荒漠草原4种主要植物群落枯落物层水土保持功能

枯落物层是草地除冠层外,大气与矿质土壤层、植物根系层进行物质与能量交换的重要介质,在生态学中起着不可替代的作用。通过研究荒漠草原4种主要植物群落(蒙古冰草群落、甘草群落、赖草群落和沙蒿群落)水土保持功能,结果表明:荒漠草原4种植物群落枯落物层年截留率在4.58%～5.61%,截留量为22.77～27.87mm,且枯落物对降雨的截留量随降雨量增加而增大,而截留率随降雨量增加而减小,当降雨等级在0～2mm时,截留率为100%,当降雨等级高于2mm时,截留率随1次降雨降雨量的增加而减少。枯落物层抑制土壤蒸发的效应与枯落物层厚度的增加呈正相关,有枯落物层比无枯落物层覆盖的土壤蒸发量减少了19.25%～76.82%,但当土壤含水量升高为田间持水量的3/4时,不同植物群落枯落物减少土壤水分蒸发的效应有所不同。围封内枯落物对土壤风蚀的抑制显著低于围封外,枯落物对风蚀的抑制作用与枯落物的蓄积量呈正相关。     

大兴安岭北部白桦次生林降雨再分配特征研究

采用定位观测的方法对大兴安岭北部白桦次生林降雨再分配特征进行研究。结果表明:观测期内共发生34场降雨,其中主要为小雨和中雨,降雨总量为465.8mm,平均降雨强度为1.45mm/h。7月份降雨量最大,占观测期内降雨总量的42.94%。穿透雨总量为392.55mm,占降雨总量的84.27%。随着雨量的增大,穿透雨量和穿透雨率均表现为暴雨大雨中雨小雨。树干茎流总量为12.50mm,占同期总降雨量的2.68%。林冠截留总量为60.76mm,占同期大气降雨总量的13.04%。随着雨量的增加,林冠截留率呈减小的趋势。灌木截留总量为1.75mm,占降雨总量的0.37%。枯落物截留总量为58.97mm,占降雨总量的12.66%,枯落物层截留特征与林冠层和灌木层均不同。降雨通过白桦林林冠、灌木、枯落物各层截留后,进行重新分配,从林冠到枯落物各层截留总量为26.07%,有73.93%的降雨进入土壤层,用于补充土壤水分、下渗或产生径流。降雨特征和各层截留特征是白桦次生林降雨再分配特征的重要影响因子。     

天然杨桦次生林表层土壤水分与枯落物的空间异质性

枯落物作为水分调节的作用层,对森林生态系统的水分循环起着重要作用。采用地统计理论和方法对天然杨桦次生林的表层土壤水分和不同分解程度的枯落物空间异质性进行分析。结果表明,表层土壤水分、枯落物未分解层、半分解层和已分解层的空间变异均以指数理论模型的拟合效果较好,其结构比分别为88.3%,66.6%,89.2%和57.79%,未分解层和已分解层具有中等强度的空间相关性,表层土壤水分与半分解层具有强烈的空间相关性。分形维数显示表层土壤水分和枯落物层的空间分布格局无显著的各向异质性结构特征。从全方位的分形维数来看,表层土壤水分的分形维数为1.918;枯落物半分解层的分形维数最大,为1.967,明显与其他枯落物层不同;未分解和已分解层分形维数相对较小,分别为1.925和1.928。从空间分布格局来看,半分解层呈明显的斑块状分布,东-西和南-北方向均无明显差异;表层土壤水分、未分解层和已分解层空间分布较为连续,且具有相似性,空间分布在东-西方向上差异明显,南-北方向上差异较小。     

