枇杷早实性遗传及其相关问题的研究

童期是果树从种子播种发芽到实生苗第一次开花结果的年限。以童期的长短作为衡量早实性强弱的标准,早实性强的其童期短,反之则童期长。果树杂种实生苗的童期一般较长,如何使杂种实生苗缩短童期,提早结果,是加速育种进程的重要方面。关于果树早实性问题前人已有过一些报道。有关枇杷的早实性遗传及其相关问题的研究,在国内外至今尚未见到报道。从枇杷的遗传性上来探索早实性的遗传规律,是加速育种进程,提高育种效能的重要组成部分。本试验的目的是研究枇杷的品种间杂种     

优质早熟白肉枇杷新品种“榕早3号”选育

以红肉枇杷"早钟6号"为母本、"东湖早"为父本进行等量花粉混合授粉,获得大量F1代杂种,从中选育出优质早熟白肉枇杷品种"榕早3号"(系谱代号:ZDF1-3)。其主要特征为:果实近圆形,部分果实略带五棱,果皮淡黄色,果肉黄白色,肉质细嫩,味浓甜,有香气,较易剥皮。母树和子代历年种植结果显示,"榕早3号"的无性后代保持了母树优良性状,丰产性稳定,平均单果质量51.2g,纵径4.99cm,横径4.48cm,果形指数1.11,可溶性固形物含量13.8%,可溶性糖含量9.5%,维生素C含量6.1mg/100g,可滴定酸含量0.16%,固酸比84.7,每个果实有果核4.2枚,可食率72.6%。成熟期4月上中旬。与亲本"早钟6号"相比,"榕早3号"具早熟早结、丰产稳产、果大味甜等优点。     

梨杂种后代亲本童期的遗传分析

对12个组合1505株梨杂种实生苗童期长短的观察看出:砂梨与白梨的种间杂种的童期为4～5年,少数后代在3年生时可开始结果,童期变幅为3～8年,白梨的品种间杂种为5～6年,童期变幅为4～9年。每一组合杂种间童期的长短表现出分离现象。亲本品种童期性状的基因型为异质结合型,童期呈极数量性状遗传。童期的长短受双亲遗传特性的制约,童期不属母性遗传。亲本营养期与杂种童期之间呈显著正相关(r=0.92)。以营养期短的品种作亲本可以产生童期短的后代,反之则长。     

柑桔砧木实生苗的童期和童程研究

通过对15种柑桔砧木实生苗的童期和童程的调查研究和统计分析,认为童期的长短首先取决于遗传基础。童程与童期呈极显著正相关。节间短的实生苗童程也短,故节间长度可作为早实性早期选择的参数。童期越长的品种类型,结束童期的分枝级数越高,干周和冠径越大,树体也越高,首次始花点的分枝级数可作为实生苗结束童期的主要形态指标。高砧芽接实生苗可降低首次开花点分枝级数和缩短童程,从而缩短童期1.77～3.33年。     

梨杂种实生苗生长量与童期相关问题的研究

对梨的杂种实生苗资料的分析表明,实生苗的平均干径生长量和平均童期之间并不存在显著的负相关。实生苗通过童期必须有一定的最低限度的生长量,但生长量与童期是两个独立遗传的数量性状,实生苗干径的表型差异,并不能全然反映童期的遗传差异。因此,仅根据实生苗的干径大小不能可靠地预选短童期的实生苗。各杂交组合杂种平均童期的长短主要受遗传因素控制。     

闽东早熟枇杷早结高效栽培技术

闽东早熟枇杷主要品种为早钟 6号和森尾早生。早钟 6号是福建省农科院果树所以森尾早生为父本、解放钟为母本杂交育成 ,表现早熟、丰产、果大、质优 ,上世纪 90年代中、后期引进闽东 ,主要在福安溪柄镇枇杷示范场、蕉城区无病苗圃等地种植 ,以后逐年扩大 ,至今全区栽种面积达 6 0 0多公顷 ;森尾早生是福建省农科院果树所从日本引进的枇杷品种中筛选出的特早熟、优质、可食率高的枇杷良种 ,于上世纪 80年代中期引进 ,主要在福安果树示范场等地种植 ,表现早熟、丰产、优质 ,2 0世纪 90年代前期有一定的发展。早钟 6号和森尾早生种植5年后 ,管…     

