耳球虫,即：盲肠艾美耳球虫（Eimeria coecicola）、小型艾美耳球虫（E.exigua）、黄色艾美耳球虫（E.flavescens）、肠艾美耳球虫（E.inrestinalis）、无残艾美耳球虫（E．irresidua）、大型艾美耳球虫（E.magna）、松林艾美耳球虫（E.matsubayashii）、中型艾美耳球虫（E.media）、穿孔艾美耳球虫（E．perforans）、梨形艾美耳球虫（E．piriformis）和斯氏艾美耳球虫（E.stiedai）,其中穿孔艾美耳球虫和中型艾美耳球虫为优势虫种。     

榆林市某兔场笼养比利时兔球虫感染情况调查

为了解榆林市某兔场笼养比利时兔球虫的感染情况,试验采用饱和盐水漂浮法、司陶尔虫卵计数法和重铬酸钾培养法对57份粪便样品进行兔球虫感染情况调查。结果表明:该兔场兔球虫平均感染率为64.9%。成年兔感染率为61.5%,感染强度为400个;幼兔感染率为72.2%,感染强度为600个。共检出8种球虫,分别为小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、纳格浦尔艾美耳球虫(E.nagpurensis)、黄艾美耳球虫(E.flavescens)、梨形艾美耳球虫(E.piriformis)、大型艾美耳球虫(E.magna)、斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai)、盲肠艾美耳球虫(E.coecicola)、松林艾美耳球虫(E.matsubayashii),其中黄艾美耳球虫、梨形艾美耳球虫、斯氏艾美耳球虫所占比例较高,分别为23%、19%、17%。说明该兔场笼养兔球虫感染率较高,黄艾美耳球虫、梨形艾美耳球虫、斯氏艾美耳球虫为优势种。     

榆林市某养兔场华誉黑兔球虫病的调查与种类鉴定

为了解榆林市某养兔场华誉黑兔球虫感染情况和感染类型,采用饱和食盐水漂浮法对24份华誉黑兔粪样进行检查。结果显示,华誉黑兔体内存在8种艾美耳球虫,即斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai)、兔艾美耳球虫(E.oryctolagi)、大型艾美耳球虫(E.magna)、中型艾美耳球虫(E.media)、微小艾美耳球虫(E.exigue)、穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.perforans)、那格浦尔艾美耳球虫(E.nagpurensis)、野兔艾美耳球虫(E.leporis)。球虫感染率为70.8%(17/24),优势种为纳格浦尔艾美耳球虫、大型艾美耳球虫和微小艾美耳球虫,检出率分别为58.0%、14.7%和11.2%。     

榆林市獭兔球虫种类的初步调查

对陕西榆林的獭兔球虫种类进行初步调查,结果表明,该地区獭兔球虫感染率为100%,且均为混合感染.感染强度OPG最大值为21875.本次共检出11种獭兔艾美耳球虫,即:盲肠艾美耳球虫、小型艾美耳球虫、黄色艾美耳球虫、肠艾美耳球虫、无残艾美耳球虫、大型艾美耳球虫、松林艾美耳球虫、中型艾美耳球虫、穿孔艾美耳球虫、梨形艾美耳球虫和斯氏艾美耳球虫,其中穿孔艾美耳球虫和中型艾美耳球虫为优势虫种.     

杨凌某山羊场球虫种类及感染情况的调查研究

为了解陕西杨凌某奶山羊场山羊球虫的感染状况,采用粪便漂浮法、斯陶尔法和卵囊培养法等对山羊的球虫感染情况进行了初步调查,并对各虫种进行鉴定。结果检获12种艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),即艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva)、浮氏艾美耳球虫(E.faurei)、阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、颗粒艾美耳球虫(E.granulosa)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprovina)、槌状艾美耳球虫(E.crandallis)、克氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni)、阿普艾美耳球虫(E.apsheronica)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)和错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata)。山羊球虫平均感染率为95.2%(40/42),羔羊感染率为100%。平均感染强度(每克粪便卵囊数)为1 086OPG,多数羊为2种~6种卵囊混合感染。优势种为阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva)、艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)和错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata)。     

咸阳市家兔球虫感染情况的初步调查

通过对陕西省咸阳市部分兔场球虫感染情况调查,发现该地区种兔球虫阳性率为100%(300/300),且均为混合感染,感染强度OPG最大值为1 301。共检出9种艾美属的球虫,分别是中型艾美球虫(Eimeria media)、盲肠艾美球虫(E.coeeicda)、穿孔艾美球虫(E.perfoans)、大型艾美球虫(E.magna)、斯氏艾美球虫(E.stiedae)、梨形艾美球虫(E.piriformis)、无残艾美球虫(E.irrestidua)、黄色艾美球虫(E.flaveseens)和肠艾美球虫(E.intesstinalis),其中优势虫种为中型艾美球虫、盲肠艾美球虫和穿孔艾美球虫。     

