影响兔胚胎细胞核移植效率的因素

 对兔胚胎细胞核移植（NT）的有关影响因素进行了系统研究。结果发现电场强度100 V·mm-1，脉冲时间15μs，电脉冲3～4次的融合率显著高于其它组（P<0.05）；融合前激活卵母细胞，分裂率和囊胚率显著高于融合后激活（P <0.05）；当用8～16-细胞胚胎的卵裂球作供核时，卵裂率和囊胚率显著高于致密桑椹胚卵裂球为供核组；当重组胚在含3%发情牛血清（OCS）的TCM199中培养48 h后，转入含10% FCS的TCM199中继续培养，卵裂率和囊胚率显著高于一直在3% OCS或10% 胎犊血清（FCS）中培养的重组胚（P < 0.05）。将22枚2～4-细胞期重组胚移入同期发情的受体母兔输卵管内，34 d后产下NT仔兔1只。结果表明，电融合参数和供体胚胎的发育阶段以及受体卵母细胞的状态对NT效果有显著影响，在NT胚胎的不同发育阶段采用不同的血清种类和浓度可提高其胚胎发育能力。     

Serial Nuclear Transfer of Goat-Rabbit Interspecies Reconstructed Embryos

The experiments of serial nuclear transfer were conducted between Boer goat and rabbit. The enucleated oocytes of rabbit were used as recipients while the blastomeres of goat morula was used as nuclear donor. The reconstructed embryos developing to morula were used as donor for serial cloning. As a result, two generations of reconstructed embryos were obtained, including 58 first generation reconstructed embryos and 14 second generation reconstructed embryos. The fusion rates were 79.5 and 70%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between them （P〉0.05）. The cleavage rates were 75.9 and 28.6% respectively with significant difference （P〈0.01）. No blastocyst was obtained from the second generation reconstructed embryos while 13.8% of first generation reconstructed embryos developed to blastocyst.     

In Vitro Developmental Potential of Cloned Embryos Derived from Bovine Somatic Cells and Rabbits Oocyte

180 reconstituted embryos were produced by nuclear transplantation using bovine ear fibroblasts at G0 or non-G0 stage as donor nuclei and oocytes collected from superovulated multiparous or young rabbits as recipients. After cultivation in two kinds of medium M199+ 10%FBS or RD+ 10%FBS, 112 of them developed to 2-cell stage (62.2%) and 26 to morula stage (14.4%) and 20 of them eventually developed to blastocyst stage (11. 1% ). There is no significant difference for the cleavage rates in two groups of reconstituted embryos derived from G0-stage and non-G0 stage donor cells respectively. However, G0-stage donor cells could result in higher rate of 8-cell - 16-cell stage embryos significantly (P＜0.05), as well as higher rate of blastocysts (P＜0.01). It seems that using two different culture systems had no significant effects on the cleavage rate, morula rate or blastocyst rate (P＞0.05).     

山羊（Bore）-兔异种克隆胚胎连续核移植的研究

 以山羊-兔异种克隆桑椹胚卵裂球为核供体，兔卵母细胞为受体进行连续核移植研究，最终连续2次，共获得继Ⅰ代重构胚58枚，继Ⅱ代重构胚14枚。融合率分别为79.5%和70%，差异不显著（P>0.05）卵裂率分别为75.9%和28.6%,差异显著（P<0.05）。但继Ⅱ代重构胚最终未能发育至囊胚，继Ⅰ代重构胚囊胚率达到10.2%。     