早钟6号枇杷引种及早产高产栽培技术

早钟 6号枇杷是福建省果树所于 1981年以大果型的解放钟枇杷为母本与特早熟的森尾早生为父本杂交选育而成的 ,表现出早熟、果大、色艳、香气浓、锈斑少的优良性状。该品种自 1995年引进莆田以来 ,经过 6年的试验对比 ,各项指标表现优良 ,深受广大果农青睐 ,栽培面积不断扩大 ,已成为莆田县优化枇杷品种结构、提高枇杷产业效益的一个重要的特优早熟品种。1　生长结果特性通过 6年的观察 ,早钟 6号在莆田的生长发育特性与其在省果树所 (福州 )的习性相似。1 1　生长特性　在莆田每年可抽发春、夏、秋、冬 4次梢 ,春梢 1月下旬至 3月上旬 ,夏梢…     

丛枝菌根真菌在水分胁迫下可增强枇杷实生苗的养分吸收

据《园艺学报》2012年第4期《丛枝菌根真菌对水分胁迫下枇杷实生苗生长和养分吸收的影响》（作者张燕等）报道，以“早钟6号”枇杷实生苗为试材，研究了3种水分梯度（正常供水、轻度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫）下，分别接种3种丛枝茵根真菌。     

枇杷杂交新品种‘早钟6号’与亲本花粉形态观察比较

 对枇杷杂交新品种‘早钟6号’与父母本(‘森尾早生’和‘解放钟’) 的花粉形状、大小、萌发孔、表面纹饰进行显微观察, 应用扫描探针显微镜图像处理程序建立三维图象进行分析, 结果表明: 3个品种花粉都是长球形, 具3 孔沟; 父本、母本及子代花粉的极/ 赤( P/ E) 值分别为: 1. 346 、1. 268 、1. 193; 花粉平均轴径为20. 71 、24. 33 、23. 83 􀀁m; 花粉大小及表面纹饰有明显差异; 子代‘早钟6号’的花粉形态介于父本母本之间。从孢粉学角度阐述杂交种‘早钟6号’与父母本间的亲缘关系。     

早钟6号枇杷第三季度栽培管理要点

早钟6号枇杷是我省目前主栽的早熟品种，售价高，效益好。全年生产中第三季度的果园管理是极其重要的。第三季度中各月的农时为7月(小暑～大暑)、8月(立秋～处暑)、9月(白露～秋分)。该阶段早钟6号枇杷物候期主要是：花芽分化期(7～8月)，始花期(9月)，秋梢抽生期(9月)。其栽培管理的关键技术如下。     

Identification of S-haplotypes of European cultivars of sour cherry

The sour cherry is known to exhibit the phenomenon of gametophytic self-incompatibility which prevents self-fertilization. In sour cherry, besides self-incompatible cultivars, there often occur self-compatible cultivars. This is due to the occurrence of natural mutations of the S-RNase or SFB genes and, consequently, loss of functionality of S-alleles. Here we present the results of the identification of S-haplotypes of 21 cultivars of sour cherry from various regions of Europe. The analyses were performed using methods based on the amplification of intron I and intron II of the S-RNase gene and fragments specific to the individual alleles of the S-RNase or SFB genes. The tested cultivars were found to contain 15 S-haplotypes: S₁, S_1?, S₄, S₆, S_6m, S_6m2, S₉, S₁₂, S₁₃, S_13?, S₂₆, S₃₅, S_36a, S_36b, and S_36b2. The most frequently occurring S-haplotypes were S_13? (61.9%), S_36a (57.1%), and S₂₆ (47.6%). On the basis of the results, 17 of the 21 cultivars were deduced to be self-compatible. The results will be of use in the production of sour cherry fruit by facilitating the selection of suitable pollinating cultivars. The results are also expected to be useful in the breeding of new cultivars of sour cherry when selecting genotypes for crosses.     