贡嘎山暗针叶林枯落物截留特征研究

 采用现场模拟法和浸泡法观测贡嘎山不同演替阶段的暗针叶林群落枯落物截留、枯枝落叶层的最大持水量和林内枯落物的截留特征。结果表明:不同林型的枯落物截留量与林外降雨量有不同程度的线性相关关系,而与林内降雨量存在幂函数关系。同林型内,由于枯落物数量、组成成分与分解程度等不同,其持水能力也存在着较大的差异。过熟林中枯落物吸水饱和时间最短,最大持水率最低,枯落物与林下苔藓层混杂在一起,截留水分的能力相对较弱;幼龄林中枯落物饱和需要时间最长,最大持水率也最高,对林下降雨的再分配作用也相应最大。同时,枯落物层的截留作用及截留量的大小,除与枯枝落叶层的数量和质量相关外,也与枯落物的湿润程度相关。     

内蒙古自治区多伦县不同林地枯落物持水性能研究

[目的]探讨多伦县不同林分类型的枯落物持水性能差异,为该区森林土壤持水性能提供基础数据理论。[方法]以内蒙古自治区锡林浩特市多伦县为研究区,选取代表性的10块林地,收集林地地表枯落物,测定其现存量、持水性能及拦蓄能力等,旨在分析不同林分类型下枯落物持水性能的差异及其对表层土壤(0—20cm)含水率的影响。[结果](1)乔木林的枯落物现存量、持水能力和拦蓄能力均高于灌木林。(2)天然林的枯落物现存量、持水能力和拦蓄能力均高于人工林。(3)各林地枯落物厚度显著影响表层土壤的含水率,即枯落层越厚,表层土壤含水率越高。[结论]由于树种组成、年龄、林分密度及立地条件的影响,不同林分类型的持水能力差异较大,但变化规律为基本一致,同时,林地对土壤水分的影响高于草地。     

重庆四面山林下典型植被对水分截留的影响

为探究西南地区林下植被与水分运移的定量关系,研究林下植被对水分截留的影响,在重庆四面山选取草珊瑚(Sarcandra glabra Nakai)、杜茎山(Maesa japonica Moritzi)、常山(Orixa japonica Thunb)3种典型常见灌木,采用人工模拟降雨方法分别研究了单株灌木、枯落物截留特征以及灌木和枯落物组合结构的截留特征。结果表明:(1)单株灌木、枯落物、灌木和枯落物组合结构对降雨的截留过程大致分为3个阶段,即快速截留阶段、饱和稳定阶段和降雨结束滞后冠滴雨阶段;(2)3种典型灌木草珊瑚、杜茎山、常山的截留量均随降雨强度的增大呈先增大后减小的规律;(3)枯落物最大截留量与降雨强度呈正相关关系,枯落物单位面积质量与枯落物平均最大、最小截留量间呈正相关关系;(4)与单株灌木和枯落物各自截留状况相比,灌木和枯落物组合结构最大截留量与降雨强度呈正相关关系,且快速截留阶段历时较长、最大截留量也较大。在雨强为35mm/h时,草珊瑚、杜茎山和其枯落物组合结构最大截留量大于灌木和枯落物各自最大截留量之和,常山和其枯落物组合结构最大截留量小于常山和其枯落物各自的最大截留量之和,在雨强为70,95mm/h时各组合结构最大截留量小于单株灌木和枯落物单独的最大截留量之和。林下灌木和枯落物在水分运移过程中均扮演了重要角色,其中枯落物对水分截留的贡献更大。因此,合理进行林下植被构建与配置能有效截留水分,对减少林地土壤侵蚀有一定的积极作用。     

滦河典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应

[目的]研究滦河上游典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应,为森林健康监测和评价提供依据。[方法]对滦河上游3种林分的枯落物层未分解层与半分解层进行调查研究。[结果](1)油松林的枯落物生物量为12.03t/hm2,最大持水量为19.4t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为23.52t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物生物量为9.51t/hm2,最大持水量为11.9t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为17.03t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物生物量为5.54t/hm2,最大持水量为13.0t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为13.7t/hm2。(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10h。枯落物在浸水的前0.5h内吸水速率最大,6h左右时吸水速率明显减缓。(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为375.92t/hm2;油松林土壤层的持水能力最差,为248.04t/hm2。利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数R2均在0.98以上。[结论]油松林枯落物层的生物量、最大持水量、有效拦蓄量都最大,而落叶松白桦混交林枯落物的土壤持水能力最强。     