北京地区家兔球虫种类的初步调查

报道了北京周边5个地区家兔球虫种类的初步调查结果，初步认定了北京地区存在13个球虫种，即兔艾美耳球虫、无残艾美耳球虫、黄艾美耳球虫、盲肠艾美耳球虫、新兔艾美耳球虫、中型艾美耳球虫、小型艾美耳球虫、大型艾美耳球虫、斯氏艾美耳球虫、肠艾美耳球虫、梨形艾美耳球虫、松林艾美耳球虫、穿孔艾美耳球虫。     

凤台县山羊球虫种类及感染情况调查

目的　为较全面了解凤台县山羊感染球虫的种类,进行了本调查。方法　采用饱和盐水漂浮、重铬酸钾培养等方法,对凤台县112头山羊粪样进行了检查。结果　山羊球虫感染率为94.64%(106/112)。共查获10种艾美耳球虫,即雅氏艾美耳球虫(Eimerianinakohlyakimovae);阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi);浮氏艾美耳球虫(E.fau-rei);小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva);阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata);槌型艾美耳球虫(E.crandallis);颗粒艾美耳球虫(E.granulosa);克氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni);苍白艾美耳球虫(E.pallida)和山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)。结论　当地山羊感染的艾美耳球虫的优势种为雅氏艾美耳、阿氏艾美耳、浮氏艾美耳和小型艾美耳球虫,在4个调查点这几种球虫所占的感染比例最大,分布广泛。     

Evolution of coccidial infection in commercial and domestic rabbits between 1982 and 1986

Caecal samples were collected from 751 domestic rabbits of various origin and from 1229 diarrhoeic rabbits issued from 61 commercial rabbitries. They were screened for coccidiosis. In 1982, the year of introduction of the anticoccidial robenidine in commercial rabbit feeds, a dramatic decrease of coccidial infection ratio was detected in commercial rabbitries: only 6% of samples contained greater than 100 oocysts per gram against 85% in 1979, when sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine was used. Only Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans were detected, whereas the highly pathogenic species E. flavescens and E. intestinalis had disappeared from commercial units. After 4 years of continuous use of robenidine, infection ratio rose progressively, although still far below the 1979 levels. Most of the other species reappeared, but only in very low proportions (1-4% of samples). The percentage occurrence of E. magna, E. media and E. perforans on the contrary rose progressively to 25, 26 and 34%, respectively, suggesting drug resistance. In domestic rabbitries, the incidence of coccidial infection was markedly higher and all nine species of Eimeria were detected. Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans were very common, E. flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. piriformis and E. stiedai were less common, whereas E. irresidua and E. coecicola were relatively rare. Notwithstanding the lower activity of robenidine against E. stiedai, no rise of hepatic coccidiosis became evident.     

Immunity and effect of clopidol/methyl benzoquate and robenidine before and after weaning on rabbit coccidiosis in the field

For 15 months the anticoccidial effect of 200 ppm clopidol/methyl benzoquate and of 50 ppm robenidine, and the development of immunity against five different species of Eimeria were followed in a closed rabbit population. In unmedicated rabbits, oocyst output decreased progressively with increasing age to a very low level in animals older than four months, but none of the species present disappeared completely in adult animals. No clinical symptoms nor mortality from coccidiosis was noted in reproduction stock. In field conditions E magna and E perforans seemed to induce the weakest resistance, whereas a more marked resistance has been found for E intestinalis and E irresidua. E media appeared to have an intermediate position. Robenidine reduced oocyst output of E magna, E intestinalis, E irresidua, E media and E perforans significantly, whereas clopidol/methyl benzoquate reduced oocyst output of the latter four species only and was least active against E magna. Both drugs also reduced coccidiosis-induced mortality significantly. Medication only before weaning had no distinct influence on coccidial infection, or on mortality by coccidiosis after weaning; nor did those parameters differ significantly between continuously medicated rabbits and rabbits medicated after weaning only. As reproductive stock is protected by immunity, this makes the necessity of medicating does and bucks with anticoccidials questionable in intensive or semi-intensive reproduction systems.     

Efficacy of toltrazuril against intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits

The anticoccidial effect of toltrazuril (Bay Vi 9142) against Eimeria flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. magna, E. perforans and E. stiedai was tested in experimentally-infected rabbits. Continuous administration of 10-15 p.p.m. of the drug in the drinking water was highly effective in reducing oocyst output of all five species and in preventing clinical signs and macroscopic lesions. Sporulation of excreted oocysts was not affected. After 5 weeks of medication, no negative influence was noted on zootechnic performance of growing healthy rabbits. Medication of rabbits with 25 p.p.m. only during schizogony or gamogony (2 days of treatment, repeated after 5 days) quickly reduced clinical signs and oocyst output. When administered during late schizogony or gamogony, toltrazuril allowed development of immunity against reinfection with homologous species.     

