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Krishna Prasad Woli Toshiyuki Nagumo Ryusuke Hatano 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):883-887
Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of nitrogen (N) pollution in stream water associated with intensive livestock farming practices. An extensive water sampling was carried out from stream tributaries, open channels, drainages, and seepages during the snow-melting season in 2001. Total nitrogen (TN) concentration was determined and water flow was measured. The lowest concentration of TN in the headwater of tributary ‘A’ was as low as 0.39 mg N L?1 (0.03 g s?1 of N load), and the concentration reached a value of 5 mg N L?1 in the outlet of the stream, which resulted in a N load of 1.37 g s?1. The increase in the N load (1.34 g s?1) was mainly due to drainage from a constructed wetland for livestock wastes, other drainages, and seepages from around the livestock sheds. The maximum concentration of TN in the drainage and seepage water from the constructed wetland was very high, 63 mg N L?1, which resulted in a N load of 0.53 g s?1 into the open channel that reached tributary ‘A.’ About 40% of the increased N load in the main tributary in the intensive livestock farming area was occupied by a single constructed wetland confirming that the drainage from this facility acted as the point source of pollution in the area. 相似文献
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通过对王东沟试区1985-1995年畜牧业的经济地位、饲草饮料资源与利用状况、畜群结构和经济效益等方面综合分析,明确了制约畜牧业发展的主要根源是精饮料资源。畜群结构经过近10年的调整,已趋向合理。提出了今后王东沟畜牧业应重点解决的几个问题。 相似文献
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Faiza Sharif Madiha Usman Danish Adnan Sakhawat Ali Amin ulhaq Khan Laila Shahzad Habib Ali 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2016,62(8):1169-1181
Salinity is a major factor limiting irrigated agriculture in arid regions. Vermi amendments can be used for improving the fertility of salt-affected soils. Current study was aimed to find out the response of different earthworm species to soil salinity and to check the effects of salinity and different vermi amendments on growth of Sorghum bicolor under salt stress. Eight earthworm species were subjected to different salinity levels for 4 weeks. Various vermi amendments and salinity treatments were provided in a factorial combination to S. bicolor plants to see their effect on growth and biomass parameters. L. mauritii, E. incommodus and P. posthuma were found to be the most salt-tolerant species showing good survival and growth till soil ECe value of 10.48 mS cm?1. Results showed that salinity significantly decreased plant growth that was enhanced by the application of different vermi amendments. Maximum growth of S. bicolor was recorded when vermicompost and vermiwash were used together under both saline and non-saline conditions. The results showed that the application of vermi amendments improved nutritional balance of the soil, delayed salt-induced damage to the plants and supported their growth so can be helpful in increasing crop production on saline soils. 相似文献
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有机农业作为常规农业的一种替代模式,其对土壤及作物的影响研究逐渐受到学术界的关注。该文通过对日光温室有机、无公害和常规生产模式的比较试验,分析有机生产模式对土壤养分、土壤微生物碳氮以及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,经过6年的试验,有机生产模式可显著提高土壤全碳、全氮含量以及土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,并提高土壤主要酶的活性,各项指标均表现为有机模式优于无公害模式优于常规模式。有机生产模式能够显著提高土壤质量,有利于土壤的可持续利用。3种生产模式下夏茬番茄产量有机模式高于无公害模式高于常规模式,且随着种植年限的增加有机模式秋茬作物产量呈增加趋势。 相似文献
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以沼气工程为纽带的循环农业模式是降低农业产业园区废弃物污染、提高资源利用率的有效方式。该研究构建了适合园区规模的循环农业模式能值评价指标体系,以河北省某典型奶牛产业园区为案例,将园区现行的利用全混式厌氧反应技术(Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor,CSTR)的湿法单相厌氧消化沼气工程,与湿法两相耦合厌氧消化、干法序批式厌氧消化、干法连续式厌氧消化3种不同沼气工程模式进行对比,运用能值理论及计算方法对以沼气工程为纽带的农业产业园循环模式进行了评价,选择最适宜园区发展的沼气工程模式。结果表明,该园区能值投入率为17.57,能值产出率为0.41,环境负载率0.33,可持续发展指数1.23,以CSTR湿法单相厌氧消化沼气工程为纽带的循环农业模式整体效益优于其他3种模式。研究对其他园区的循环农业模式评价和以沼气工程为纽带的循环农业发展具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
