基于现代多功能农业的工业化、城镇化和农业现代化“三化”同步协调发展研究

本文从我国的基本国情、人类发展需求、生态环境、技术进步,阐述了随着经济社会发展而不断拓展的现代农业的多功能性。论述了工业化、城镇化与农业现代化同步协调发展关系:即从现代农业发展的内涵和形态特征、农业食物保障、社会保障与生态保护、农业休闲旅游。指出多功能农业是农业现代化发展的必然选择;多功能农业为工业化提供资金、原料、市场与劳动力,为城镇化提供劳动力、食物、休闲与城镇人口;工业化、城镇化是多功能农业的发展基础。提出在现代多功能农业发展中必须统筹农业现代化与工业化和城镇化三化协调发展。     

营养导向型的中国食物安全新愿景及政策建议

经过40年显著的经济增长和发展,中国当前的目标是保持经济中高速增长,在提高可持续性和公平的基础上,更好地连接经济与市场,让市场决定最优的生产水平,农业在这一过程中将发挥重要作用。在健康中国2030、国民营养计划（2017—2030）以及乡村振兴战略等中长期战略推动下,政府及学术界对营养问题的关注持续提升,农业与营养的联系逐步增强,但“农业-食物安全-营养”的有机融合与衔接还尚未形成。在中国经济转型过程中,农业和食品行业将发挥至关重要的作用,由中国食物安全战略决定的国民食物营养与健康状况不仅影响中国的国民身体素质,还将在一定程度上影响中国能否顺利转变发展方式、能否成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”。因此,新的发展阶段,中国需要新的食物安全战略提升国民营养水平,并采取系列政策措施加强农业与食物安全和营养的联系。论文基于国际经验的食物安全战略发展思路,梳理中国食物安全面临的新旧挑战,提出食物安全新愿景以及相应政策建议,为营养导向型农业发展的顶层设计提供决策支持。中国食物安全面临的挑战诸多,与食物安全与营养高度相关的挑战主要表现为：耕地资源不足与退化、水资源紧缺与污染、气候变化与极端天气影响等自然资源和环境压力,农业生产补贴提高带来的财政支出压力,膳食能量摄入不足、微量元素缺乏以及膳食能量和营养摄入过剩的营养不良“三重负担”,食品安全问题以及食物损失与浪费问题。因此中国在经济从注重数量增长转向侧重质量增长的深化过程中,将更加重视结构调整和制度及技术创新,这意味着农业需要生产高价值、营养和安全的食物,更高效地使用水、土地和能源,保护环境和促进平等,因而需要中国食物安全战略顶层设计上的系列转变。据此,本文提出了营养导向型的中国食物安全的新愿景,即将营养指标作为中国食物安全战略的发展目标,到2025年消除饥饿和营养不足,并有效降低食品安全风险和超重率以及肥胖率。为此需要以关键领域的重大改革为基础,改进营养治理、通过市场信号传递营养导向、推动营养目标的农业生产、建立更安全的食品价值链、以政策创新促进可持续的营养饮食、加强营养教育并开展循证发展支持营养导向的食物安全新战略的实施。     

New Vision and Policy Recommendations for Nutrition-Oriented Food Security in China

After four-decade significant economic growth and development, China sets a series of goals aiming at sustainable medium to high speed economic growth,reasonable equity, and better market oriented economy. In this pursue, agriculture will take a crucial role. Under the Health China 2030, National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030) and Rural Vitalization Strategy, more attention has been paid on nutrition both in policy and research field, meanwhile the linkage between agriculture and nutrition is enhancing, but the integration of Agriculture-Food Security-Nutrition system is not yet completed. During the economic transformation, agriculture and food industry will play a key role, especially when considering the nutrition and health status will impact the national physical fitness and therefore influence the economic transformation approach. It may also impact whether China can move out of the Middle Income Trap to some extent. In the new development era, China needs a new food security development strategy to improve the national nutrition status and sets of policies to strengthen the integration of agriculture and nutrition. This paper reviewed the major challenges about China’s food security and put forward a new vision based on international experiences, which aimed at providing recommendations for designing China’s food security strategy. The key food security challenges include natural and environmental pressure, such as insufficiency and degradation of land resources, shortage and pollution of water resources, climate change and extreme disaster, fiscal pressure caused by increasing agriculture subsidy, Triple Burden of malnutrition, food safety issues and food loss and waste. It requires institutional and technical innovations for the transformation of agriculture development which means that more value added, nutritious and healthy food should be produced, the productivity and efficiency of water, land and energy should be improved, and environmentally friendly social inclusive development should be considered. All of those call for a transformation of China’s food security strategy. This paper put forwards a new vision for China’s food security: China should set nutrition-oriented food security strategy with nutrition indicators as key targeted goals, aim to eliminate hunger and undernutrition by 2025 while effectively reducing overweight/ obesity and food safety risks. Therefore policy innovations are recommended including: Improve nutrition governance, Market motivated and nutrition oriented agriculture support system, Promote Nutrition-based Food Production, Establish efficient, safe, and inclusive food value chains, Policy innovation for sustainable nutritious diet and nutrition education, and Evidence based research to support policy making.     

