Classical swine fever virus: a second ring test to evaluate RT-PCR detection methods

Six laboratories participated in a study to compare the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR tests for the detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Sets of coded samples were prepared by serial dilution of positive samples and then distributed to each of the laboratories. One set comprised 25 samples of random primed cDNA, synthesised from viral RNA representative of different pestiviruses. The other set comprised samples of blood and serum obtained from virus-free or CSFV-infected pigs. Each laboratory tested the samples using PCR/RT-PCR according to a set of standardised protocols that specified the exact conditions and requirements for inclusion of control samples. Two types of test were evaluated. One amplified a part of the 5'-non coding region of the pestivirus genome by means of a closed, one-tube RT-nested PCR. The other amplified a part of the NS5B gene using non-nested RT-PCR. The results of the laboratories were compared with one another, and with those obtained earlier when similar samples were tested by the same laboratories using non-standardised methods [Paton et al., Classical swine fever virus: a ring test to evaluate RT-PCR detection methods, Vet. Microbiol., in press]. Standardisation of the protocols resulted in a more consistent test sensitivity. Three laboratories avoided significant false positive results. Others that did not, could nevertheless recognise that test specificity was inadequate from the results obtained with the control samples. Minimum requirements for the inclusion of adequate controls and periodic proficiency testing are proposed.     

Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a first inter-laboratory comparison trial to evaluate virus isolation and RT-PCR detection methods

Five European reference laboratories participated in an exercise to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of their routinely employed RT-PCR tests and cell cultures for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. Five identical sets of 20 coded samples were prepared from 10 vesicular epithelia, which were derived from submissions from suspect cases of FMD or swine vesicular disease (SVD). Sixteen samples were derived from six FMD virus positive epithelia representing four different serotypes (two each of types O and A and one each of types Asia 1 and SAT 2), two from samples which had been found to be negative by antigen ELISA and virus isolation (VI) in cell culture and two from SVD virus positive epithelia. Some of the FMD virus positive samples were prepared from 10-fold serial dilutions of three of the initial suspensions. Each laboratory tested the samples by one or more of its available RT-PCR procedures and inoculated cell cultures that it routinely uses for FMD diagnosis in attempts to isolate virus, the specificity of which was confirmed by antigen ELISA. The best of the RT-PCR assays used in each laboratory gave comparable results while the sensitivity of cell cultures was variable from high in one laboratory, moderate in two and low in two others. This prototype panel of samples would appear suitable for external quality assurance of these tests but would benefit from the inclusion of more negative samples and an extension in the serial dilution range of one or more of the FMD positive sample titration series.     

Establishment and Application of Real-time Quantitative PCR Assay for Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus

A Real-time quantitative PCR assay for detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was developed using the specific probe and primers designed basing on the E2 gene of CSFV. The Real-time quantitative PCR assay was established using the total RNA of CSFV as template. The specificity, sensitivity and repeatability of the assay were tested, and samples taken from clinic suspicious CSFV infected pigs had been testified by the established assay. The results indicated that the Real-time quantitative PCR assay was successfully established, and showed a good linear relationship at a template range of 10¹ to 10⁶ copies/μL with a coefficient correlation of 0.999; The specificity of the assay revealed that amplifications were showed on CSFV samples, but other pathogens had no amplifications; The sensitivity of the assay was 10 copies/μL nucleic acid and 1 TCID₅₀/mL virus; Meanwhile,19 positive samples were detected, which were consistent with results of CSFV detected by Nested RT-PCR, cloning and sequencing. The eatablished Real-time quantitative PCR assay was specific, sensitive rapid and suitable for early detection and epidemiological study of CSFV.     