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Guilherme Anghinoni Cssio Antonio Tormena Rattan Lal Leandro Zancanaro Claudinei Kappes 《Land Degradation u0026amp; Development》2019,30(7):788-798
Brazil plays an important role in the global agricultural production, making Brazilian productive land use and management a critical issue. This study tested the hypothesis that soil physical quality (SPQ) of the Cerrado biome in central Brazil depends on appropriate crop rotation and tillage practices in cotton (Gossypium hyrsutum [L.])‐based cropping systems and is critical to achieve optimal cotton yields (COT). SPQ of an Oxisol was accessed for layers of 0.0–0.1, 0.1–0.2, and 0.2–0.4 m under conventional tillage (CT) and no‐tillage (NT) systems, in different farming systems, such as cotton monoculture, crop succession, and crop rotation in central Brazil. Variables studied were soil bulk density, total porosity, air permeability, pore continuity index, water content at field capacity, relative saturation at field capacity, the least limiting water range (LLWR), and COT. Soil sampling was performed in 2014, and COT was obtained in the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons. Conservationist practices, such as crop diversity and absence of soil tillage, improved water availability, enlarged the LLWR, and indicated that brachiaria cultivation positively influences the SPQ, whereas continuous soil tillage and less crop diversity adversely affected SPQ. COT was positively influenced by SPQ aspects regarding the increased water access in the 0.2–0.4 m layer of NT and in the 0.0–0.1 m of CT management. Differences in SPQ, as indicated by the LLWR, were reflected in differences in COT, as well as in soil air permeability in the CT treatments for the 2014 cropping season. Other SPQ variables had no relation to COT. 相似文献
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A. J. A. Vinten S. Donnelly B. C. Ball C. E. Crawford R. M. Ritchie & J. P. Parker 《Soil Use and Management》2006,22(1):82-94
Outwintering beef cattle on woodchip corrals offers stock management, economic and welfare benefits when compared with overwintering in open fields or indoors. A trial was set up on a loamy sand over sand soil to evaluate the pollution risks from corrals and the effect of design features (size and depth of woodchips, stocking density, and feeding on or off the corral). Plastic‐lined drainage trenches at 9–10 m spacing under the woodchips allowed sampling of the leachate. Sampling of the soil to 3.6 m below the corral allowed evaluation of pollutant mitigation during vadose zone transport. Mean corral leachate pollutant concentrations were 443–1056 mg NH4‐N L?1, 372–1078 mg dissolved organic carbon (DOC) L?1, 3–13 mg NO3‐N L?1, 8 × 104–1.0 × 106Escherichia coli 100 mL?1 and 2.8 × 102–1.4 × 103 faecal enterococci 100 mL?1. Little influence of design features could be observed. DOC, NH4 and (in most cases) E. coli and faecal enterococci concentrations decreased 102–103 fold when compared with corral leachate during transport to 3.6 m but there were some cores where faecal enterococci concentrations remained high throughout the profile. Travel times of pollutants (39–113 days) were estimated assuming vertical percolation, piston displacement at field moisture content and no adsorption. This allowed decay/die‐off kinetics in the soil to be estimated (0.009–0.044 day?1 for DOC, 0.014–0.045 day?1 for E. coli and 0–0.022 day?1 for faecal enterococci). The mean [NO3‐N] in pore water from the soil cores (n = 3 per corral) ranged from 114 ± 52 to 404 ± 54 mg NO3‐N L?1, when compared with 59 ± 15 mg NO3‐N L?1 from a field overwintering area and 47 ± 40 mg NO3‐N L?1 under a permanent feeding area. However, modelling suggested that denitrification losses in the soil profile increased with stocking density so nitrate leaching losses per animal may be smaller under corrals than for other overwintering methods. Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes (measured on one occasion from one corral) were 5–110 g N ha?1 day?1, 3–23 kg C ha?1 day?1, and 5–340 g C ha?1 day?1 respectively. Ammonia content of air extracted from above the woodchips was 0.7–3.5 mg NH4‐N m?3. 相似文献
