不同垄作沟灌模式对啤酒大麦产量和品质影响

摘要：不同垄作栽培模式对啤酒大麦生育期无明显的影响;垄作栽培垄沟加行使植株的分蘖、穗粒数、经济系数降低,但产量有所增长。垄作栽培垄沟敷草明显促进啤酒大麦株高、穗长生长,相对正常垄作单株穗、经济系数、产量有所增长;原麦品质：千粒重变化趋势为处理C＞处理A＞处理B,蛋白质含量处理C＞处理A,垄作栽培垄沟加行显著降低啤酒大麦筛选率;麦芽品质：垄作栽培垄沟敷草模式显著提高啤酒大麦麦芽籽粒蛋白质含量,不同垄作栽培模式对大麦麦芽细粉浸出物、糖化力之间无显著性影响,对啤酒大麦麦芽细粉浸出物、β-葡聚糖、a-氨基氮、a-淀粉酶、糖化力、可溶性氮影响趋势不一致,品种之间存在差异。     

垄作栽培对小麦植株形态和产量性状的影响

与传统平作相比,垄作栽培使小麦植株的基部节间缩短,株高显著降低;旗叶和倒2叶叶面积变小,而倒5叶叶面积变大,有利于构建“松塔型”理想株型;株型构成指数改善,有利于优化叶片的空间分布;冠层绿叶干重明显增加;穗粒数增加、千粒重提高,显著增产。     

玉米垄作栽培对产量的影响试验初报

通过采取育苗移栽+垄作+稻草覆盖,育苗移栽+垄作+免耕等不同栽培模式,探索玉米不同栽培模式对产量的影响,旨在探索玉米高产模式运用于生产,为玉米生产提供理论依据。结果表明玉米栽培起垄后,覆盖稻草,加强施肥管理,可实现高产。     

栽培措施对水稻产量和品质的影响

通过4年的试验,提出了水稻旱育稀植高产栽培中最佳育苗方式为抛秧盘育苗（3粒/孔）或旱育秧播种量为150g/m2;采用33.3cm~26.7cm×20.0cm插秧方式,每穴插2~4苗,是吉林省水稻旱育稀植栽培较为合理的栽培措施组合。利用该项栽培措施组合,不仅可以获得9t/hm2以上产量,而且还可以提高和改善稻米品质。     

栽培密度对草莓产量和品质的影响

以草莓品种‘明宝’为试材,研究不同栽培密度对草莓产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在15 cm株距栽培密度下,草莓平均单果重达到11.23 g,单株平均产量达到223.18 g,平均产量最高达到29.46 t/hm2,其果实品质显著高于10 cm的常规栽培密度,且与25 cm和20 cm 2个低密度差异不显著。因此在大田生产中适宜推广15 cm株距的栽培密度。     

栽培因素对燕麦产量和主要品质的影响

采用四因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计(?实施)研究播种期、播种量、施氮量和施磷量对定莜9号燕麦的产量和品质的影响。结果表明,播种期与施氮量,播种期与施磷量之间存在协同增产作用;增施氮、磷肥能够提高籽粒粗蛋白和β－葡聚糖含量,但过量施肥则引起减产;各因素对燕麦产量和品质的影响顺序为施氮量>施磷量>播种期>播种量。四因素对定莜9号燕麦最好的协同栽培模式是：播种期是4月下旬,施氮量为106～147 kg/hm2,播种量为120 kg/hm2,施磷量为300～330 kg/hm2。     

有机栽培对杂交粳稻产量和品质的影响

以杂交粳稻(常优2号、常优5号、甬优8号)和常规粳稻(淮稻5号、南粳46、南粳5055)为试材,比较研究了有机和常规栽培方式对两种类型粳稻的产量和品质的影响,探索了有机栽培条件下杂交粳稻实现稳产优质的可能性。结果表明,有机栽培杂交、常规粳稻平均产量分别为8.11 t hm–2和6.29 t hm–2,前者比后者高28.93%。有机栽培杂交粳稻的群体总茎蘖数低于常规粳稻,但成穗率较常规粳稻增加了6.5个百分点。两种类型水稻叶面积指数和光合势在各生育期均表现为有机栽培常规栽培,但有机栽培杂交粳稻叶面积指数和光合势降幅较小。有机栽培条件下,杂交粳稻生育后期平均群体生长率是常规粳稻1.29倍,干物质积累比例高出8.81个百分点。有机栽培略微降低了杂交粳稻的加工品质,但显著改善了外观品质,提高胶稠度、降低直链淀粉含量,对蛋白质含量影响较小,总体上改善了蒸煮食味品质。有机栽培下杂交粳稻产量优势明显且有较好的品质性状,在有机稻米产业发展中具有独特的应用价值。     