再生农业——基于土地保护性利用的可持续农业

在全球生态危机和不断增加的粮食和食品安全需求背景下,如何真正实现农业的可持续发展成了全世界共同关注的问题.再生农业(regenerativeagriculture)作为新挑战下应运而生的农业模式.探讨再生农业的内涵、国内外应用的生态和经济效益以及分析在我国的应用情景,能够为我国这一新型农业模式的引入和发展提供理论指导....     

城市化、结构转变与中国都市农业发展战略

城市化的快速推进深刻地改变了我国的社会经济结构,这种改变又全方位的影响农业的发展,其中受影响最大的就是处在城市化最前沿的都市农业.城市化快速推进改变了社会食物需求数量和结构;城市化对传统生产要素的竞争提升了都市农业经营成本;城市化形成的先进生产要素又为都市农业现代化改造提供条件.有效应对发展过程中面临的各种挑战,充分利用大城市的特殊区位优势和良好发展机遇,使都市农业服务好城市居民,保护好农民利益,并在我国农业现代化发展中扮演好先行者和领导者角色,是我国未来10到20年中的重要战略任务.本文在分析都市农业发展背景的基础上,对我国都市农业发展的战略目标、战略任务与保障措施进行了系统论述.     

苏州休闲农业中的乡村饮食文化研究

分析了具有苏州地方特色的乡村饮食文化对苏州休闲农业发展带来的作用、存在的不足及问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议。指出挖掘和开发乡村特色饮食资源,对于促进休闲农业的发展、农村产业结构的调整和农业经济的增长有着独特的作用。     

有限农业初论

有限农业是指在农业产业层次上,生产及加工出充足、优质、安全的初级和高级农产品;在产业规模上,要安于做够吃、吃好的"小产业"。这是由3个方面的因素决定的,一是中国人多地少的国情和粮食的极端重要性,必须高度重视农业;二是农业对经济增长的低贡献性,无论是粮食经济、特殊农产品经济,还是农业产业化,对经济增长和充分就业的贡献潜力都是有限的;三是当前农业发展的阶段,我国已经初步解决了粮食自给,而且面临着较低人口增长率对粮食需求压力的减缓,农业发展不是当前最紧迫的任务。在有限农业的理念下,要高度重视农业,但要把农业安排在恰当的位置,让农业承担有限的功能。     

低碳农业:从理论构想到科学实践的若干问题

全球气候变化背景下,“低碳经济”已成为全球热点,被誉为人类第四次“技术革命”,温室气体排放已经深度触及了农业和粮食安全.低碳农业成为经济社会发展的必然趋势.当前,低碳农业已由理论构想转向了科学实践,其发展途径主要包括:(1)发展新型能源,推广清洁技术；(2)优化耕作制度,提高复种指数；(3)培育优良品种,延长减排链条；...     

安定区旱作节水农业发展思路探索

加强农业基础建设,保障粮食等主要农产品基本供给,进一步促进农业稳定发展、农民持续增收,确保农村社会和谐发展,是今后一个时期中国农业和农村经济发展的基本任务。随着经济社会的快速发展,水资源供需矛盾日趋加剧。加快发展旱作节水农业,缓解水资源短缺约束,能够有效促进中国农业和农村,特别是贫困地区农业和农村经济的可持续发展。     

Cultivating citizenship,equity, and social inclusion? Putting civic agriculture into practice through urban farming