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Assessing factors influencing phosphorus (P) availability in soils is important in preventing its overexploitation and excessive application in agricultural systems. Despite high historical P applications in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), county data on soil test P (STP) reveal considerable disparities in soil available P. In addition, negative soil balances as a result of small mineral P and manure inputs have been observed, raising questions about the factors leading to this situation. Our work focused on identifying possible causes operating at the farm management level by conducting a letter survey in two administrative districts of Brandenburg, the counties Barnim and Uckermark, linking farm management factors (ownership type, farm size, land tenure, animal husbandry with or without grassland and its intensity, presence of a biogas plant and organic production) to farmers’ self‐indicated levels of STP. Small‐ to medium‐sized individual farms tended to have (very) high STP, while large partnership farms and companies/cooperatives were sensitive to factors resulting in low STP. Farms with low shares of land ownership, the presence of grassland, extensive cattle farming and stockless organic farming had lower STP. On the other hand, biogas plants, partly in combination with intensive livestock (cattle) farming, were associated with larger STP. It was concluded that more care should be devoted to the design of agricultural policies and that further (inter‐ and transdisciplinary) research on this topic is needed. 相似文献
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宁夏的地表、地下水环境同农业活动的非点源污染关系十分密切。污染的原因是多方面的,污染途径也各有不同,在详细分析宁夏水环境质量与农业非点源污染关系的基础上,提出宁夏的水环境保护必须首先控制农业活动的非点源污染。 相似文献
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广东省是经济强省也是农业大省。为保障粮食安全,近年来农业发展速度加快,化肥、农药、地膜的大量使用以及畜禽养殖业的迅猛发展等,使得广东省农业面源污染问题日渐凸显。为揭示广东省农业面源污染物排放量和排放来源,阐明农业面源污染的主要特征及发展趋势,该研究基于1991—2021年历史统计数据分析,运用排污系数法估算了广东省各农业面源污染物排放负荷,阐明了农业面源污染的主要来源及其随时间发展的变化趋势。结果显示:1)1991—2021年广东省农业源化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、氨氮(ammonia nitrogen,NH3-N)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)排放量整体呈现增加趋势,2018年以来各污染物排放量出现小幅度降低。与1991年相比,2021年农业源COD、NH3-N、TN和TP排放量分别增长至1.9、1.9、1.7和2.2倍。2)种植业和畜禽养殖业是广东省农业面源污染的主要来源,种植业对农业源NH3-N、TN排放量的贡献率最大(占比分别为48%、52%),而畜禽养殖业对农业源COD、TP排放量的贡献率最大(占比分别为90%、51%);此外,水产养殖业对农业源各项水污染物排放总量的贡献率在10%~16%之间,但其排放量及贡献率均呈逐年上升趋势。研究客观分析了1991年来广东省农业面源污染特征及变化趋势,结果可以为农业面源污染防治对策提供科学依据。 相似文献
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《Land Degradation u0026amp; Development》2017,28(5):1742-1751
Rapid population growth and agricultural intensification have been directly associated with land degradation and with visible deterioration in water quality in the Ethiopian lakes. Assessing the extent and origin of pollution is cumbersome because of the lack of measurements for water quality parameters. This paper reports on the dissolved phosphorus (DP) concentrations in Lake Tana and its tributaries during 3 years from 2010 to 2012 and the four rainy months in 2014. Concentrations in the headwaters, at the gaging station, at the river mouth, near shore (littoral), and in the open lake (pelagic) were measured for the four major rivers. DP concentration in the rivers was on the average 0·32 mg l−1, and DP in the lake was much lower with an average concentration of 0·10 mg l−1. Temporally, DP concentrations were greater in the rainy phase of the monsoon than in the dry phase from November through March. Moreover, an upward trend in DP concentrations is coinciding with the area expansion of water hyacinths in the lake. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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通过清单分析方法和等标污染负荷法,以乡镇为单元研究了上海市化肥施用、有机肥施用、农作物秸秆、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、农村生活污水等农业面源污染来源化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)等污染物的排放量及其贡献率,并根据各区域水环境功能区划分别在区县尺度和乡镇尺度分析了农业面源污染程度及其区域分布。结果表明,上海市农业面源污染COD、TN、TP实物排放量分别为4.42×104、1.13×104、0.44×104 t/a,相应的等标排放量分别为0.16×104、0.93×104、1.65×104 m3/a,最主要污染源为畜禽养殖,其等标污染负荷比达到66.31 %,最主要污染物为TP,其等标污染负荷比达到60.32 %。各区县因农业面源污染引起的COD、TN、TP排放质量浓度分别为4.16~40.91、1.30~8.71、0.23~4.94 mg/L,各区县农业面源污染水质平均指数在0.67~5.91之间,主要污染乡镇分布在上海南部以及崇明岛等农业产值相对较高且距离水源保护区较近的远郊区域。 相似文献
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宁夏旱作农业生态环境恢复与重建 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
宁夏旱作农业生态系统处在宁夏南部半干旱黄土丘陵地区,由于其自然立地条件差,加之人的价值取向以及人口增长过快,土地过垦过牧,造成人地矛盾尖锐等社会经济原因,使本地区水土流失十分严重,原本脆弱的农业生态环境更加恶化。所以必须通过进一步强化农业生态环境保护意识、调整农业产业结构、优化农业生产方式、控制人口数量,提高人口质量、落实水土保持措施等恢复与重建本区旱作农业生态环境,才能有利于宁夏旱作农业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the demand of fresh organic matter (FOM) supply to maintain soil organic matter (SOM) levels and productivity of arable soils under organic management. The basic question is whether the different frame conditions in organic vs. conventional farming result in a different and system‐specific FOM demand. If this is the case, it would follow that the farming system has to be considered in the calculation of SOM balances. SOM balances are the most common decision support tools in organic matter management. A conversion to organic farming in practice usually leads to an increase of SOM levels as well as soil microbial activity over time. The system‐specific driver of this effect is the indispensable extension of the share of (perennial) legumes in crop rotations at the expense of non‐legumes such as cereals, row crops, and maize. Extended legume cropping is essential for N supply in crop rotations as the import of N fertilizer in total is limited by organic farming regulations and mineral N fertilizer may not be used at all. Based on this characteristic of organic management, we argue that the demand of FOM supply to soils must be higher than in conventional crop production. The most relevant factors are (1) the non‐existence of mineral N fertilizer as an external N source that supports the maintenance of SOM by decreasing the demand for SOM‐N, (2) benefits of increasing SOM stocks and turnover for soil productivity under organic management, and, (3) increased mass‐losses of FOM and easily degradable SOM compartments due to higher microbial activity in soils. These effects have to be quantified and must be considered in SOM balances in order to avoid misleading assessments and erroneous decisions. 相似文献
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体温是畜禽生命体征最为关键的生理指标之一,其有效监测与管理对于精准评价畜禽的健康状况和生理机能状态具有不可替代的作用。研究综述了2019年以来不同体温自动监测技术在畜禽养殖中的应用现状,重点分析了侵入式、穿戴式和非接触式3种畜禽体温自动监测方法及其应用情况;展望了未来畜禽养殖中体温精准监测的发展趋势并给出针对性建议。侵入式监测准确度高、长期监测稳定,适用于需要高精度监测的科学研究;穿戴式监测操作简单,数据采集方便,适用于猪、牛等大型牲畜规模化养殖长期连续性体温监测;非接触式监测灵敏度高、无应激性,适用于畜禽动物群体化监测。非接触式体温监测有望通过制定标准化监测流程,构建融合深度学习的自动化采集体系,以及持续提升监测算法鲁棒性等举措,成为规模化养殖领域中体温精准监测技术的核心突破点。研究为畜禽体温自动监测技术的深化研究提供参考,推动畜禽养殖业向智能化、高效化方向迈进。
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五味子的深层次综合开发研究孔四新,贾绪初,李延福(河南省济源市水土保持研究所,454650)五味子,一种盛产于我国广大山区的野果,属木兰科多年生木质藤本植物,因其果具有酸、甜、苦、辛、咸五昧故而得名,历史上多作药用。近年来,这一野生植物的营养保健价值... 相似文献
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水土保持林体系的时空有序张淑芝,孙尚海(甘肃省平凉地区水保所,平凉市744000)水保林体系的空间有序包括林种间的分层格局和林种内乔灌草地被物的空间结构。它的空间有序保证了它能立体利用太阳能、土壤养分和二氧化碳组成的绿色植物的热动力系统;它的时间有序... 相似文献
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