杂交油菜高产组合产量与农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为研究油菜育种中利用杂种优势组配获得高产时各农艺性状对产量的影响关系,采用灰色关联度分析法对15个油菜杂交高产组合材料的11个农艺性状进行比较分析,探讨油菜杂交高产组合产量与农艺性状的关联度。结果表明,杂交油菜高产组合产量与农艺性状之间的关联度由大到小依次为千粒重、种植密度、生育期、主花序有效角果数、主花序有效长度、结荚密度、平均荚粒数、株高、一次有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、分枝部位高。云南玉溪市利用杂种优势组合油菜高产育种工作中,在合理密植的前提下,应适度增加播种密度,并适时早播,当株型合理时,应加强对千粒重、主花序有效角果数、主花序有效长度性状的选育。     

双低杂交油菜品种油研七号及其亲本的株型结构与演变特点

为了探讨双低杂交油菜育种及栽培实践中建理想株型的理论，本文以双低杂交油菜油研七号及其亲本2287AB，1536R为对象，研究其叶片生长发育、叶面积指数演变、干物质重的增长及其在各器官中的分配比例演变过程、后期株型结构及茎支与籽粒的空间分布和分支生产效率。苗前期到越冬期叶面积指数以油研七号最大、株型特征以1536R叶片较直立，叶片夹角与披垂度最小，2287A较葡伏，叶片夹角与披垂度较大，油研七号处于两亲之间；父本1536R与油研七号后发能力较强。成熟期杂交种从株高、根茎粗、分支数、分支长度、分支段位长度到主花序长度和果层厚度均存在较明显的杂种优势，分支夹角及披垂度处于双亲之间，每个分支节位的相对长度小于父本和母本，说明杂我种的分支习惯和株型结构更趋合理。     

杂选一号株型演变特点与高产栽培技术

对杂选一号双低杂交油菜各生育时期叶面积指数动态变化、干物量的分布比例及株型演变特点分析表明：其叶面积变化可用logistic方程y=5.4315(1 e^-2.3948 0.0008965t-0.00008329tt进行似合，苗前期叶片披垂度大，越冬期叶片披垂度减少，盛熟期分枝夹角适中，披垂度大。分枝段位较长，分枝相对高度较低，果层较厚，是一个株型较理想的优质杂交油菜新品种。     

优质稻核心种质绿珍占8号及其衍生系统的理想株型构建

理想株型育种对于提高水稻品种的产量具有重要作用，作为株型育种的矮化育种使水稻单产实现了一次大的飞跃，目前正孕育着水稻单产再次突破的超级稻育种也涉及到株型育种。     

水稻理想株型改良的研究进展

理想株型的构建与优化可以为水稻产量的提升创造新的可能。为了加强对水稻理想株型育种的研究,本研究归纳了5种水稻理想株型的经典模式,分析了理想株型水稻根、茎、叶、穗的形态特征,列举了近年来国内外发现的影响水稻株型的相关基因及其调控网络,并提出水稻育种的未来发展趋势,为今后的研究提供理论基础。     

西藏野生油菜种质资源表型多样性初探

为了进一步探明西藏野生油菜种质资源的多样性,通过对西藏野生白菜类型油菜和野生芥菜类型油菜共49份种质资源的子叶形态、苗期生长习性、伸长茎性状、苔茎叶性状、植株性状、花瓣类型、角果着生状态、果喙长度、角果密度、籽粒性状等多种表型形态进行了种植观察与分析,结果发现：西藏野生油菜的形态类型多种多样,不仅有着丰富的遗传多样性,而且与西藏林芝地区栽培油菜之间也存在着一定的关系;有些性状在西藏的油菜育种中有着潜在的利用价值。     

聚合杂交育种在“扬油系列”新品种选育中的应用

针对油菜优质育种初期优质与高产的矛盾，使用“结合株型结构理论、注重亲本选配、使用聚合杂交、低世代系谱选择、高世代集团选择”的育种方法和思路，“十五”期间选育出了一批产量、品质同步提高的优质常规甘蓝型油菜新品种。这些新品种突出特性为：产量水平较高，各期营养生长旺盛，植株较高，产量结构协调，每株有效角果数较多，结角层为华盖式或近似华盖式结构；品质指标较优；抗逆性较强。实践证明，聚合杂交育种在常规甘蓝型油菜育种中的正确使用，有利于同步提高常规甘蓝型油菜的产量和品质，也证明了常规油菜产量水平仍有进一步提高的空间。     

槟榔高产育种的理想株型设计

本研究通过对槟榔高产株型的分析和育种栽培的实践,提出了"基于理想株型设计的槟榔高产育种"思路.理想株的叶片呈明显披垂型,与主杆间的夹角为70.5°±3.35°,这种叶片的空间分布可能有利于阳光的吸收.理想株的第一苞发育节位数和初始节位高度显著较低,在第6节至第7节开始苞的分化和发育,初始节位高度为45 cm左右.理想株的果穗分枝数在14个左右,与其它株型基本一样,但果穗小花数为179±19.9个,显著高于其它株型.理想型株型植株矮小,节间长度较短,叶片较大,散状披垂,展开角度较大,有利于接受更多的光照,进行光合作用,产生更多有机物.     