河西灌区施钾对啤酒大麦产量及品质的影响

采用土壤养分状况系统研究法（ASI）,又称土壤养分状况综合评价法,研究河西灌区施钾对啤酒大麦产量、品质的影响,并确定甘肃河西灌区合理经济的施钾量。结果表明固定N、P及微量元素等养分后,与不施钾比较。施钾的啤酒大麦的产量增加279～1325kg／hm^2,增幅5．9％～27．9％,千粒重提高0．1～2．8g;钾水平在0～150kg／hm^2范围内,随着施钾量的增加,产量、经济效益、千粒重也随之增加,籽粒粗蛋白含量降低。说明施钾提高了啤酒大麦的产量与经济效益,改善并保证了啤酒大麦的品质,合理经济的钾用量为150kg／hm^2.     

垄作栽培对小麦个体发育和抗逆性的影响

小麦垄作栽培是在克服了传统栽培(平作)许多不利因素的基础上发展起来的一种耕作栽培方式。通过大田对比试验表明，垄作栽培可显著降低群体内空气湿度．纹枯病、白粉病等常见病害的发病率和病情指数得到极显著降低；第一、二节间缩短增粗，茎壁加厚，抹高降低，抗倒伏性显著增强；垄作栽培中小麦种植在垄顶，全生育期根际土壤疏松不板结。利于根系发育，单抹次生根数量增加9．6～19．1条，0～60cm根系干重较平作栽培增加12％以上．深层土壤根系活力得到极显著提高。     

水氮耦合对固定道垄作栽培春小麦根长密度和产量的影响

固定道垄作(PRB)是在农田中设固定的机械行走道的一种垄作和沟灌栽培模式,是河西灌区春小麦取代传统平作和大水漫灌种植方式的一种新技术。为了明确PRB种植模式下合理的施氮水平和灌水量,2014—2015年连续2年采用二因素裂区设计,以3种灌溉定额(1200、2400和3600 m3 hm–2)为主区,以4种施氮水平(0、90、180和270kg hm–2)为副区,研究水氮耦合对小麦不同生育期的根长密度及最终产量的影响。随灌水量和施氮量的增加,根长密度呈现先增后降的变化趋势,且灌水量的效应大于施氮水平的效应;开花、灌浆和成熟期的根长密度与籽粒产量呈正相关。回归分析显示,根长密度最大值的水氮耦合条件是灌水量约2850 m3 hm–2、施氮量196~207 kg hm–2。中等灌水量(2400 m3 hm–2)条件下,小麦主要生育期根长密度显著增加,提高了根长密度在40~80 cm土层的分配比例,增加了水分利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率。综合评价小麦籽粒产量、水分利用率和氮肥农学利用效率,中等灌水量与中氮水平(180 kg hm–2)是所有处理中的最佳水氮耦合模式,可用于河西灌区春小麦PRB栽培模式。当加大灌水至3600m3 hm–2时,产量没有显著增加,水分利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率显著下降,其原因可能是高灌水量使小麦主要生育期的根长密度降低,且根长密度在0~40 cm土层的比例升高,在40~80 cm土层的比例下降。     

不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响

大麦(Hordeum valgue L.)是一优质能量饲料作物,刈割是牧草管理的一种常规方式。为了研究刈割对大麦作为青（贮）饲的影响,以4份不同生态区具代表性的大麦新品种（系）为对象,分析了不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响。结果表明,所有品种第1茬饲草产量与品质均高于第2茬,重复刈割导致产草量不同程度下降,其中‘盐丰1号’降幅最小(13.0%),表现出较强的耐刈性。再次刈割,所有品种干鲜比、粗灰分含量增加,粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量下降,粗纤维、钙、磷含量变化因品种而异。分蘖期刈割大麦,营养物质含量高于灌浆期刈割,适口性好,可直接用作青饲料,且有利于植株再生。因此,2次刈割可于分蘖期开始,选用耐刈性好的大麦品种,分蘖期刈割大麦可直接用作青饲,灌浆期刈割可作为青贮饲料。     

