海水网箱养殖高体Shi弧菌病致病菌研究

从患病高体Ｓｈｉ病灶上分离到７株可疑致病菌，人工感染试验证明，菌株９５－５－３和９５－５－５为强毒菌株，这２株菌进行人工感染，死亡率均为１００％，症状与自然发病相似。这２株菌的特征一致，根据形态有主生理生化特征，应归入哈维氏弧菌。药敏实验的结果表明，磺胺类药物和先锋必素对致病菌有较强的抑制作用。     

海水网箱养殖高体鱼师弧菌病致病菌研究

从患病高体鱼师病灶上分离到７株可疑致病菌，人工感染试验证明，菌株９５－５－３和９５－５－５为强毒菌株，这２株菌进行人工感染，死亡率均为１００％，症状与自然发病相似。这２株菌的特征一致，根据形态有主生理生化特征，应归入哈维氏弧菌。药敏实验的结果表明，磺胺类药物和先锋必素对致病菌有较强的抑制作用。     

鲤隐性败血症病原菌的分离与鉴定

本文对东北地区流行的鲤隐性败血症进行了病原菌的分离、人工感染、病原菌生理、生化特性和药物敏感性的测定,观察了病理组织变化等。从病鱼内脏分离到场22株致病菌,其中标7株的生长及生化特性均符合嗜水气单胞菌种的特性,嗜水气单胞菌hec毒素检测呈阳性。有3株菌V—P(-)、赖氨酸(-)、葡萄糖产气(-)是区别嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)及温和气单胞菌(A．Sobrie)主要特征,这三株菌符合豚鼠气单胞菌(A．Caviae)种的特征。     

大菱鲆红嘴病的病原分离鉴定与系统发育分析

从患"红嘴病"的大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)肝脏和眼睛内分离到20080602DW1和20080602DY1两株优势菌.人工感染实验证实这两株菌对大菱鲆幼鱼有较强的治病性,将0080602DW1和20080602DY1按0.1 mL/尾的剂量腹腔和肌肉注射,皆可引起感染鱼100％的死亡,症状与自然发...     

耐盐红螺菌对水产养殖病害细菌的拮抗作用

为探明光合理细菌对水产养殖动物病害的生物防治功能，对病鳖、鳗及南美白对虾动物体上的病原菌进行分离、纯化与鉴定，人工感染健康动物检测致病性；探讨耐盐红螺菌对病害细菌分离株的仰菌效能，和有效抑菌作用时细胞所处的生长期。试验结果表明，水产动物病害细菌分离株为孤菌属，气单胞菌属和假单胞菌属菌株；耐盐红螺菌的代谢产物对商害细菌分离株均有抑制作用，其平坂柳菌圈为1.2-1.4cm，最低抑菌浓度多为4-8倍稀释液；耐盐红螺菌的拮抗物质随细胞对数生长过程中生成，至细胞衰亡期达到最大值。     

白鲢出血病病原菌的鉴定

从患出血病的白鲢体内分离出两株细菌(编号为水_1、水_2),分别感染健康白鲢,人工复制白鲢出血病获得成功。对这两株细菌进行形态、营养需求、生长特性、以及生化反应等观察,作者认为,水_1菌为产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes);水_2菌为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。前者隶属于假单胞菌科(Pseudomonaceae),后者隶属于孤菌科(Vibrionaceae)。     

海南罗非鱼致病性维氏气单胞菌分离鉴定及药敏特性研究

2014年3—5月海南省罗非鱼主养区多个养殖场发生爆发性疾病,从患病尼罗罗非鱼不同组织中分离获得12株优势菌。经人工回归感染试验,从肝脏和脑中分离获得的HN-G-03和HN-B-02菌株具较强的致病力,HN-G-03和HN-B-02菌株对罗非鱼的的半致死密度分别为7.12×105cfu/尾和1.32×105cfu/尾。经16S rRNA和gyr B基因序列分析,同时结合细菌的形态学特征、生理生化特征,菌株HN-G-03和HN-B-02分别被鉴定为维氏气单胞菌的维氏生物型和温和生物型。体外药物药敏试验结果显示,两株菌均对左氧氟沙星、强力霉素、氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、庆大霉素等5种药物高度敏感,对呋喃妥因等3种药物中度敏感,对青霉素等12种药物较强耐药。     

1株大黄鱼源肺炎克雷伯菌的分离鉴定与致病性分析

近年来由肺炎克雷伯菌感染水产动物引发的病害频繁发生,严重阻碍了水产养殖业的健康发展。采用细菌分离培养和形态学观察手段自人工饲养发病的大黄鱼肝脏内分离到1株疑似致病菌KPLYC2,并进行鉴定,通过回归感染试验发现,分离株KPLYC2可引起与自然发病大黄鱼相似的症状及致其死亡,分离株KPLYC2对大黄鱼的半数致死密度为6.8×10⁶ cfu/mL,而且可引起大黄鱼的肝脏、肾脏和脾脏发生明显组织病理性损伤。分离株KPLYC2还可感染小鼠引发全身多系统性病理损伤。经过生理生化特征检测及16S rRNA序列分析和构建进化树发现,分离株KPLYC2与肺炎克雷伯菌的基因相似度超过99%,因此将分离株KPLYC2鉴定为肺炎克雷伯菌。药敏试验结果显示,肺炎克雷伯菌KPLYC2对氨苄西林、青霉素G和四环素等不敏感。笔者首次自大黄鱼体内分离出1株肺炎克雷伯菌并研究其致病性和耐药性,获得的数据将对该病的防控提供参考和依据。     

白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)致病性嗜水气单胞菌的分离与鉴定

近些年来,新疆许多养殖场发生白斑狗鱼暴发性疾病而死亡。为鉴定病因,本研究对乌鲁木齐周边地区的自然患病白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)的肝脏、肾脏等组织进行分离,经形态观察、生理生化试验、16S r DNA序列分析进行细菌鉴定。并通过人工回归感染白斑狗鱼和鲫,来验证分离菌株的致病性。结果表明,分离出的9株优势菌为致病性嗜水气单胞菌,命名为PK001-PK009。经PCR特异性检测发现,所得的9个菌株分别含有丝氨酸蛋白酶基因(ahp A)、溶血素基因(hly A)和气溶素基因(aer A)中的0-3个,从而导致了菌株间致病性的差异。通过人工回归感染实验发现,白斑狗鱼患病症状与自然病例相似,并重新分离得到原感染菌,经细菌学鉴定,其性状与原菌株一致,为嗜水气单胞菌。     

乌鳢溃烂病病原分析

为防治乌鳢溃烂病,从广东省佛山市顺德区某养殖场的患病乌鳢(Channa argus)体内分离到两株致病菌(DL1475,DL1476),通过微量生化鉴定管和扩增16S rRNA基因对该两株菌进行鉴定,并进行了人工感染试验和药敏特性分析。试验结果表明,这两株菌为迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda),两株菌对乌鳢的半致死剂量LD₅₀分别为7.1×10³和2.9×10⁴ cfu/g。药敏试验结果显示,菌株DL1475对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟等高度敏感,对苯唑青霉素、红霉素中度敏感,对复方新诺明、利福平、万古霉素耐药性强。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.