猪瘟病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立一种快速、敏感、特异的猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus,CSFV）实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,本研究根据GenBank中CSFV E2基因保守区域序列,设计了一对特异性引物和一条特异性探针,以CSFV总RNA为反转录模板,经优化反应条件,建立CSFV实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,并对其进行了特异性、敏感性、重复性试验;利用所建立的方法对35份临床疑似CSFV感染样品进行了检测。结果表明,本研究建立的CSFV实时荧光定量PCR检测方法在10¹~10⁶拷贝/μL范围内有很好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999;CSFV细胞培养物出现阳性扩增信号,但ST正常细胞对照和其他8种病原对照未出现扩增,特异性良好;该方法重复性好、敏感性高,最低检测模板浓度为10拷贝/μL,并且CSFV的最低检测限为1 TCID₅₀/mL;自35份疑似CSFV感染样品中检出19份阳性样品,与本课题组建立的CSFV Nested RT-PCR检测结果和克隆测序结果一致。本研究成功建立了CSFV实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,可用于CSFV的快速检测。     

猪瘟病毒巢式RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立一种快速、特异、灵敏的检测猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus,CSFV）巢式RT-PCR（nested RT-PCR）方法,本研究参照GenBank中公布的CSFV E2基因保守区域序列设计2对特异性引物,以CSFV总RNA为模板,优化反应条件,建立CSFV nested RT-PCR方法,对其进行特异性、敏感性和重复性试验;利用所建立的方法对35份临床疑似CSFV感染样品进行了应用检测,并对阳性PCR产物进行克隆测序鉴定。结果表明,本研究成功建立了CSFV nested RT-PCR检测方法,能够特异性地扩增CSFV,但对ST正常细胞对照和其他8种病原对照未扩增出任何条带;稳定性和重复性好;敏感性高,最低检测病毒含量为1 TCID₅₀;自35份疑似CSFV感染样品中检出19份阳性样品,PCR阳性产物克隆测序结果表明均为CSFV E2基因片段。本研究成功建立了CSFV nested RT-PCR检测方法,可用于CSFV的快速检测,为CSF的早期检测诊断提供了特异、灵敏的方法。     

猪瘟单克隆抗体的制备及ACI-ELISA检测猪瘟病毒的研究

本研究用猪瘟石门毒(CSFV-Shimen)免疫BALB/C小鼠,按常规单克隆抗体(McAb)技术方法制作,最终获得4株McAb,分别命名为AC9、CF8、DG5和EC9,4株McAb与基因工程CSFV E2蛋白反应结果表明:AC9、CF8和EC9是抗CS-FV E2蛋白的McAb.用AC9和CF8McAb对CSFV进行抗原捕获间接ELJSA试验(ACI-ELISA),通过一元McAb和二元McAb CAI-ELISA试验的比较,结果表明AC9与CF8两种McAb有协同作用,其捕获CSFV的能力比一元McAb显著提高.方阵试验结果表明:McAb和血清多抗(PcAb)的最佳工作稀释度分别为1:400和1:200.特异性试验和敏感性试验结果显示本法特异性强,敏感性高.最后用ACI-ELISA与PCR对30份病料的检测结果比较,表明ACI-ELISA与PCR检测结果相符.上述结果说明本研究所获得AC9和CF8可用作猪瘟诊断试剂盒的研制,是检测CSFV的有效方法.     

An international inter-laboratory ring trial to evaluate a real-time PCR assay for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in extended bovine semen

Six laboratories participated in a ring trial to evaluate the reliability of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) from extended bovine semen. Sets of coded samples were prepared and distributed to each of the laboratories. The sample panel contained semen from naturally and artificially infected bulls, serial dilutions of positive semen with negative semen, semen from uninfected seronegative bulls, negative semen spiked with virus, as well as serial dilutions of reference virus. The samples were tested using a previously validated real-time PCR assay for the detection of BoHV-1 in each participating laboratory. The PCR tests were conducted with four different real-time PCR amplification platforms, including RotorGene 3000, Stratagene MX 3000/4000, ABI 7900, and Roche LightCycler 2.0. Virus isolation using one set of samples was performed in one laboratory. The results of the laboratories were compared with one another, and with those of virus isolation. It was found that the sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR test was greater than those of virus isolation (82.7% versus 53.6% and 93.6% versus 84.6%, respectively). A high level of agreement on PCR testing results between the laboratories was achieved (kappa value 0.59-0.95). The results of this study indicate that the real-time PCR assay is suitable for the detection of BoHV-1 in extended semen, and would be a good substitute for the slow and laborious virus isolation, for the screening testing at artificial insemination centres and for international trade.     

Comparison of five diagnostic methods for detecting bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in calves.