北京鹫峰山区常见树种的枝叶及枯落物截留特征

为探究华北土石山区不同树种各枝叶层结构与枯落物结构与水分运移的量化关系,以北京鹫峰山区为例选取了侧柏、油松、栓皮栎、五角枫、白皮松和黄栌6种当地典型树种,于2015年7—9月在首都圈森林生态系统定位研究站人工降雨大厅进行降雨截留实验,试验采用自制降雨截留装置直接测定枝叶分层每一层及枯落物的截留雨量特征,快速方便,精度较高。结果表明:(1)对于同一种树体来说,雨强越大,树体本身达到稳定截留时间越短,在同种雨强作用下,整株树的截留能力顺序为栓皮栎五角枫侧柏油松黄栌白皮松;对于整场降雨饱和的树种而言,一般雨强越大,累积截留量越大,随着降雨时间的延长,截留率逐渐减小,在雨强较大时,截留量与叶面积指数关系不显著。(2)对于砍伐树叶分层后的截留过程来说,对于无下层叶、无中下层叶的树体而言,短历时降雨阔叶树总体的截留能力比针叶树强,无叶状态下针叶树的截留持水能力强于阔叶树,因此上层叶对于树木截留有一定的重要性;对于同种树而言,各层树叶的截留能力顺序大致为中层上层下层。(3)对于砍伐枝条分层后的截留过程来说,在树体无叶的状态下,对不同树种而言,各层枝条的截留量均为针叶树大于阔叶树,尤其是中下层枝条能截持更大的水量。(4)对于砍伐枝叶分层与枯落物共存时的截留过程来说,对雨水截持的能力顺序为五角枫白皮松黄栌油松侧柏栓皮栎,最终稳定时五角枫有效截留量最多,栓皮栎变化最大。(5)对于剪叶分层的树种来说,其与枯落物组合下的垂直面上阔叶树种截留能力强于针叶,随着树叶每一层的递减,其树种的稳定截留量也随之递减,同时栓皮栎和五角枫与枯落物组合的截留过程而也说明了冠层枝叶的截留量与其本身各层的生物量和密度及叶面积成一定的正比关系。但还需加强小雨强下截留效应的研究,以及拓展到林分尺度上的问题。通过量化研究使树木枝叶层及枯落物层充分发挥其涵养水源、保持水土及改善水质的重要生态功能,支撑水源涵养林体系建设技术,对推动水源涵养林学科体系的建设发展具有重要意义。     

六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤水分空间异质性的降雨前后变化及其影响因素

为了阐明林冠叶面积指数、枯落物厚度等植被因子及降雨量影响下的林地土壤水分空间异质性变化规律,在宁夏六盘山香水河小流域选择了2个35a华北落叶松典型坡面(东南坡A、南坡B),遵循空间格局分析的小支撑、多样点设计原则,结合所选坡面特征,利用线状样带取样法,测定了坡面上各样点的表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)土壤水分、林冠叶面积指数、枯落物层厚度、坡度及离开最近一棵树主干的距离,采用经典统计结合地统计学方法,分析了降雨前后土壤水分空间变异特征;利用Pearson相关分析法分析了降雨前后坡面土壤水分与主要环境因子的数量关系;经Kriging插值得到了实验坡面降雨前后的土壤水分空间分布图。结果表明:本研究选择的2个坡面上表层和亚表层土壤水分均存在显著的空间自相关性,呈现明显的斑块状分布格局。A、B坡面雨前表层土壤水分的块基比分别为0.20和0.16,有强烈的空间自相关性;亚表层的块基比均为0.50,具有中等的空间自相关性;表层土壤水分变程分别为27.6m和23.7m,亚表层土壤水分变程为54.9m和186.0m,空间自相关性存在于较大的范围内。降雨后A、B坡面的表层土壤水分的块基比分别为0.13和0.11,亚表层的块基比为0.28和0.20;表层土壤水分变程分别为17.7m和17.3m,亚表层土壤水分变程为31.4 m和42.6 m,空间自相关性存在的范围变小。Pearson相关分析表明,A坡面土壤水分的空间变化在雨前主要受样点离开树木的距离和坡度的影响,雨后则主要受样点上方叶面积指数和枯落物厚度的影响。由此可见,此次11mm降水使2个坡面上土壤水分的空间异质性增加、空间自相关性增强,且乔木林冠层和枯落物层对降雨的截持和再分配是雨后土壤水分空间异质性增大的主要原因。     