猪体细胞克隆胚胎的体外生产试验

 【目的】通过优化猪体细胞核移植程序,建立获得克隆囊胚的有效方法。【方法】比较不同电激活参数、不同体外培养条件对猪体细胞克隆胚发育能力的影响。【结果】选用1.5 kV?cm-1、80 μs 和1 DC的参数组合,对猪核移植重构胚进行电融合和电激活,可获得较高的卵裂率和最高的囊胚发育率（分别为71.4%和14.3%）,且囊胚发育率显著高于其它组（P＜0.05）;0.4% BSA NCSU 23 培养液培养克隆重构胚72 h,半量换液并未改善克隆胚的发育,但添加10% FBS 可显著提高囊胚发育率（15.1%对10.3%,P＜0.05）和DNA 完整率(56.8%对46.6%,P＜0.05) ;采用猪卵泡颗粒细胞（pGC）共培养体系未能显著提高克隆胚发育率（P＞0.05）,但卵丘细胞（pCC）单层共培养时,囊胚发育率显著高于对照组（16.7%对9.8%,P＜0.05）,培养5 d 的克隆胚凋亡率也显著低于对照组（39.5%对54.2%,P＜0.05）。【结论】采用1.5 kV?cm-1、80 μs 和1 DC 的参数组合对猪克隆重构胚进行电融合和电激活,以0.4% BSA NCSU 23培养液作 pCC 单层共培养72 h,然后换用10% FBS NCSU 23 培养液,可明显提高囊胚发育率。     

影响克隆牛生产效率之因素研究

为了提高牛体细胞克隆的效率,比较了不同融合电压对核移植胚发育的影响,其中1.7kv/cm电场强度,获得了较高的融合率、卵裂率和囊胚率,分别为67.14%,76.59%和29.16%。比较了血清饥饿处理体细胞对核移植效率的影响,血清饥饿处理体细胞后,融合率、卵裂率和囊胚率分别为68.91%,74.79%和28.26%,与非血清饥饿处理的相比没有明显差异(分别为60.96%,71.91%和20.31%,P>0.05)。而且胚胎移植后的怀孕率和产犊率也没有差异(分别为29.17%,8.33%和33.33%,16.66%,P>0.05)。另外,通过加强克隆牛的产后护理,可以提高克隆牛的成活率。总之,优化生产克隆牛的各环节因素,可以从整体上提高克隆牛的生产效率。     

Effects of Ooplasmic Transfer on Rabbit Oocyte Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

In order to evaluate the effects of ooplasm on oocyte fertilization and early embryonic development and to study the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heterogeneity of early embryos, microinjection was first performed to transfer a small amount (5 to 7%) of donor ooplasm into recipient oocytes, then the eggs were fertilized with rabbit sperm through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In group 1 (homogeneous ooplasmic transfer), both the donor and recipient rabbit oocytes were at metaphase Ⅱ (MⅡ). In group 2 (heterogeneous ooplasmic transfer), the donor was mouse MⅡ oocyte and the recipient was rabbit MⅡ oocyte. In the control group, only ICS! was done on rabbit oocyte without ooplasmic transfer.No significant difference (P＞0.05) was observed in blastocyst development rates between group 1 (13.0%, 3/23) and the control group (16.7%, 4/24), but significant difference (P＜0.05) was examined in blastocyst development rate between group 2 (0, 0/27) and the control group. Blastomeres cleaved unequally and embryonic fragments increased after ooplasmic transfer and ICSI. In early embryos, in group 2, donor mouse mtDNA was detected in 2-cell embryos (3/3), 4-cell embryos(3/4), 8-cell embryos (4/4), and morulae (2/2). The mtDNA fingerprinting analysis showed that mouse mtDNA detected in heterogeneous embryos of different developmental stages had exactly the same sequence as that of the donor mouse mtDNA, thus indicating that homogenous ooplasmic transfer had no significant influence on rabbit oocyte fertilization and early embryonic development, and that heterogeneous ooplasmic transfer did cause notable reduction in blastocyst development rate. Heterogeneous mtDNA sequence in early embryos did not mutate. Compared with the control group,the embryonic quality declined after ooplasmic transfer operation in the present experiment.     