Five diagnostic techniques performed on skin biopsies (shoulder region) and/or serum were compared for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in 224 calves 0-3 months of age, 23 calves older than 3 months but younger than 7 months, and 11 cattle older than 7 months. The diagnostic methods used were immunohistochemistry (IHC), 2 commercial antigen ELISAs, 1 commercial antibody ELISA, and real-time RT-PCR. Results of 249 out of 258 skin and serum samples were identical and correlated within the 3 antigen detection methods and the real-time RT-PCR used. Twenty-six of these 249 samples were BVDV-positive with all antigen detection methods and the real-time RT-PCR. Nine out of 258 samples yielding discordant results were additionally examined by RT-PCR, RT-PCR Reamplification (ReA), and antigen ELISA I on serum and by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded skin biopsies. Virus isolation and genotyping was performed as well on these discordant samples. In 3 cases, transiently infected animals were identified. Two samples positive by real-time RT-PCR were interpreted as false positive and were ascribed to cross-contamination. The antigen ELISA II failed to detect 2 BVDV-positive calves due to the presence of maternal antibodies; the cause of 2 false-positive cases in this ELISA remained undetermined. Only persistently infected animals were identified in skin samples by IHC or antigen ELISA I. The 3 antigen detection methods and the real-time RT-PCR used in parallel had a high correlation rate (96.5%) and similar sensitivity and specificity values.     

某规模化猪场伪狂犬病的诊断

河南平顶山某猪场母猪出现较严重的流产和产死胎现象,且50日龄~70日龄仔猪出现神经症状,根据临床表现初步诊断为伪狂犬病。为排除猪繁殖与呼吸综合征和猪瘟,进行了实验室诊断。应用ELISA方法检测发病保育猪及母猪血清的伪狂犬病病毒野毒株gE抗体,并对发病仔猪病料进行了伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的实时荧光定量PCR检测。结果显示,伪狂犬病病毒野毒抗体阳性,实时荧光定量PCR检测确定仔猪病料中PRV核酸阳性,PRRSV和CSFV核酸阴性。结合临床症状及实验室检测,确诊该猪场发生的是猪伪狂犬病。     

猪瘟病毒3种检测方法的比较

本研究旨在比较3种检测猪瘟病毒方法的优缺点。应用反转录—复合套式聚合酶链式反应(RT-nPCR)、荧光抗体法、胶体金免疫层析试纸条3种方法,分别对 30份疑似猪瘟病料中的猪瘟病毒进行检测。试验结果显示,RT-nPCR方法检出阳性样品数为11份,荧光抗体法为13份,胶体金免疫层析试纸条为8份;3种方法检测全为阳性8份,全为阴性17份。试验结果表明,荧光抗体检测法所需时间较短,但需要经验比较丰富人员来判定结果,且存在假阳性结果, 敏感性比较差;胶体金免疫层析试纸条诊断方法最大的优点就是简便快速,且适合基层的应用,该方法的不足之处就是敏感性较低;RT-nPCR检测法具有快速、敏感等优点,但需一定仪器设备及成熟的技术方法。RT-nPCR还能区分待检样品为疫苗毒株(弱毒)还是野毒株感染(强毒),这是其他2种方法所不可比拟的。     

Establishment and Application of Single and Duplex RT-PCR Method for Differentiation of Wild-type and Vaccine Viruses of Classical Swine Fever Virus

For the distinguishment of wild-type and vaccine viruses of classical swine fever (CSF),a rapid and simple method was established,which laid the foundation for the purification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in large-scale farms.It was found that T-rich insertion sequence independently that 3'-NTR in Lapinized vaccine strain according to the genome sequence comparative analysis of CSF wild virus,vaccine virus and near origin virus published in GenBank,on the basis of this,two pairs of specific primers were designed in the upper and lower ends of the insertion sequence and duplex RT-PCR primers were designed.The anneal temperature of polymerese chain reaction (PCR) was optimized,then the two single and duplex RT-PCR method for the differentiation of wild-type and vaccine viruses of CSF were established.The sensitivity and specificity results showed that the minimum amounts of nucleic acid by the single RT-PCR were 2.2 pg (one pair of primers in single RT-PCR)and 1.7 pg (another pair of primers in single RT-PCR),respectively,and that of the duplex RT-PCR were 8.2 pg (wild-type virus of CSF) and 6.7 pg (vaccine virus of CSF), respectively, and no amplification of PRV,PRRSV,JEV,BVDV,PCV2 DNA/RNA were detected by these methods.Then the methods were used to detect 146 suspicious clinical samples,and the results showed that the positive rates of the mixed infection by wild-type and vaccine viruses of CSF in breeding sows,fattening pigs,nursery pigs and suckling piglets were 6.3%,7.4%,8.3%,8.6%, respectively.The results indicated that the single and duplex RT-PCR methods had high specificity,sensitivity,and good repeatability,and it had an important reference value for the purification of CSF in large-scale farms.     