油松枯落物的水土保持作用研究

油松枯落物的截留量与其自身的干燥程度有关,同时受降水历时、降水量和天气情况的影响。在不同的月份,其截留量不同,年截留率为9.27％。油松枯落物阻延径流流出的时间与其厚度呈正相关,与地面坡度、径流深度呈负相关;油松枯落物还能有效地抑制土壤水分蒸发、显著提高土壤的抗蚀性,2cm厚枯落物的油松林地即可免遭土壤冲刷。     

Heterogeneity in soil hydrological response from different land cover types in southern Spain

This paper reports results from the analysis of the soil hydrological response to simulated rainfall in a cork oak forest in Los Alcornocales Natural Park (SW Spain). Four different soil/vegetation units were selected for the field experiments: [1] cork oak woodland, [2] heathland, [3] grassland, and [4] cork oak/olive tree mixed forest. Rainfall simulations tests were performed on circular plots of 1256.6 cm² at an intensity of 56.5 mm h^− 1 for 30 min.Marked differences in the hydrological behavior of the studied vegetation types were observed after the rainfall simulations. The soils under woodland showed low runoff rates and coefficients. The highest runoff rates were measured on the heath and grass-covered parts of the hillslope. Water repellency of the soil, measured from water drop penetration tests, reduced infiltration (especially under the heathland), and seems to be the cause of fast ponding and runoff generation during the first stages of rainstorms.The mosaic of different patterns of hydrological response to rainfall, such as runoff generation or infiltration, is governed by the spatial distribution of vegetation and its influence on the soil surface.     

百里杜鹃景区马缨杜鹃林凋落物对土壤蒸发的影响

[目的]探究百里杜鹃景区马缨杜鹃林下凋落物覆盖对土壤蒸发的影响,为其林下水源涵养功能的发挥提供科学依据。[方法]根据土壤蒸发理论,采用自制微型蒸渗装置进行模拟试验,参照百里杜鹃林下凋落物现存状况,研究不同质量相同比例及相同质量不同比例的凋落物覆盖对土壤蒸发抑制的影响。[结果]不同分解程度凋落覆盖比例相同质量不同时,土壤水分蒸发量随凋落物的质量增大而减小;土壤水分蒸发量随着土壤含水率的下降呈递减关系,当含水率每下降0.5%时,60,30和15 g凋落物覆盖的土壤水分蒸发量分别依次减少了0.11,0.49和1.23 g。凋落物覆盖质量相同时,不同分解程度的凋落物对土壤水分蒸发抑制作用不同,表现为:未分解半分解已分解。[结论]凋落物覆盖量越多,对土壤蒸发的抑制作用越大;凋落物分解程度越低,对土壤蒸发的抑制作用越好。     