不同栽培密度对紧凑型油菜产量和主要性状的影响

研究以3个紧凑株型和1个普通株型油菜品种“秦优7号”为材料,研究了它们在不同密度下的个体与群体的产量结构,结果表明,在密度为210000株/hm2时,紧凑型油菜品种的个体与群体的协调性最佳,可以获得该类品种的最高产量;“秦优7号”的产量在150000株/hm2的密度下最高,在210000株/hm2密度下,产量有不显著减产;紧凑型油菜品种达到最高产量时的密度高于“秦优7号”。随密度从150000/hm2增加到270000株/hm2时,紧凑型油菜品种和“秦优7号”品种的单株角果数都减少,但紧凑型品种的角果数缓慢较少,而“秦优7号”较少幅度较大;两类品种千粒重的增加和角果粒数的减少均较平缓。在较高密度下,个体与群体协调性好,群体角果数多,这是紧凑型油菜在较高密度下能获得较高产量的主要原因。     

适宜机械化栽培的甘蓝型油菜农艺性状与单株产量的相关性分析及耐密油菜育种探讨

分析适宜机械化栽培的甘蓝型油菜农艺性状与单株产量的相关性及耐密油菜育种探讨,为选育耐密种植,适合轻简化收获的油菜提供理论基础。对农艺性状与单株产量的灰色关联度、通径分析和因子分析进行研究。结果表明：单株有效角果数、每角粒数和分枝数的关联度最大,在相关性中,株高、单株有效角果数、每角粒数与单株产量呈现显著相关,而且性状内部也存在着相关性,对单株产量的直接作用大小为：单株有效角果数>主花序有效角果数>每角粒数>结角密度>千粒重>株高>分枝部位>主花序长>分枝数。因子分析表明：株高、分枝部位、主花序长、主花序角果数、单株有效角果数在农艺性状中累计贡献率占到了总体的74.99%,起到了主要作用。在选育中应加强主花序有效角果数和结角密度的选择,分枝部位要合适,减少无效分枝数,注重株型结构性状的选择,从而努力提高角粒数和千粒重,为有效提高单株产量打下基础。     

适合全程机械化作业的油菜育种新概念

针对中国油菜生产上全程机械化作业过程中的瓶颈．提出了适合全程机械化作业的油菜品种相关概念。这个全新的油菜育种目标要求这类品种在优质、高产的基础上要求具有以下主要性状:株高适中、株型紧凑、抗倒伏,耐迟播,花期集中、成熟期相对一致、籽粒大、耐裂角,主轴结角多,较好的耐病能力等。还对相关育种思路和关键技术进行了详细分析。     

Influence of leaf and silique photosynthesis on seeds yield and seeds oil quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

With the purpose of enhancing oil production, the present work was carried out to elucidate relationships between photosynthesis of leaves, siliques and seeds yield and seeds oil accumulation of oilseed rape. Field trials, in which two repeated experiments was carried out during 2012–2014 growth season, a rape hybrids the “Qin You No.7” (Brassica napus L.) variety was taken into account. The results showed that, on rape plant the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid contents of leaf were significantly higher than that of silique shell. Oil content of 94.7% was achieved in young seeds (sampled at 25th day after flowering ending stage of the tested rape plant) versus to mature seeds, saturated fatty acids percent was higher whereas oleic acid percent was lower of oil extracted from young seeds. During flowering period of the rape plants tested, area and dry weight of leaves attained maximum, treatments of removing leaves induced reduction in seeds number per silique, siliques number, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content, these indexes were respectively decreased by 73.6%, 43.4%, 83.4% and 10.5% in maximum, and seeds oil composition was not significantly influenced; during seeds growing period of the tested plants, surface area and dry weight of siliques attained maximum, under shading siliques treatment, the 1000-seed weight, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content were respectively reduced by 57.5%, 61.4% and 44.7% in maximum, and seeds oil oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3) percent was decreased, linolic acid (C18:2) and erucidic acid (C22:1) percent was increased. So for oilseed rape plant during flowering period, surface area and photosynthesis of leaves dramatically influenced siliques number, seeds number and seeds yield; while in seeds growth period, surface area and photosynthesis of siliques greatly influenced 1000-seed yield, seeds yield, seeds oil content and oil composition; oil accumulation in rape seeds initiated early since seeds commencing growth, seed mature degree influenced oil composition of seeds.     

