长穗偃麦草（Agropyron elongatum,2n=14）与普通小麦间的多态性及E …

以普通小麦中国春,长穗偃麦草及其７个二体异附加系为材料,用２６个１０碱基随机引物进行随机扩增,以检测普通小麦与长穗偃麦草间的多态性并建立长穗偃麦草染色体特有的ＲＡＰＤ标记。实验结果表明：２６个引物在中国春及长穗偃麦中共扩增出１８０条带,其中中国春１２１条,长穗偃麦草９４条,二者相同的带只有３５条,仅占１９．４４％,另外８０．５６％的带有二者间揭示了多态性,从分子水平揭示二者基因组间存在着较高水平的     

普通小麦背景中长穗偃麦草[Lophopyrum elongatum（Host）A．Loeve]E染色体组的RGAP特异标记

利用已知植物抗病基因编码氨基酸保守区域NBS—LRR（核苷酸结合位点-富亮氨酸区域）设计了42个简并引物组合，运用抗病基因类似物多态性（resistance gene analog polymorphism，RGAP）分子标记技术，对中国春、中国春-长穗偃麦草双二倍体及其附加系和代换系基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。结果表明，共有38对引物组合获得扩增产物，其中35对在普通小麦中国春、中国春-长穗偃麦草双二倍体中能扩增出多态性，平均每个引物组合扩增出38．5个片段。在普通小麦背景下，共获得275条长穗偃麦草E基因组多态件谱带，占扩增总谱带数的17．44％，揭示出在普通小麦背景下E基因组和普通小麦A、B、D基因组间的高丰度遗传变异。另外，利用RGAP分子标记技术，构建了一套完整的长穗偃麦草1E～7E染色体的特异RGAP标记。为小麦背景中长穗偃麦草外源遗传物质的快速检测提供了新途径。     

普通小麦背景中长穗偃麦草[Lophopyrum elongatum(Host) A. Lve]E染色体组的RGAP特异标记

利用已知植物抗病基因编码氨基酸保守区域NBS-LRR(核苷酸结合位点-富亮氨酸区域)设计了42个简并引物组合,运用抗病基因类似物多态性(resistance gene analog polymorphism,RGAP)分子标记技术,对中国春、中国春-长穗偃麦草双二倍体及其附加系和代换系基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。结果表明,共有38对引物组合获得扩增产物,其中35对在普通小麦中国春、中国春-长穗偃麦草双二倍体中能扩增出多态性,平均每个引物组合扩增出38.5个片段。在普通小麦背景下,共获得275条长穗偃麦草E基因组多态性谱带,占扩增总谱带数的17.44%,揭示出在普通小麦背景下E基因组和普通小麦A、B、D基因组间的高丰度遗传变异。另外,利用RGAP分子标记技术,构建了一套完整的长穗偃麦草1E~7E染色体的特异RGAP标记。为小麦背景中长穗偃麦草外源遗传物质的快速检测提供了新途径。     

普通小麦背景中长穗偃麦草[Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) A. Löve]E染色体组的RGAP特异标记

利用已知植物抗病基因编码氨基酸保守区域NBS-LRR（核苷酸结合位点-富亮氨酸区域）设计了42个简并引物组合，运用抗病基因类似物多态性（resistance gene analog polymorphism，RGAP）分子标记技术，对中国春、中国春-长穗偃麦草双二倍体及其附加系和代换系基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。结果表明，共有38对引物组合获得扩增产物，其中35对在普通小麦中国春、中国春-长穗偃麦草双二倍体中能扩增出多态性，平均每个引物组合扩增出38.5个片段。在普通小麦背景下，共获得275条长穗偃麦草E基因组多态性谱带，占扩增总谱带数的17.44%，揭示出在普通小麦背景下E基因组和普通小麦A、B、D基因组间的高丰度遗传变异。另外，利用RGAP分子标记技术，构建了一套完整的长穗偃麦草1E~7E染色体的特异RGAP标记。为小麦背景中长穗偃麦草外源遗传物质的快速检测提供了新途径。     

基于抑制消减杂交开发长穗偃麦草(Lophopyrum elongatum)特异分子标记

分别以二倍体长穗偃麦草和普通小麦中国春的基因组DNA作实验组和对照组,运用抑制消减杂交(SSH)技术去除2个基因组DNA之间的同源序列, 获得长穗偃麦草特异的DNA片段构建的单向抑制消减文库,并对随机克隆测序。根据测序结果设计引物,获得36个长穗偃麦草基因组特异分子标记,成功率高达69.2%。这些标记均能在具有长穗偃麦草E染色体的不同小麦背景和不同世代中稳定表现,可用于小麦背景中跟踪长穗偃麦草染色体或片段。     

基于SLAF-seq技术开发长穗偃麦草染色体特异分子标记

长穗偃麦草1E及7E染色体上带有重要的抗赤霉病基因, 开发大量相关染色体特异分子标记有助于准确定位抗性基因及获得可用于辅助育种紧密连锁的标记。基于SLAF-seq技术, 获得了368个长穗偃麦草1E染色体特异片段, 随机选取80个特异片段设计引物, 开发了20个长穗偃麦草1E染色体特异分子标记、2个长穗偃麦草基因组特异分子标记及26个其他特异分子标记, 效率达60%。用这些特异标记能稳定检测出不同小麦–长穗偃麦草衍生材料中的1E染色体或片段。通过标记与优良性状的共分离特性, 获得与相关基因紧密连锁的标记, 将为小麦抗性育种中的分子标记辅助选择提供依据。     