陇东地区油松人工林碳密度及其影响因素

[目的]分析陇东地区人工林碳密度及其影响因素,为黄土丘陵区生态环境评价提供理论依据。[方法]采用样地调查与生物量实测方法,对陇东地区油松人工林碳密度进行了估算,并分析生态因素对油松人工林生态系统碳密度的影响。[结果]油松林各器官碳含量变化范围为48.58%~53.54%,各器官碳密度按从高到低的大小顺序依次为:树干树枝树根树叶树皮果实;灌木层叶、茎、根的碳含量分别为43.93%,45.62%,42.38%;草本层地上部分和地下部分碳含量为43.04%,39.77%;枯落物层未分解和半分解层碳含量为43.79%,38.83%;植被层碳密度按从高到底的大小顺序为:乔木层草本层灌木层。土壤层(0—100cm)碳含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低,且不同土壤层碳密度存在显著差异,以50—100cm碳密度最高。油松林生态系统平均碳密度为52.86t/hm2,其空间分布排序为土壤层(75.15%)植被层(24.14%)枯落物层(0.71%)。[结论]油松人工林生态因子中,林分平均树高、平均胸径、郁闭度均与各层碳密度呈现极显著正相关性,林分枯落物未分解干质量与各层碳密度呈现显著正相关性。平均树高、平均胸径、郁闭度、枯落物未分解干质量是油松人工林生态系统碳密度的主要生态因子。     

不同龄组兴安落叶松林枯落物的水文效应

[目的]分析大兴安岭地区不同龄组兴安岭落叶松林枯落物蓄积量持水特性,为该地区森林水文效应研究提供理论基础和重要依据。[方法]选择不同龄组兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,通过设置标准样地测定枯落物蓄积量,并采用浸水法测定枯落物持水特性,分析不同龄组兴安落叶松天然林枯落物水文效应。[结果]4个龄组兴安落叶松林枯落物蓄积量变化介于28.03~34.32t/hm2之间,最大持水量介于87.09~109.52t/hm2,最大持水量表现为随着林龄增加而增加的变化趋势,且半分解层的蓄积量都大于未分解层;经统计分析,试验4个龄组兴安落叶松林枯落物未分解层、半分解层的持水量与浸泡时间之间均符合对数关系,且吸水速率与浸泡时间之间也符合指数关系;枯落物对降水的拦蓄能力总体来看,半分解层对降雨的拦蓄能力较未分解层强。[结论]大兴安岭地区不同龄组兴安落叶松林枯落物蓄积量差异显著(除成熟林和近熟林之间),成熟林、近熟林和中林龄对于降水的拦蓄能力较幼龄林强。     

黄土高原旱区浅层黄土水分场的数值分析

[目的]研究黄土高原浅层土体水分场在春季连续干旱条件下的动态变化。[方法]通过非饱和黄土二维非稳态流有限元控制方程对黄土高原浅层土体水分场在不同气象条件下的动态变化进行数值计算。[结果]在连续干旱条件下水分场的计算结果与实测结果较为一致,受蒸发影响的土层最大厚度为1.8m,连续3个月的干旱使其平均含水率降低至7.9%,土壤蒸发强度随着含水率的减小而减小。强度较小且分散的降雨对于缓解连续干旱期黄土高原土壤干旱基本无效,大强度集中降雨只能在短时间内缓解土壤旱情。[结论]数值计算结果可为实际工程中植被类型的选择以及灌溉时间的把握所参考。     

Hydraulic lift may buffer rhizosphere hyphae against the negative effects of severe soil drying in a California Oak savanna

Many studies have shown that the total abundance of hyphae in the soil covaries seasonally with soil moisture. We investigated the extent to which soil hyphal abundance varies as a function of depth and moisture availability within the soil profile during the dry season, and determined whether soil moisture compensation via hydraulic lift (HL) buffers rhizosphere fungi from the effects of severe soil drying. We measured soil water potential, isotopic composition of soil water and total hyphal length in a California coast live oak stand and adjacent grassland at the beginning and end of the 5-month summer drought period. Throughout the summer, oaks maintained predawn water potential values (−0.4±0.1 MPa) that were significantly above those recorded in the 0-200 cm soil depth interval, strongly suggesting root access to groundwater. Direct evaporation of soil water was much more intense and affected deeper layers of the profile in the grassland compared to the oak stand, as indicated by extremely negative water potential values and very enriched isotopic composition of soil water near the surface. Significantly higher soil water potential and less isotopically enriched soil water at 15-40 cm depth in the oak stand were consistent with oak root exudation of isotopically depleted groundwater or deep soil water not exposed to evaporation. Hyphal length in the soil profile declined markedly during the summer drought period in the grassland, particularly in upper layers (41-75% decrease at 0-40 cm depth), indicating rapid turnover of the arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMF) dominated hyphal carbon pool after grass senescence. By contrast, soil hyphal length in the ectomycorrhizal (EM)/AM oak stand remained remarkably constant throughout the summer drought period, with the only exception of the topsoil layer exposed to direct evaporation (49% decrease at 5 cm depth). The sustained exudation of water from roots to soil through HL may have buffered rhizosphere hyphae against the negative effects of extreme soil desiccation in the oak stand. These data suggest that HL by deep-rooted trees may influence the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in seasonally dry ecosystems through effects on rhizosphere fungi.     