培养液对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌胚胎早期体外发育的影响

[目的]提高卵母细胞体外成熟质量,优化猪早期胚胎体外培养体系。[方法]以改良TCM199,NCSU-23培养液为基础液,分别添加10%的猪卵泡液（PFF）和10%的优质胎牛血清（FBS）进行卵母细胞体外成熟培养,以成熟率、孤雌胚胎体外发育率等为指标,研究不同培养液对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响。[结果]猪卵母细胞在TCM199,TCM199＋FBS和TCM199＋PFF组成熟42 h的成熟率分别为（54.2±3.5）%、（68.5±3.2）%和（69.3±3.7）%,在NCSU-23,NCSU-23＋FBS和NCSU-23＋PFF组成熟42 h的成熟率分别为（51.6±3.3）%、（63.2±3.1）%和（65.5±3.5）%,添加10%的FBS和PFF在0.05水平上显著提高了卵母细胞成熟率;6组不同成熟培养液得到的成熟卵母细胞在孤雌激活后囊胚发育率差异不显著,但TCM199＋PFF组的囊胚细胞数（36.5±4.8）在0.05水平上显著高于TCM199和NCSU-23组的囊胚细胞数（18.7±3.2和15.5±2.4）。[结论]改良TCM199,NCSV-23培养液中添加10%PFF和10%FBS可显著促进猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌胚胎早期体外发育。     

牛-兔种间重组胚体外发育能力的研究

 以超排的青年母兔和经产母兔卵母细胞为受体细胞,以处于休眠期和非休眠期的黑毛和牛耳成纤维细胞为核供体,共获得180枚种间重组胚,采用M199+10%FBS和RD+10%FBS2种培养液进行体外培养,有112枚发育到2-细胞期(62.2%),26枚发育到桑椹胚期(14.4%),20枚发育到囊胚期(11.1%)。结果显示,供体细胞处于休眠期与否,对重组胚的卵裂率无显著影响(P<0.05),但以休眠期细胞为核供体的重组胚8-细胞～16-细胞胚的发育率及桑椹胚发育率显著高于非休眠期细胞的重组胚(P<0.05),二者在     

Studies on Electrical Activation of Porcine Oocytes Matured in vitro and Embryo Culture Systems

Conditions for electrical parthenogenetic activation of porcine oocytes matured in vitro and in vitro culture systems of porcine embryo were studied. The best results were achieved under the conditions of electrical field strength and the pulse duration at 130Vmm-1/80 μs, with a blastocyst development rate of (20.12 ± 8.18)% (P ＞ 0.05). No significant difference was found between treatments of multiple pulses and a single pulse ( P ＞ 0.05). Parthenogenetic embryos were cultured with different methods and air conditions for 7 days in vitro, blastocyst development rate of embryos with changed culture media [ (26.44 ± 8.35)% ] or changed media with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) [ (17.68 ± 5.39)% ] on the fifth day showing no significant difference from that of embryos without change of culture media [ (25.30 ± 7.55) %, P ＞ 0.05 ], while cell numbers of blastocysts from embryos with changed culture media (15.78 ± 5.46 and 14.55 ± 4.81) were significantly lower than number of blastocysts from embryos without change of culture media (18.01 ± 6.79,P ＜ 0.01 ). Blastocyst development rate and blastocyst cell number of embryos cultured in lower O2 (5 % CO2:7%O2:88%N2) also showed no significant difference from those in high O2 (5% CO2 in air) [ (20.78 ± 8.80) % and 17.00 ± 6.12 vs. (25.30 ± 7.55) % and 18.01 ± 6.79, P ＞ 0.05 ]. It is concluded that change of culture media with the same new one or changing over to media with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) on the fifth day and low O2 environment are not necessary for porcine embryos development.     

不同融合液对延边黄牛体细胞核移植效率的影响

[目的]探寻适宜延边黄牛体细胞核移植的最佳融合液。[方法]用延边黄牛颗粒细胞为供体细胞。试验1,比较3种浓度(0.25、0.280、.30 mol/L)3种融合液(蔗糖、D-山梨醇、甘露醇)对核移植胚胎融合率及重组胚体外发育的影响。试验2,比较3种0.28 mol/L融合液对核移植效率的影响。[结果]3种浓度的蔗糖、D-山梨醇、甘露醇融合液的融合率和卵裂率差异均不显著,但0.28 mol/L融合液处理的重组胚后期发育相对较好。3组融合液融合率(88.44%、86.83%、86.85%)差异不显著,蔗糖、甘露醇融合液卵裂率(87.98%、86.06%)差异不显著,在0.05水平上显著高于D-山梨醇融合液(78.64%);蔗糖、甘露醇融合液囊胚发育率(22.16%、19.91%)差异不显著,在0.05水平上显著高于D-山梨醇融合液(10.14%)。[结论]适宜延边黄牛体细胞核移植的最佳融合液为0.28 mol/L蔗糖融合液。     