化学药剂对香椿休眠解除的影响及其机理

 采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计, 探索6-BA、GA₃ 、(NH₂) ₂CS、ZnSO₄ 、KNO₃ 对香椿休眠解除的影响, 5 种化学药剂解除休眠的作用依次为ZnSO4 > (NH₂) ₂CS > GA₃ > 6-BA > KNO₃ 。打破香椿休眠的最佳药剂组合是: 6-BA 20 mg/L + GA₃ 180 mg/L + (NH₂) ₂CS 1 % + ZnSO4 0.5 % + KNO₃ 2 %。用上述药剂处理可以使香椿提早23 d 萌芽。     

Ozone forming potential of tropical plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state of India

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted by many plants. In this study, sixty common plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India were examined for VOC (isoprene and monoterpene) emissions. Plant species VOC emission rates ranged from undetectable to 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Dalbergia sissoo exhibited a maximum VOC emission rate of 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Ozone forming potentials (OFP) of the sixty plant species were also estimated using the method of Benjamin and Winer (1998). Maximum ozone forming potential of 77 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1 was observed in the case of Mangifera indica. Out of 60 species, 26 species (43.3%) had low OFP (less than 1 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1), 18 species (30%) had medium OFP (less than 1–10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1) and 16 species (26.7%) had high OFP (more than 10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1).     

京白梨等品种S 基因型鉴定及新基因S28 和S30 的核苷酸序列分析

 根据梨S基因高度保守区C1和C3区, 设计1对引物P1和P2, 对梨品种的基因组DNA进行S基因特异扩增、克隆、测序, 并在GenBank中BLAST比较, 确定S 基因特异性片段, 对京白梨等6个供试自交不亲和品种的S基因型比对结果为: 白梨中的‘库尔勒香梨’为S₂₁ S₂₈ , ‘苹果梨’为S₁₇S₁₉ ; 砂梨中的‘台湾蜜梨’为S₁₁ S₂₂ ; 西洋梨中的‘葫芦梨’为S_a S_b; 秋子梨中的‘京白’为S₁₆ S₃₀ , ‘早梨18’为S₄ S₂₈。其中S₂₈和S₃₀为首次登录的新S 基因, 在GenBank的登录号分别为AY562394 (库尔勒香梨) 和AY876945 (京白) 。     

The effect of organic supplementation of solarized soil on the quality of tomato fruit

Soil solarization, used to control weeds and soil-borne pathogens in hot climates, has not yet been widely adapted as a commercial practice because of its lack of efficacy. Experiments were carried out in southern Italy over two growing seasons to study the effect of three levels (0, 0.35 and 0.7 kg m⁻²) of organic supplementation of the soil prior to solarization on soil mineral availability and fruit quality attributes. Soil temperature and chemical properties were monitored, together with changes in the physical characteristics and chemical composition of tomato fruits grown under commercial greenhouse conditions. Organic supplementation increased the soil temperature achieved through solarization by 3.9 to 5.5 °C. Organic supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the soil concentration of NO₃⁻-N, exchangeable K₂O, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ and the level of electrical conductivity in the soil extract. Physical characteristics of tomato fruits were improved by supplementation, with fresh and dry weight enhanced up to 11 and 21%, respectively, mesocarp thickness up to 19%, firmness up to 36% and skin redness (a^*/b^* ratio) up to 24%. As the supplementation rate was raised from 0 to 0.7 kg m⁻², the fruit content of reducing sugars increased (P ≤ 0.01) from 1.75 to 2.14 g per 100 g f.w., ash from 0.49 to 0.62%, soluble solid from 5.12 to 6.18 °Brix, titratable acidity from 0.16 to 0.19%, and ascorbic acid from 25.1 to 32.5 mg 100 mL⁻¹. We concluded that organic supplementation appears to be a valuable and environmentally friendly way to improve the mineral availability in the soil and improve fruit quality of tomato.     