长穗偃麦草—普通小麦核质杂种的创制及其细胞遗传学分析

以长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata=Agropyron elongatum,2n=70)为母本,普通小麦为父本,进行核置换回交,现已获得第14次回交的核质杂种材料。根据育性和生活力的表现以及细胞遗传学分析,长穗偃麦草-普通小麦核质杂种可分为以下类型:(1)生长正常,育性较好,染色体构型为21″W+1′Eev;(2)生长正常,完全不育或育性很低,染色体构型     

中国春-长穗偃麦草异代换系、异附加系的氮营养性状

为从小麦近缘植物长穗偃麦草中寻找氮高效基因,在高、低氮2个水平下,以中国春-长穗偃麦草二体异附加系和二体异代换系为试材,对其氮素利用特性进行了鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明:5E附加系氮素生理利用效率在低氮处理下极显著高于对照中国春,5E代换系氮素生理利用效率在高氮处理下显著高于对照中国春,4E代换系氮素总累积量和籽粒氮累积量在高、低氮处理下均显著高于对照中国春,表明5E和4E染色体可能分别携有促进氮素生理利用效率和促进氮素吸收转运的高效基因,长穗偃麦草5E和4E染色体可以作为提高小麦氮营养特性的有益基因资源。     

Genetic diversity and identification of cymbidium cultivars as measured by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

DNA from thirty-six cymbidium cultivars was examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the efficiency of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in identifying cultivars and determining levels of genetic variability. A total of 132 RAPD markers, 78% of which were polymorphic, were produced from 15 10mer arbitrary primers. All the cultivars were distinguishable when a number of primers was considered. One cultivar, Blue Smoke ‘Green Meadow’ could be distinguished from all the rest based only on lack of the OPA5-370 fragment. Genetic distances among the cultivars were estimated based on the amount of band sharing and ranged from 0.08–0.50 with an average of 0.29. Cluster analysis of genetic distance estimates grouped siblings together with each other and parents with offsprings, thereby agreeing with known parentage information and corroborating isozyme data obtained from a separate study. The possible application of the observed polymorphism and variation to cymbidium breeding is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A New Intergeneric Hybrid between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy: Variation in A. fragile for Suppression of the Wheat Ph-Locus Activity

New intergeneric hybrids were obtained between Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tukuho’ (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) and Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy PGR 8097 (2n = 4x = 28, PPPP) at a frequency of 1.06 %, through the use of direct embryo culture and in ovulo embryo culture. Such hybrids could be used to transfer barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance and winterhardiness into bread wheat. The somatic chromosome number in all the hybrid plants was 2n = 5x = 35, as expected. Considerable variation in chromosome pairing was observed among the different hybrid plants. Average meiotic chromosome configuration at metaphase I was 17.29 Is + 6.57 rod Us + 1.97 ring Us + 0.18 III + 0.03 IV + 0.002 VI. The high level of chromosome pairing in some F₁ hybrids was attributed to Ph-suppressor gene(s) present in A. fragile. The hybrids could not be backcrossed to wheat, but amphiploid seeds have been obtained by colchicine treatment.     

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.): Mapping the Genes for Nematode Resistance and Hypocotyl Colour

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was adapted for segregation analysis in sugar beet. 83 I_O/I individuals were scored with a set of 20 arbitrary decamer primers. 4 preliminary linkage groups could be established, enclosing 9 RAPD markers, 2 isozyme loci, a gene for the hypocotyl colour and a gene for resistance to the root knot nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.).     

Production of 27-, 28-, and 56-chromosome apomictic hybrid derivatives between pearl millet (2n=14) and Pennisetum squamulatum (2n=54)

Summary An interspecific hybridization program designed to transfer gene(s) controlling apomixis from Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen. (2n=6x=54) to induced tetraploid (2n=4x=28) cultivated pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke resulted in four offtype plants, two with 27 chromosomes and two with 28 chromosomes. These plants were found among 217 spaced plants established from open-pollinated seed of an apomictic 21-chromosome polyhaploid (2n=21) plant derived from an apomictic interspecific hybrid (2n=41) between tetraploid pearl millet and Pennisetum squamulatum. It appeared that a 21- (or 20-) chromosome unreduced egg from the apomictic polyhaploid united with a 7-chromosome pearl millet (2n=2x=14) gamete to produce a 28- (or 27-) chromosome offspring. Meiotic chromosome behavior was irregular averaging from 3.60 to 4.05 bivalents per microsporocyte in the 27- and 28-chromosome hybrids. The 27- or 28-chromosome hybrids, like the 21-chromosome female parent, shed no pollen, but set from 1.8 to 28 seed per panicle when allowed to outcross with pearl millet. Progeny of the 28-chromosome hybrids were uniform and identical to their respective female parents, indicating that apomixis had been effectively transferred through the egg. In addition, a 56-chromosome plant resulting from chromosome doubling of a 28-chromosome hybrid was identified. Pollen was 68 per cent stainable and the plant averaged 2.3 selfed seeds per panicle. Chromosomes of the 56-chromosome plant paired as bivalents (x=10.67) or associated in multivalents. Three to nine chromosomes remained unpaired at metaphase I. Multiple four-nucleate embryo sacs indicated the 56-chromosome hybrid was an obligate apomict. The production of 27-, 28-, and 56-chromosome hybrid derivatives were the results of interspecific hybridization, haploidization, fertilization of unreduced apomictic eggs, and spontaneous chromosome doubling. These mechanisms resulted in new unique genome combinations between x=7 and x=9 Pennisetum species.