垄向和垄距对早春茬番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

为提高大棚番茄光能利用效率,以‘西润2007’为材料,设置2个垄向（东西垄向和磁南偏西14°垄向）和3个垄距(1.2、1.4、1.6 m),研究垄向和垄距对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,定植后55天,株高随垄距的增加而增加,其中磁南偏西14°垄向1.6 m垄距处理（偏1.6 m）和东西垄向1.6 m垄距处理(1.6 m)株高显著高于其他处理。垄距为1.6 m和1.4 m时,磁南偏西14°垄向与东西垄向相比,均显著增加番茄花穗数。随垄距增加,番茄产量有降低趋势,其中偏1.2 m处理番茄产量为13.3 kg/m ²,偏1.6 m和1.6 m处理番茄产量最低分别为8.4、8.3 kg/m ²。随垄距增加,番茄果实糖含量和单株番茄茎叶鲜重呈增加趋势。综合考虑番茄植株生长、产量、品质等因素,本研究区大棚早春茬番茄适宜垄向为磁南偏西14°,垄距为1.2 m。     

江苏沿江地区裸大麦品种的产量表现及其品质性状的差异性分析

为了了解不同裸大麦品种在江苏沿江、沿海地区的丰产性、适应性和品质特性,筛选出适合本地区种植的优质、高产裸大麦新品种,试验研究比较了7个裸大麦品种和1个皮大麦品种的生物学性状、产量及构成因素、抗逆性、品质等指标,结果表明：(1)从生育期角度,7个裸大麦品种均适合在江苏省大麦产区种植,通麦6号系半冬性品种, 播期弹性较小,要求适当早播。(2)从产量和抗逆性角度,东陈元麦为六棱品种,丰产性、抗倒性差,不适宜在江苏省推广种植;苏裸麦2号丰产性好,但轻感大麦黄花叶病,适宜在江苏黄花叶病轻病田种植,青元麦和苏裸麦1号稳产性好,抗大麦黄花叶病,适宜在江苏大麦产区种植。(3)从品质角度,青元麦品种β-葡聚糖含量高、粗纤维含量较低、淀粉含量较高,品质好,可作特色杂粮开发利用;苏裸麦1号、苏裸麦2号β-葡聚糖含量较高、粗纤维含量较低、淀粉含量较高,品质较好,可作优质杂粮开发利用。     

不同大麦品种饲草产量及品质研究

为了提高饲料大麦的用途,在保山市开展10个大麦品种饲草产量和品质研究,以期筛选出适宜种植的优良大麦饲草品种.结果 表明:'保大麦25号'、'保大麦20号'、'保大麦12号'产量表现突出,均比参试品种平均鲜草产量增产,鲜草产量分别为40.15、38.18、38.1 t/hm2;粗蛋白含量较高,分别为10.7％、9.56％...     

刈割时期和留茬高度对大麦鲜草产量及饲用品质的影响

旨在为湖南饲用大麦整株的利用提供指导。以湖北‘华大麦9号’为研究对象,通过对饲草株高,分蘖数,鲜重和饲草品质等测定,分析不同刈割时期和留茬高度对大麦鲜草产量与品质的影响,筛选出合适的刈割时期和留茬高度。‘华大麦9号’的生育期169天,在抽穗时株高达到最高,分蘖数在3~5之间。大麦在环洞庭湖区域种植整株收获做饲草利用,刈割时期可以从始穗期开始,以齐穗期为最好,留茬高度可以是5~10 cm,其中5 cm留茬高度可以获得更高的产量。‘华大麦9号’留茬高度为5 cm,刈割时期为齐穗期,总产量达到42.23 kg/小区。不同时期刈割其粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗纤维含量存在显著差异。粗蛋白在始穗期和齐穗期差异不显著,以始穗期最高;粗纤维含量以成熟期最高;而粗灰分含量在不同刈割时期间差异不显著。     

The Effect of Different Preceding Crops on the Development, Growth and Yield of Winter Barley