Effect of GPAG Supplement on Porcine Oocyte Maturation and Its Following Embryonic Development by Parthenogenetic Activated

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of GPAG and commonly used FCS on porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development after the fertilization. COCs were aspirated from follicles and cultured for 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 h in TCM-199 medium either with GPAG or FCS. After 24 h with GPAG, 89.4% of oocytes reached M Ⅰ stage while in the medium supplemented with FCS, only 27.7% of oocytes reached the same stage （P〈0.05）. Prolonged incubation for up to 32 h clearly demonstrated that some of oocytes cultured in GPAG medium were at M Ⅱ stage （35.7%）, few of oocytes from FCS medium were at M Ⅱ stage （7.5%） （P〈0.05）. Both groups of oocytes reached the same stage of maturation within 48 h. After 48 h of culture, the oocytes with extruded polar bodies were inseminated. Fertilized oocytes were cultured in PZM3 medium supplemented with 3 mg.mL of BSA. After 7 days, the development and the quality of embryos were evaluated. The results showed that the maturation of oocytes in the presence of GPAG significantly increased their subsequent developmental ability when compared with FCS supplementation （29.2% ： 18.9% of blastocysts, P〈0.05）. However, differential staining revealed that once blastocysts were formed in either group, they had the same total cell number （39 ： 38） and the ICM/total cell ratio （0.26 ： 0.28）     

枸杞多糖对泌乳母兔生产性能及血清生化指标的影响

【目的】研究日粮中添加枸杞多糖对泌乳母兔生产性能及血清生化指标的影响,为枸杞多糖在家兔日粮中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】选择同期分娩的48只泌乳獭兔,按照胎次、产仔数、体重相近的原则,随机分成4组,每组12只,每组仔兔总数相等（72只）。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在饲喂基础日粮的基础上分别添加0.5%、0.75%、1%的枸杞多糖,试验期共30 d。【结果】添加0.5%、0.75%和1%枸杞多糖组的仔兔35日龄断奶窝增重分别比对照组提高了5.95%、4.60%和6.47%,但差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;各试验组仔兔的断奶成活率与对照组相比均差异极显著（P＜0.01）;各试验组母兔的泌乳力与对照组无显著差异（P＞0.05）;各试验组母兔和同窝仔兔的平均日采食量与对照组相比差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;添加0.5%、0.75%和1%枸杞多糖组的母兔泌乳35 d后的体重失重分别比对照组低20.9%、16.2%和15.5%,但差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。添加0.5%、0.75%和1%枸杞多糖组母兔血清LDH含量分别比对照组降低了32.6%（P＜0.01）、19.8%（P＜0.05）和48.3%（P＜0.01）;其余检测指标在各试验组母兔血清中的含量与对照组相比有不同程度的降低或升高,但均差异不显著（P＞0.05）。【结论】在泌乳母兔日粮中添加枸杞多糖可以不同程度地提高仔兔断奶成活率、促进仔兔的生长发育、降低母兔在泌乳期的失重,且对血清生化指标无不良影响。     