Civic agriculture is an approach to agriculture and food production that—in contrast with the industrial food system—is embedded in local environmental, social, and economic contexts. Alongside proliferation of the alternative food projects that characterize civic agriculture, growing literature critiques how their implementation runs counter to the ideal of civic agriculture. This study assesses the relevance of three such critiques to urban farming, aiming to understand how different farming models balance civic and economic exchange, prioritize food justice, and create socially inclusive spaces. Using a case study approach that incorporated interviews, participant observation, and document review, I compare two urban farms in Baltimore, Maryland—a “community farm” that emphasizes community engagement, and a “commercial farm” that focuses on job creation. Findings reveal the community farm prioritizes civic participation and food access for low-income residents, and strives to create socially inclusive space. However, the farmers’ “outsider” status challenges community engagement efforts. The commercial farm focuses on financial sustainability rather than participatory processes or food equity, reflecting the use of food production as a means toward community development rather than propagation of a food citizenry. Both farms meet authentic needs that contribute to neighborhood improvement, though findings suggest a lack of interest by residents in obtaining urban farm food, raising concerns about its appeal and accessibility to diverse consumers. Though not equally participatory, equitable, or social inclusive, both farms exemplify projects physically and philosophically rooted in the local social context, necessary characteristics for promoting civic engagement with the food system.     

论革命老区农业高质量发展——以江西赣州为例

高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。支持革命老区加快发展，是党中央的重大战略部署和战略决策。本文以江西赣州革命老区为对象，分析其农业高质量发展的优势和存在的问题，探讨推动赣州革命老区农业高质量发展的实现路径。研究表明，推动赣州革命老区农业高质量发展具有重要的政治意义、经济意义、生态意义和社会意义。党的十八大以来，赣州革命老区农业高质量发展取得巨大成就，不仅实现了脱贫摘帽、促进了经济发展，还改善了生态环境、提升了农产品品质、打响了赣州农业品牌。新时代，进一步推动赣州革命老区农业高质量发展具有诸多有利条件和优势，如气候优越、资源丰富、生态良好和政策支持等。但同时必须看到，当前赣州革命老区农业高质量发展也存在不少问题和短板，主要有粮食生产下滑、耕地资源闲置、农田污染较重、农业效益下降、农村劳力缺乏和农业基础脆弱等。因此，为推动新时代赣州革命老区农业高质量发展，提出充分利用耕地资源，大力发展粮食生产；夯实农业发展基础，改善农业生态环境；扩大农业生产规模，提高农业经济效益；强化农业科技支撑，培养新型职业农民等对策建议。     

无锡市现代农业建设与中国特色的链接

本文以无锡市现代农业建设为对象,通过现代农业指标测算,得出无锡市现代农业的贡献率为58.52;在保障粮食安全,保护生态环境,促进农业效益等方面存在较大不足。根据无锡市自然、社会、经济与现代农业的发展现状,提出了完善强化耕地保护、促进农业增效、农民增收和环境保护、促进社会和谐的具有中国特色的现代农业的促进机制。     

对农业战略地位的再认识

农业是经济发展和社会稳定的基础。重视和加强农业 ,第一可保证我国粮食安全 ;第二可实现我国经济发展战略目标 ;第三可顺利进行政治体制改革 ;第四可推动整个国民经济持续、稳定发展。     

立足天津都市现代农业发展的食品类人才需求及培养方法探索

为了适应区域经济社会发展需要,服务天津沿海都市现代农业发展,通过研究天津现代农业发展现状,分析在此背景下对食品类人才的需求,并从课程专业调整、实践教学改革、形成"合格+拓展"的培养模式、多样化考核方式的实施等进行了探讨。     

中国农业的区域可持续发展能力评价研究——以西南地区为例

在综合性、特殊性、系统性和实践性原则的指导下 ,选择有关指标 ,构建了一个评价农业可持续发展能力的指标体系 ,运用主成分分析法 ,对西南省区农业可持续发展能力进行实证分析及评价。结果表明 :从综合系统方面来看 ,四川的得分最高 ,农业可持续发展能力最强 ,西藏的得分最低 ,农业可持续发展能力最弱 ,最低分与最高分相差近 3 3个点位 ;从分系统方面来看 ,在经济和科技两系统中 ,四川的得分仍最高 ,西藏的最低。而在社会保障系统中 ,西藏的得分最高 ,重庆的最低 ;在生态支撑系统中 ,贵州得分最高。云南省的得分值无论从综合还是分系统方面来看都不突出 ;西南省区农业可持续发展能力强弱的排序与经济实力的排序是一致的 ,即经济实力 (GDP)的差距直接表现在农业可持续发展能力的差距上。因此 ,笔者提出了旨在提升农业可持续发展能力和协调区域经济发展的战略选择建议 ,分别是 :制度战略、科技战略和人口战略。     

Historical forces in world agriculture and the changing role of international development assistance