球痢清等药物对人工感染兔肠球虫病的治疗比较试验

４８只３０日龄大耳白杂种兔，试验接种感染兔肠球虫的５种混合孢子化卵囊，将球痢清Ｉ、球痢清Ⅱ、莫能霉素和氯苯胍分别拌在饲料中饲喂，以比较其抗兔肠球虫的效果。通过临床观察，分析克粪便卵囊数的变化，记录增重、计算饲料转化率和对每组扑杀兔作病理组织学检查，结果表明：球痢清抑制卵囊产生、减轻肠道病变、增重及饲料转化率的效果明显，与莫能霉素相近，并显著优于氯苯胍。氯苯胍效果较差，几乎与接种不给药组相同。无显著性差异。因此说明氯苯胍不宜单一继续使用。应引入新的高效抗球虫药，并指导正确使用抗球虫药物。     

斯氏艾美尔球虫肌动蛋白解聚因子在HeLa细胞中的表达

为真核表达斯氏艾美尔球虫(Eimeria stiedae)肌动蛋白解聚因子(ADF)基因,本研究采用RT-PCR技术扩增ADF基因,构建pVAX- 1-ADF真核重组质粒,并转染HeLa细胞.采用RT-PCR方法检测ADF mRNA转录水平、western blot检测ADF蛋白表达水平.琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明PCR扩增出一条大小为350 bp的特异性片段,与预期值相符.Western blot检测显示,转染pVAX- 1-ADF的HeLa细胞在大约13ku处出现特异性表达条带,与预期值相符.本研究构建了E.stiedae ADF基因真核表达质粒pVAX- 1-ADF,并且在体外真核细胞中表达,为进一步寻找防治E.stiedae的疫苗候选基因奠定了基础.     

呼和浩特市某养兔场球虫感染情况调查与种类鉴定

采用饱和食盐水漂浮法对呼和浩特市某养兔场1月龄～3月龄共500只兔球虫感染情况进行了调查和种类鉴定,结果表明,该场2006年3月～5月共发生兔球虫病196只,死亡180只,其发病率为39.2%,病死率为91.8%.发病率和病死率在1月龄兔分别为5%和10%,2月龄兔分别为90.0%和98.8%,3月龄兔分别为6%和16.7%;其中2月龄幼兔发病和病死率最高.本次鉴定感染球虫总类共11种,其中以兔松林艾美耳球虫(Eimeria.matsubayashii)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、中型艾美耳球虫(E.media)和穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.per foans)为优势种,分别占总感染率的24.5%、15%、14.5%和11.5%.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫病毒的鉴定

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳属（Eimeria）的一种单细胞寄生性原虫引起的严重危害养禽业发展的重要疾病之一,遍及世界各地。感染鸡的艾美耳属球虫中,国外已报道在巨型艾美耳球虫（E.maxima）,堆型艾美耳球虫（E.acervu-lina）,毒害艾美耳球虫（E.necatrix）和布氏艾美耳球虫（E.brunetti）中发现了病毒粒子或病毒RNA。但是作为危害最严重的柔嫩艾美耳球虫是否有病毒感染,国内外迄今尚无报道。本研究首次在柔嫩艾美耳球虫中发现病毒并对其进行了鉴定。通过核酸分析、RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶（RDRP）活性和电镜形态观察对病毒进行鉴定。核酸酶的敏感性试验结果表明在柔嫩艾美耳球虫总核酸电泳图谱上观察到的大小分别为1.4、2.4和3.6kb的3条病毒带均不能被DNA酶（100mg/L）降解,但可被RNA酶（1.0mg/L）降解,表明这些核酸为RNA。另外,这些核酸不能被高盐浓度（0.3mol/L NaCl）RNase A（10mg/L）降解,但可被低盐浓度（0.015mol/L NaCl）RNase A（10mg/L）降解,并且采用α-32P标记的UTP掺入法测得该病毒样核酸具有RNA依赖RNA聚合酶（RDRP）活性,表明这些核酸为双链RNA（dsRNA）。利用蔗糖梯度离心和透射电镜技术对柔嫩艾美耳球虫病毒进行了分离和鉴定。电镜负染观察到柔嫩艾美耳球虫病毒粒子外观呈球形,二十面体,无囊膜,直径38nm。     

Effect of subcutaneously administered diclazuril on the output of Eimeria species oocysts by experimentally infected rabbits

The effect of subcutaneously injected diclazuril on the output of Eimeria species oocysts was studied in experimentally infected rabbits. Diclazuril was administered either prophylactically at 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight two days before each rabbit was inoculated with 20,000 oocysts of a mixed-species field isolate of Eimeria or therapeutically at 1, 2 or 4 mg/kg bodyweight five days after they were inoculated. The prophylactic treatments significantly reduced (P<0.05) the output of oocysts in faeces and the numbers in the rabbits' livers at all doses. The therapeutic treatment at 4 mg/kg also caused a significant reduction (P<0.05) in oocyst shedding, but the lower doses resulted in only a moderate reduction. The shedding of the pathogenic species Eimeria stiedae, Eimeria magna, Eimeria irresidua, Eimeria flavescens, Eimeria piriformis and Eimeria intestinalis was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all the treated groups. The burden of oocysts in the livers of the therapeutic groups (4000 to 9000) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than in the inoculated but untreated control group (23,000), but higher than in the prophylactic groups (around 1000).