Characterization of Sardinian cork oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus suber</Emphasis> L.) genetic resources for economically important traits

Considering the very high socio economic value of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in Mediterranean areas, a better knowledge of local genetic resources is necessary in order to reach a good balance between the conservation issues and the need of an efficient cork production network. In such frame, local germplasm of Q. suber from the main cork production areas of Sardinia was analysed for DNA and isozyme polymorphisms and for cork quality in relation to some environmental parameters. A total number of 24 sample stands of cork oak were selected, representing typical vegetation, sylvicultural and cork quality features within the eight identified cork growing areas in Sardinia. Considerable variation was found between cork oak stands of the different areas. Results of the principal component analysis performed on the cork quality data and environmental characters of the eight areas, showed that the first three components explain 72.2% of the variation. The major characters involved in this differentiation were cork quality characters such as dimensional recover, moisture and Mg content of the cork and also elevation of stands m a.s.l. for the first component. The second component appears to be determined by some climatic parameters (average annual temperature and average of the minimum temperatures of coldest month) and by the Fe and Zn in the cork. For the third component, major characters involved in differentiation are average annual rainfall, bark thickness and Ca content in the cork.     

辽西低山丘陵区针叶林与阔叶林枯落物持水性对比

为对比分析辽西低山丘陵区针叶林与阔叶林枯落物的持水性差异,为辽西森林植被恢复提供科学依据和技术支撑,选取3个针叶林(红松林、油松林、兴安落叶松林)和3个阔叶林(榆树林、山杨林、紫椴林)下的枯落物作为研究对象,采用野外现场采样与室内浸水相结合的方法对枯落物的持水特性进行测定.结果表明:针叶林平均蓄积量大于阔叶林,其中针叶林蓄积量在14.65 ～ 17.75 t/hm2,阔叶林在8.44 ～ 16.92 t/hm2;针叶林枯落物平均厚度(2.79 cm)大于阔叶林(2.44 cm);针叶林最大持水率在148.88％ ～ 173.19％,阔叶林在145.42％ ～156.91％;针叶林有效拦蓄水量为19.47～25.59 t/hm2,阔叶林有效拦蓄水量为10.56～ 22.04 t/hm2,表现为针叶林下枯落物的拦蓄能力更强;针叶林半分解层拦蓄水量显著大于未分解层,阔叶林未分解层拦蓄水量大于半分解层;阔叶林未分解层吸水速率大于针叶林.     

Determinants of leaf litter patchiness in mixed species New Jersey pine barrens forest and its possible influence on soil and soil biota

 We have identified the importance of ground layer ericaceous shrub density as a determinant of leaf litter patch size in upland oak/pine communities of the New Jersey pine barrens. Litter patch area is directly proportional to the number of ericaceous stems. This observation has been confirmed by experimentation where leaf litter patches accumulated under artificial stems for a period of 2 years. Leaf litter patches of different sizes contain differing proportions of leaf species. Large patches contain a significantly higher proportion of oak leaves than small patches. Difference in physical structure of large and small patches, due to leaf species composition and due to differential leaf chemistries, result in differences in soil characteristics and soil biota under the patches. Soil moisture and organic matter content of upper soil layers are greater under large litter patches than under small ones. We have preliminary evidence that these changes influence the community structure of ectomycorrhizae developing under patches of different sizes. Received: 12 April 1999