The first part of this paper discusses five sets of forces that have had a major influence on world agriculture in the post-World War II period. These include (1) high rates of population growth in the developing countries; (2) a steady increase in economic integration world-wide, driven by technological breakthroughs in the communication and transportation sectors; (3) major realignments in the values of national currencies; (4) growing distortions in economic policies in both the industrialized and developing countries; and (5) growing diffusion of new production technology from the industrialized to the developing countries. The second part reviews the changing role of international development assistance in support of agriculture in light of these historical forces. Such assistance successively stressed the development of extension services, food aid, institutional development of higher level education institutions, the development of research capacity, and rural development. A look to the future is the subject of the third part of the paper. This includes a discussion of the difficulties in sustaining U.S. foreign assistance, especially when that nation is letting its own economic house fall into such disarray.     

我国马铃薯产业技术研究现状及展望

马铃薯在保障国家粮食安全、建设现代农业体系、促进社会经济和谐发展中具有重要且不可替代的战略地位。目前,马铃薯已成为南方冬季农业开发和产业结构调整的优势作物和农村经济新的生长点。我国是世界马铃薯第一生产大国,围绕产业的相关研究是马铃薯稳定发展的需要,在总结我国马铃薯相关领域的研究现状基础上,分析提出了进一步研究的领域和重点研究内容,以期为促进马铃薯产业发展奠定基础。     

关中-天水经济区农业发展的现状·特点及产业布局研究

农业是国民经济发展的基础,其基础性地位不可动摇。关中-天水经济区依托良好的资源条件和区位优势,农业和农村经济取得了快速发展,农业产业化、组织化、现代化和外向度水平有了明显的提高,已基本形成了各具特色的农业优势产业区。在关中-天水经济区建设大背景下,如何以战略的眼光重新审视经济区农业产业布局,对于提高农业产业的集约化、规模化、品牌培育以及市场拓展能力,促使农业对国民经济发展的贡献率不断增加,实现经济区整体战略构想具有重要的作用。主要分析了关中-天水经济区农业发展现状、特点,以及其农业产业布局。     

The killing fields: Science and politics at Berkeley, California, USA

Over the past several decades, a group of scholars at the Berkeley campus of the University of California have frequently challenged many of the dominant themes of contemporary agricultural research. In their work, they have organized curricula questioning the assumptions of conventional agriculture and its sciences while encouraging the development of alternative agricultural practices based on principles of ecology. Their collective critique has stimulated an intellectual climate calling forth a scrutiny of the university's role in the production of knowledge and the social consequences of its works. The result of this intellectual project has been a group that has also largely challenged the dominant themes of the modern university. In place of a setting where ideas are a passive currency, the modern university is a place where knowledge and power are manifest in a dialectic that is revealed not simply by the production of knowledge, but its destruction as well. It is in this context that the recent history of a group of scholars at the University of California provides a striking testimony concerning the disturbing character of science in the modern university. The ecological and social dimensions of “killing fields” that captures the contemporary hazards of food and fiber production in California is also reflected in the gradual demise of a group of researchers at Berkeley who have endeavored to provide an alternative vision of agriculture.     

Climate change adaptation,greenhouse gas mitigation and economic profitability of conservation agriculture: Some examples from cereal systems of Indo-Gangetic Plains

Achieving sustainability of the cereal system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains(IGP)of India under progressive climate change and variability necessitates adoption of practices and technologies that increase food production,adaptation and mitigation in a sustainable way.This paper examines conservation agriculture(CA)from the perspective of:(i)increased yield and farm income,(ii)adaptation to heat and water stresses,and(iii)reduction in greenhouse gas(GHGs)emissions.The analyses and conclusions are based on the literature and evidences from a large number of on-station as well as farmers’field trials on CA in the cereal systems of IGP.Our analyses show that CA-based system substantially reduces the production cost(up to 23%)but produces equal or even higher than conventional system;thereby increasing economic profitability of production system.CA-based production systems also moderated the effect of high temperature(reduced canopy temperature by 1–4°C)and increased irrigation water productivity by 66–100%compared to traditional production systems thus well adapting to water and heat stress situations of IGP.Our continuous monitoring of soil flux of CO2,N2O and CH4 revealed that CA-based rice-wheat systems emit 10–15%less GHGs than conventional systems.This is the first time that CA and its components are synthesized and analyzed from food security-climate change nexus.From this holistic analysis,we suggest that wide-scale promotion of suitable CA practices by integrating into national agriculture development strategy is a way forward to address food security,climate change adaptation and mitigation challenges faced by present agriculture.