耕作方式对黑土团聚体含量及特征的影响

【目的】研究保护性耕作对东北黑土团聚体粒级分布和稳定性的影响,为探索有利于东北黑土结构改善的耕作方式提供科学依据。【方法】以2001年(耕作试验开始前)和2008年(耕作试验实施7年后)吉林省中层黑土为对象,分析探讨了免耕(NT)、秋翻(MP)和垄作(RT)处理0—30cm深度的土壤水稳性团聚体、干团聚体特征和土壤结构稳定性。【结果】与2001年相比,2008年各处理(RT、MP、NT)1mm水稳性大团聚体含量在0—5cm表层中均有所增加,且除MP外均达到显著水平(P0.05),其中RT和NT增加幅度分别为2001年的4.78和3.38倍,且显著高于MP。0.25—0.053mm水稳性微团聚体变化趋势则与大团聚体相反。8mm干团聚体在0—10cm土层的相对数量表现为RTNTMP,且均高于2001年背景值,其中0—5cm土层RT显著高于MP及2001年背景值(P0.05)。0.25—1mm干团聚体RTNTMP2001年背景值,呈现与4mm干团聚体相反的变化趋势。2008年各处理团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和0.25mm团聚体含量(R0.25)均比2001年有所提高,且湿筛法得到的结果远远低于干筛法,说明供试土壤的团聚体中水稳性团聚体比例很小。2008年3种耕作处理的土壤结构体破碎率和不稳定团粒指数(ELT)在各个土层均为MPNTRT,且除了MP处理5—20cm略高外,其它均低于2001年背景值。【结论】传统耕作不利于土壤大团聚体的增加和土壤结构的稳定,使土壤更易遭受风水侵蚀。保护性耕作,尤其垄作,促进了黑土稳定土壤结构体的形成,有利于土壤结构的改善。     

供核细胞对绵羊体细胞克隆效率的影响

【目的】在制作克隆胚胎时,供核细胞直接制约着重构胚的融合数量和发育潜力。研究供核细胞对绵羊体细胞对克隆效率的影响。【方法】从供核细胞的静置时间,研究传代次数与周期处理,供核细胞不同克隆株,不同羊源细胞等,以重构胚融合率和囊胚发育率为检测指标,判定单因素供核细胞对克隆胚胎的影响。【结果】在供核细胞静置时间方面,供核细胞静置15~30 min内完成重构胚制作的融合率极显著高于静置2 h左右的供核细胞组(90.10% vs 78.84%)(P< 0. 01),但囊胚率差异不显著(15.58%vs 14.65%)(P＞0.05);在供核细胞传代次数(d1~d3)和汇合期生长时间方面(24 and 48 h ),各组的融合率差异不显著(70.37%、76.03%、71.92% vs 72.97%)(P＞0.05),但囊胚率有增高的趋势(5.96%、9.06%、15.85% vs 20.16%);在同一供核细胞不同克隆株方面,供核细胞对融合率和囊胚率存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的影响;在不同个体方面,供核细胞株对融合率和囊胚率存在极显著的影响(P<0.01)。【结论】15~30 min内的静置供核细胞、传代3次并延长汇合期细胞生长时间(48 h),多选细胞株更有利于克隆胚的制作。     

延边黄牛体细胞克隆融合条件的研究

以体外成熟培养22-24h的延边黄牛卵母细胞作为受体,颗粒细胞为供核细胞,挤压法去核,注入供体颗粒细胞到卵黄周隙中,甘露醇融合液中施加20μs时长的电脉冲刺激使之融合,复合化学方法激活,从融合前恢复培养时间、融合电场强度、甘露醇浓度等3个方面研究延边黄牛体细胞克隆的适宜融合条件．结果表明,2．5h处理组的融合率（70．9％）显著高于4．0h处理组（58．2％,P〈0．05）,2．5h处理组重组胚的卵裂率（77．9％）显著高于其它4组（P〈O．05）,其它各组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）;融合电场强度1100V／cm处理组的融合率（86．4％）显著高于900V／cm处理组（67．1％）和1200V／cm处理组（75．2％,P〈O．05）,重组胚的卵裂率（84．6％）显著高于900V／cm处理组（69．6％,P〈O．05）,囊胚发育率（26．1％）显著高于900V／cm处理组（10．0％）,1200V／cm处理组（8．0％,P〈O．05）;不同浓度的甘露醇对融合率和重组胚的卵裂率没有明显的影响,但是0．28mol／L组囊胚发育率（25．3％）显著高于0．25mol／L组（15．3％,P〈0．05）．因此,适合延边黄牛体细胞克隆的融合条件为融合前恢复培养2．5h,0．28mol／L甘露醇作为融合液,电场强度1100V／cm．     