不同时期断根对花生植株生长的影响

为了探明断根时期对花生植株生长的影响,为确定适宜的断根时期提供依据。在大田覆膜栽培条件下,研究了不同时期断根对花生植株生长的影响。研究结果表明,断根可降低花生株高,减少主茎叶片数、分枝数、单株开花数和果针数,且随断根时间的提前而影响明显;适期断根有利于延缓花生叶片衰老,使适宜叶面积系数维持较长时间,增加有效分枝数和有效果针数,并可较少干物质的无益消耗、减少过多的冗余生长,有利于荚果形成;断根过晚基本不影响植株生长。本试验以开花后15~20天进行断根处理对植株生长的综合效果较好。     

Effects of Faba Bean Leaves in Different Positions on the Yield and Photosynthetic Compensation after Defoliation

In a field experiment in the winter seasons of 1985/86 and 1988/89 at Xichang, China, the effects of defoliation on seed yield of Vicia faba and its photosynthetic compensation were investigated by removing all leaves, some leaves from different plant positions at the beginning of flowering and the beginning of pod formation. Seed yield decreased by 37.3–52.3 % in plants with upper leaves removed at the beginning of flowering. Removal of middle leaves at the beginning of pod formation had the most significant effect, followed by the of upper and lower leaves removed, causing yield decreases of 43.4–64.3 %, 18.6–24.7 % and 8.9–12.3 %, respectively. Removal of leaves at the beginning of pod formation resulted in a greater reduction in seed yield, total dry weight, harvest index, and number of pods and seeds per plant than leaf removal at the beginning of flowering.
The photosynthetic rate and export rate of photosynthate of upper leaves at the beginning of flowering, and middle leaves at the beginning of pod formation were the greatest during both years of the experiment. Photosynthetic rate increased and reached its maximum at 4–5 days after leaf removal, then decreased, but, yet greater than the control leaves at 9–11 days after leaf removal. In the meantime, transport of photosynthetic products was accelerated. In general, removal of leaves from the upper and middle third of the plant increased the export rate of photosynthate by ca. 20 %. Photosynthetic compensation could not fully make up the loss caused by leaf removal, so grain yield was decreased by all treatments. The full defoliation decreased yield by > 70 %.     

Plasticity of seed weight compensates reductions in seed number of oilseed rape in response to shading at flowering

Understanding the response of the number of seeds and seed weight to the availability of assimilates is crucial for designing breeding strategies aimed to increase seed and oil yield in oilseed rape. This study aims to answer the questions: i) do seed number and seed weight in oilseed rape differ in their plasticity in response to the availability of assimilates at flowering? and ii) how sensitive are oil and protein concentrations to the availability of assimilates during flowering?A spring oilseed rape hybrid was sown in two field experiments and the treatments were combinations of i) two plant densities and ii) shading or no shading between the beginning and end of flowering. Seed yield was not affected by plant density or by shading. Lower plant density was compensated by an increase in seed number per plant, without effects on single-seed weight. However, the negative effect of shading during flowering on seed number per area was fully compensated by an increase in single-seed weight by 47–61%. The plasticity of single-seed weight observed in the present study of oilseed rape has never been reported for annual seed crops. Shading at flowering increased both the seed filling rate and the duration of the seed filling period at all positions in the canopy. We also observed that the reduction of the source-sink ratio at flowering increasing seed weight does not necessarily modify oil or protein concentrations. Thus, single-seed weight could be targeted to increase seed yield in oilseed rape without compromising oil content.     

6个双低油菜品系饲用性能比较及农艺性状、营养成分动态变化

为筛选适宜川东北地区种植的饲用油菜新品种,以6个双低油菜新品系为试验材料,对不同刈割时期的生物产量、植物学特性、营养成分,及油菜农艺性状与营养品质动态变化进行测定,并对饲用价值进行评价。结果表明：(1)初花期进行第1次刈割,各品系具较好再生性,整个生长季可实现2次刈割,刈割间隔为 35～37 天;2 次刈割时鲜草产量分别为 43.24～50.89、13.94～20.03 t/hm²,年鲜草产量为 57.40～70.46 t/hm²,年干草产量为 6.11～7.28 t/hm²,其中,‘中绵油 783’鲜草产量最高,为 70.46 t/hm²,显著高于(P<0.05)其他参试品系。(2)初次刈割时各品系农艺性状存在显著差异,‘南油 714’株高显著高于(P<0.05)其他品系,达 162.11 cm;‘中绵油 783’叶片数最多,为 19.11 片;‘南油 658’茎叶比最低,为 0.91。(3)第1次刈割时‘南油12’粗蛋白含量为15.64%,显著高于(P<0.05)其他参试品系;...     