鉴别猪瘟野毒与疫苗毒的单一与二重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立一种对猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus,CSFV）临床样本快速、简便的检测技术,以区分猪瘟（classical swine fever,CSF）野毒和疫苗毒感染,为规模化猪场CSF净化奠定基础。通过对GenBank中CSF野毒、疫苗毒及近源病毒的基因组全序列比对,发现CSF兔化弱毒疫苗株3’-NTR独立存在富含T的插入序列,根据这一特点分别在该插入序列的上、下两端设计2对单一RT-PCR引物并选择特异保守区域设计了二重RT-PCR引物,优化筛选能够鉴别CSF野毒与兔化弱毒疫苗的PCR反应条件,建立了能鉴别CSF野毒和疫苗毒的单一与二重RT-PCR鉴别诊断方法。敏感性和特异性分析表明,单一RT-PCR检测CSFV各引物最低核酸检测量分别为2.2 pg（单一RT-PCR中的1对引物）和1.7 pg（单一RT-PCR中的另外1对引物）;二重RT-PCR检测CSFV各引物最低核酸检测量分别为8.2 pg（CSF野毒）和6.7 pg（CSF疫苗毒）,两种方法均检测不到PRV、PRRSV、JEV、BVDV、PCV2的DNA/RNA。采用该方法对146份可疑临床样品进行检测,结果表明CSF疫苗毒与野毒在能繁母猪、育肥猪、保育猪和哺乳仔猪中的二重感染率分别为6.3%、7.4%、8.3%、8.6%。本研究建立的单一与二重RT-PCR方法都具有敏感性强、特异性优、重复性好的特点,该研究对规模化猪场猪瘟的净化具有十分重要的参考价值。     

猪瘟抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立和优化

采用真核系统表达纯化的猪瘟病毒E2蛋白作为包被物,通过对各个反应条件的摸索和优化,建立了检测猪瘟病毒抗体的猪瘟抗体间接ELISA检测方法。研究结果表明,E2蛋白的最佳包被浓度为0.25μg/mL,最佳包被条件为4℃16h;待检血清的最佳稀释倍数为100倍;特异性检测试验证明,该方法与猪常见病原的阳性血清没有交叉反应。通过对大量猪瘟抗体阴、阳性血清的检测,最终确定了本检测方法的判定标准。     

非洲猪瘟病毒抗体检测间接ELISA方法的建立

以基因工程表达的非洲猪瘟病毒VP73蛋白作为包被抗原,建立了间接ELISA方法,用以检测猪血清中抗非洲猪瘟VP73蛋白的抗体。该方法对非洲猪瘟标准阳性血清的检测灵敏度可以达到1∶2 560,与同类进口ELISA试剂盒相当。此方法只特异性检出非洲猪瘟阳性血清,而对猪传染性胸膜肺炎等5种猪传染病阳性血清的检测结果均为阴性,表明其具有良好的特异性。批内和批间重复性试验结果发现,检测同一份血清的变异系数小于10%,表明其重复性较好。包被好的酶标板37℃放置5d后,对同一份血清的检测敏感性无明显变化,初步表明其稳定性较好。利用建立的间接ELISA方法和进口ELISA试剂盒分别对150份血清样品进行非洲猪瘟血清抗体检测,结果表明本方法的特异性和敏感性分别为99.1%和94.3%,2种方法检测结果的符合率为98%。以上试验表明,本试验建立的间接ELISA方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性、较好的重复性和稳定性,可以满足临床检测的需求。     

猪瘟病毒荧光定量RT—PCR检测方法的建立及其初步应用

针对CSFV基因组5＇端非编码区序列设计并合成了高度特异的一对引物和一条探针,用于猪瘟病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立。将提取的病毒的总RNA做为模板进行反转录和PCR,将PCR产物克隆到pMDl8-T载体后进行大肠杆菌转化,提取阳性质粒做为标准品绘制标准曲线,成功地建立了特异性检测CSFV的荧光定量RT-PCR方...     