提高山羊卵丘细胞核移植效果的研究

 【目的】提高山羊卵丘细胞核移植效果。【方法】采用秋水仙胺提高山羊卵母细胞去核率,5-氮-2'-脱氧核苷（5-aza-dC）和曲古菌素A（TSA）影响山羊卵丘细胞核移植胚胎。【结果】0.5 μg?ml-1秋水仙胺处理山羊卵母细胞效果最好,胞质突起率达91.7%（P＜0.05）;通过比较盲吸去核法与化学辅助去核法的去核率及构建卵丘细胞核移植胚胎的体外发育能力发现,化学辅助去核法的去核率达100%,所构建的重构胚体外发育能力较高,桑椹胚率和囊胚率分别达25.2%和13.1%,显著高于盲吸去核法（P＜0.05）。采用0.01 μmol?L-1的5-aza-dC处 理山羊卵丘细胞,核移植胚胎桑椹胚率和囊胚率分别达30.4%和17.0%,显著高于其它各组（P＜0.05）;采用 400 nmol?L-1TSA处理山羊卵丘细胞,核移植胚胎桑椹胚率、囊胚率分别达31.5%和15.2%。【结论】化学辅助去核法的去核率显著高于盲吸去核法,采用0.01 μmol?L-1的5-aza-dC或400 nmol?L-1 TSA处理山羊卵丘细胞,效果最佳。     

提高兔核移植胚胎体外发育率的研究

 本研究首先比较了不同培养液维持兔胚体外发育的作用，以及多种卵母细胞去核显微操作的去核效率，建立了高效的体外培养体系及去核方法。然后对16-细胞期卵裂球的细胞周期及核移植（Nuclear transplantation,NT）胚的核质比对发育的影响进行了试验，结果表明：G#-1期NT胚的发育率优于G#-2期NT胚（P<0.01）。当G#-1期NT胚的核质比等于卵母细胞时，78.5%(73/93)可在兔眼球玻璃体液(Rabbit vitreous humor,RVH)中发育至囊胚期。这是迄今为止，在动物胚细胞核移植试验中所获得的最高发育率。     

山羊-绵羊种间体细胞核移植重构胚构建

以山羊皮肤成纤维细胞为供体细胞,绵羊去核卵母细胞为受体细胞进行种间体细胞核移植,构建山羊-绵羊重构胚,并对其采用离子霉素联合6-DM AP法和胞质注射绵羊精子提取物法进行激活,比较两种不同激活方法对山羊-绵羊种间体细胞核移植重构胚的激活效果。结果表明,共构建获得山羊-绵羊重构胚238枚,重构胚在体外能够发育至囊胚阶段;离子霉素联合6-DM AP法激活的卵裂率为58.33%(70/120),囊胚发育率为4.28%(3/70);胞质注射绵羊精子提取物法激活的卵裂率为63.55%(75/118),囊胚发育率为6.66%(5/75),两种方法的激活效果差异不显著。     

化学去核卵母细胞为受体的小鼠体细胞核移植

 【目的】本研究旨在探索一种崭新的、化学试剂诱导去核卵母细胞为核受体的、无透明带的、手工体细胞核移植方法。【方法】将第一次减数分裂期小鼠卵母细胞进行诱导去核并去除透明带，去核卵胞质与胎儿成纤维细胞粘合、电融合和SrCl2激活后，体外培养重构胚。【结果】重构胚融合率和激活率分别为84.8％和93.6％；胚胎2-细胞发育率为24.7％，4-细胞率为6.74％；2-细胞期克隆胚移植假孕受体后，没有获得怀孕受体；分别以“血清饥饿”胎儿成纤维细胞、新鲜细胞和冷冻保存细胞为供体作核移植，结果表明，冷冻保存细胞的融合率（69.3％）与其余两组（80.6％和84.8％）呈显著差异（P＜0.05）；激活率、2-细胞和4-细胞发育率，则3组间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。【结论】本文将小鼠卵母细胞的化学去核与无透明带技术相结合，获得的克隆胚目前已发育到4－细胞期；另外，供体细胞的3种准备方式均不影响胚胎发育率。该方法属手工克隆，它的成功将会大大简化核移植程序，提高核移植总效率。