Reliable estimations of the yield response of winter barley to different preceding crops are necessary for the design of crop rotations.
The grain yield and yield components of winter barley (cv. Tapir ) following either rapeseed, oats, wheat or barley were determined in five years of field experiments on a sandy loam (Luvisol) at the Hohenschulen experimental station near Kiel, Germany, F.R. The growth, development and incidence of take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) was measured in a total of three years. On average over the five years barley grown after oats yielded 0.8 t per ha (11 %) more than barley following wheat which was mainly due to a higher number of ears per m². Barley following either oats or rapeseed produced a higher dry weight and a larger number of tillers per m² compared with barley grown after wheat or barley. This effect was already-present at the sampling date before winter. Take-all ratings were constantly higher in barley following a susceptible crop, but only reached a severe level late in the season and therefore could not explain the observed differences in growth, development and subsequently grain yield. Since no other pathogens affected the development other non-pathogenic causes must be considered as main causes for the described observations and yield differences.     

The Effect of Late-terminal Drought Stress on Yield Components of Four Barley Cultivars

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important winter cereal crop grown in the semiarid Mediterranean, where late‐terminal drought stress during grain filling has recently become more common. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth performance and grain yield of four barley cultivars under late‐terminal drought stress under both glasshouse and field conditions. At grain filling, four barley cultivars (Rum, ACSAD176, Athroh and Yarmouk) were exposed to three watering treatments: (1) well‐watered [soil maintained at 75 % field capacity (FC)], (2) mild drought stress at 50 % FC, (3) severe drought stress at 25 % FC in the glasshouse experiment and (1) well‐watered (irrigated once a week), (2) mild drought (irrigated once every 2 weeks), (3) severe drought (non‐irrigated; rainfed) in the field. As drought stress severity increased, gross photosynthetic rate, water potential, plant height, grain filling duration, spike number per plant, grain number per spike, 1000‐grain weight, straw yield, grain yield and harvest index decreased. In the glasshouse experiment, the six‐row barley cultivars (Rum, ACSAD176, and Athroh) had higher grain yield than the two‐row barley cultivar (Yarmouk), but the difference was not significant among the six‐row cultivars under all treatments. In the field experiment, Rum had the highest grain yield among all cultivars under the mild drought stress treatment. The two‐row cultivar (Yarmouk) had the lowest grain yield. In general, the traditional cultivar Rum had either similar or higher grain yield than the other three cultivars under all treatments. However, the yield response to drought differed between the cultivars. Those, Rum and ACSAD176, that were capable of maintaining a higher proportion of their spikes and grains per spike during drought also maintained a higher proportion of their yield compared with those in well‐watered treatment. In conclusion, cultivar differences in grain yield were related to spike number per plant and grain number per spike, but not days to heading or grain filling duration.     

刈割方式对皖北地区大麦饲用品质的影响

在皖北地区对不同刈割方式下大中88-91大麦饲用品质及再生草产量进行研究.结果表明,大中88-91大麦的饲用品质与其刈割方式关系密切:刈割后尿素的最佳追肥水平为75kg/hm~2;刈割后最适留茬高度为5cm;根据对蛋白质库、糖库的测定,首次刈割最适时期在3月下旬.     

Relationships between Yield and Quality Parameters of Malting Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Phenological and Meteorological Data

In this study, phenological and meteorological data have been used to interpret variations in a time series of regional average yields and quality parameters of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L). The analyses were focused mainly on the grain filling period. Duration and occurrence of this development stage showed remarkable differences from year to year, as heading varied over more than four weeks and yellow ripeness over two weeks in the investigation period from 1974 to 1996. Yields above average were achieved only in years when grain filling duration exceeded 42 d. Protein concentrations below 10.5 % and grading percentages over 90 % required at least 44 d of grain filling. Temperature had the strongest influence on the length of grain filling, even though the calculated Growing Degree Days (base temperature 3 °C) were not absolutely constant. Mean daily temperature and relative air humidity were the best estimators with respect to grain yield. An optimum temperature range was found between 14 and 18 °C. Assuming a linear relationship, yield reductions between 4.1 and 5.7 % have been calculated for every 1 °C increase of the mean daily temperature. Relative air humidity was the best single estimator for grain protein concentration. The results of this study suggest that relative humidity during grain filling can be a more suitable parameter to describe drought stress effects than precipitation amounts from heading to yellow ripeness or from January 1 to yellow ripeness.