SYBR荧光定量PCR方法分析猪瘟石门强毒的组织分布

为研究急性感染期猪瘟病毒在组织中的分布,本试验建立了猪瘟病毒实时定量PCR检测方法,通过与普通PCR及套式PCR方法比较,发现实时定量PCR具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,能够用于猪瘟病毒的检测;以此方法为基础,对人工接种猪瘟石门强毒急性死亡猪体内病毒分布进行了检测,结果发现急性感染期猪瘟病毒主要集中在扁桃体、脾脏、淋巴结及回肠。本研究初步揭示了猪瘟强毒在急性感染期死亡猪体内的分布情况,为猪瘟致病机理及感染控制的研究奠定了基础。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒一步法RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立一种快速检测牛病毒性腹泻病毒病原的方法,本研究根据GenBank上登录的牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)基因组序列,设计1对引物,建立了检测BVDV的一步法RT-PCR方法。该方法对牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、猪瘟病毒、牛副流感病毒3型的扩增结果均为阴性,检测的敏感性达1 ng RNA。该一步法RT-PCR方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性、重复性,可以准确快速检测出极低含量的BVDV,将为BVDV的病原检测及分子流行病学调查等提供一种快速、灵敏、特异、准确的分子生物学检测方法。     

猪瘟病毒和牛病毒性腹泻病毒双重RT-PCR方法的建立和初步应用

根据GenBank上已发表的猪瘟病毒(CSFV)和牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)的全基因序列,进行对比分析,分别设计合成两对能特异性扩增CSFV、BVDV的引物。经过条件优化后,建立了检测CSFV和BVDV的双重RT-PCR方法,扩增两种病毒的片段,大小分别为938、650 bp。应用该方法对11批牛睾丸细胞、7批胎牛血清、60个批次的猪瘟细胞苗、10份全血样及10份组织样进行检测。通过试验证明,所建立的方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,为防止猪瘟细胞苗的污染及进行CSFV和BVDV鉴别诊断提供了有效方法。     

An update on FIV and FeLV test performance using a Bayesian statistical approach

BACKGROUND: Screening tests for feline retroviruses are thought to have high sensitivity and specificity, although previous studies that evaluated these tests have limitations. Novel statistical approaches have been developed that allow the estimation of sensitivity and specificity in situations where the true state of the disease in individual animals cannot be assured. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a variety of retrovirus tests, including some screening tests, in a population of cats potentially infected with either feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and/or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) by using a Bayesian statistical approach. METHODS: Four hundred and ninety blood samples from cats being evaluated for FIV infection were tested by 2 rapid immunomigration tests (Witness single [WS], Witness combi [WC]) and a plate-based ELISA (Petcheck) for FIV antibody, and by a newly designed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for FIV provirus. Four hundred and ninety-five blood samples from cats being evaluated for FeLV infection were tested by 2 rapid immunomigration tests (WS, WC) and a plate-based ELISA (Petcheck) for FeLV antigen, and by a FeLV virus isolation technique. Results were then analyzed by using a Bayesian statistical method. RESULTS: For FIV tests, median sensitivity estimates were 0.98 for WS, 0.97 for WC, 0.98 for ELISA, and 0.92 for PCR. Median specificity estimates were 0.96 for WS, 0.96 for WC, 0.93 for ELISA, and 0.99 for PCR. For FeLV tests, median sensitivity estimates were 0.97 for WS, 0.97 for WC, 0.98 for ELISA, and 0.91 for virus isolation. Median specificity estimates were 0.96 for WS, 0.96 for WC, 0.98 for ELISA, and 0.99 for virus isolation. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Bayesian statistical methods overcomes a variety of methodologic problems associated with diagnostic test evaluations, including the lack of a definitive reference test. The sensitivity and the specificity of all 6 evaluated screening tests was high: however, specificity estimates were slightly lower than those reported by most recent studies.