利用油菜花瓣实验检测油菜菌核病

摘要：油菜菌核病是由Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary引起的,是世界范围内造成损失最严重的病害之一。该病害主要通过感染了核盘菌子囊孢子的花瓣落在植株茎、叶上来侵染植株。本实验采用添加了两种不同PH指示剂的改良型Steadman’s培养基检测被子囊孢子感染的花瓣,样品采自合肥的两块不同试验田,在油菜花期（3月下旬～4月中旬）每天采摘新鲜花瓣在室温下培养,结果表明整个花期,除1块田1天没有检测出外,其余每天都有被子囊孢子感染的花瓣出现（感染子囊孢子的花瓣接种后培养基变色）。油菜初花期被子囊孢子感染的花瓣较少,而盛花期和终花期被感染的花瓣较多,第一块田被感染的花瓣数在两种培养基上出现的百分率分别为32.0％和40.2％,第二块田分别为27.3％和35.7％。第一块田油菜菌核病的发病率和病指分别为2.7％和1.8,第二块田分别为1.5％和0.4。子囊孢子感染的花瓣数与后期油菜菌核病的发病率呈显著正相关（r=0.829,r0.05=0.811）。研究被感染的花瓣数可以帮助决定最适宜的病害防治时期。     

南疆超高产棉花光合物质生产与分配关系的研究

于2008-2009年在南疆自然生态条件下,利用普通高产和中低产棉花对比研究了超高产棉花光合物质生产与分配关系。结果表明:超高产棉花LAI花前增长速率明显快于高产、中低产棉花,盛铃期峰值大,且盛铃期后下降缓慢,后期仍能保持较高水平;叶片SPAD值与Pn(净光合速率)关系密切,即开花前超高产棉花叶片SPAD值增长较快,Pn增长较快,后期叶片SPAD值保持较高水平,Pn下降缓慢;超高产棉花地上部分与蕾铃干物质快速积累持续期长,且积累量大;超高产棉花光合产物向茎、叶器官分配集中在开花期以前,花后向茎、叶输送减少,转而向蕾铃器官分配较多,保证后期产量形成,而高产、中低产棉花开花后仍有光合产物向茎、叶输送,对产量影响较大。     

不同熟性马铃薯各生育时期功能叶生理指标变化的研究

为了探讨不同熟性马铃薯各生育时期功能叶几种酶活性及脂质过氧化水平的变化情况,并为早熟马铃薯品种的选育提供参考。以马铃薯早熟品种‘东农303’和中晚熟品种‘延薯4号’为试验材料,测定了马铃薯功能叶的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等三种酶的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。马铃薯功能叶的SOD活性在整个生育时期始终呈上升趋势;MDA含量在苗期最高,然后急剧下降,在块茎形成期略有上升;CAT活性在苗期最高,之后下降,在花期和块茎形成期间变化微弱;POD活性在现蕾期达到最高,之后下降,块茎形成期活性最低。‘东农303’的SOD、CAT及POD的酶活性在全生育期中都高于‘延薯4号’,说明尽管早熟品种生育时期较短,但其功能叶的生理生化功能仍很旺盛。     

甘蓝型杂交油菜角果长度与产量构成因素的相关分析

[目的]为了研究甘蓝型杂交油菜角果长度与产量构成因素的相关关系,[方法]试验以649个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合进行田间试验、室内考种及相关分析。[结果]结果表明：甘蓝型杂交油菜角果长度平均为6.4596cm,变幅范围4.7184-8.6463cm,角果长度在5~7cm之间的材料占总数比例的96.76%,而平均角果长度≥8cm的材料只占群体比例的1.54%,小于5cm的材料也只占群体比例的1.70%,说明油菜长角果与短角果材料都较少。角果长度与千粒重(r=0.3815)、角粒数(r=0.4324)及单株产量(r=0.2347)呈极显著正相关,角果长度与单株角果数(r=0.0076)呈不显著正相关,说明在选育长角果材料的同时不仅可以提高千粒重、角粒数及单株产量,而且不会降低单株角果数。[结论]由此可知,提高油菜的角果长度,有利于提高油菜产量。