金嘴蝎尾蕉切花苞片褐变的控制

 研究了金嘴蝎尾蕉切花最佳采收时期和对其苞片褐变具有良好控制效果的预处理保鲜液及瓶插方法。结果表明: 金嘴蝎尾蕉以中蕾期采收最佳; 整个花枝水平放置, 完全浸泡于500 mg·L ^{- 1} H₃BO₄或500 mg·L ^{- 1} MgSO₄中1 h后, 结合2 mg·L ^{- 1} 6-BA + 200 mg·L ^{- 1} Al₂ ( SO₄ ) 3瓶插保鲜及0.1%聚乙烯醇喷洒花枝, 可显著控制苞片褐变, 保持组织较低水平pH值, 减缓膜透性的上升。其瓶插寿命分别达12 d和11.5 d, 显著高于对照的4 d。     

Comparison of anthocyanins in non-blotches and blotches of the petals of Xibei tree peony

A comparison in non-blotches and blotches of 35 cultivars of Xibei tree peony was investigated to explore flower coloration of Xibei tree peony (the second cultivar group in Chinese tree peony). With high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, six anthocyanins including peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg3G) were detected in non-blotches and blotches of petals. Total anthocyanins (TA), total flavones and flavonols (TF), and the copigmentation index (CI) were also analyzed. Cyanidin-based glycosides, which accumulated abundantly at the basal petal, resulted in blotch formation. Some peculiar cultivars with only one kind of anthocyanins or without anthocyanins in non-blotches were found in this study. For example, ‘Feng Zi Xiu Se’, ‘Ou Duan Si Lian’, and ‘Xi Wang’ contained only Pn3G5G; ‘Bing Shan Cang Yu’ and ‘Jin Bo Dang Yang’ contained only Cy3G; while no anthocyanins were found in ‘Bing Shan Xue Lian’. Several cultivars were rich in Pg-based glycosides, such as ‘Ni Hong Huan Cai’, and ‘Ju Yuan Shao Nv’. These cultivars would be excellent parents for creating new cultivars with novel flower color in the future.     

Cross-compatibility of apple cultivars possessing S-RNase alleles of similar sequence

Summary

We investigated the functional differences in three pairs of S-RNase alleles having similar sequences. It was confirmed using pollination tests that S₁₉ and S₂₈ behaved as different alleles, while S₁₇ and S₁₉ appeared to be the same allele. Our previous new allele designation of S_6b in place of S₁₇ and S₁₉, and not S₁₉ and S₂₈, from S-RNase sequence analyses was therefore confirmed. The deduced amino acid sequences of S₃ and S₁₀, although showing high similarity (94%), were functionally distinct.     

Analyses of pollen-tube growth and biological action of S-RNase in the style of self-compatible Japanese pear

The Japanese pear ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄^SM) (SM = stylar-part mutant) is a self-compatible bud mutant that originated from self-incompatible ‘Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄). The S₄-allele of the pear is deleted and it shows unilateral incompatibility to cultivar with an S₂S₄ genotype. However, when pollen-tube growth was compared between cross-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Okusankichi’ (S₅S₇)], unilateral-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Kikusui’ (S₂S₄)], self-compatible (‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), and unilateral-incompatible pollination (‘Kikusui’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), pollen-tube growth clearly showed the following order: cross-compatible > unilateral-compatible > self-compatible > unilateral-incompatible. This indicates that the ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ style produces specific inhibitor(s) not only to S₂- and S₄-pollen but also “self-pollen”, because the phenotype of S₄^SM-pollen is the same as S₄-pollen. Stylar protein analysis demonstrated that ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ produces S₂-RNase (RNase associated with S₂-allele) together with a small amount of S₄-RNase. The purified S₄-RNase possessed almost the same inhibitory action on the growth of S₄-pollen-tubes in vitro at 1 μg μl⁻¹ as that from original ‘Nijisseiki’. These results suggest that the depressed growth of unilateral-compatible and self-pollen-tubes in ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ is due to this biologically active S₄-RNase. Growth of self-pollen-tubes may also be depressed by inhibitor(s) specific to “self-pollen” unrelated to S-alleles.     

DNA profiling of Capsicum landraces of Manipur

Seven chilli landraces of Manipur belonging to three cultivated species of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense) form economically important food crops of the region. The genotypes were characterized using ten random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient calculated by UPGMA method differentiated the genotypes into two main cluster groups. One cluster represented the C. annuum genotypes while the other cluster represented the C. frutescens and the C. chinense genotypes. C. chinense genotypes were more close to C. frutescens genotypes. Genetic variation between the C. frutescens genotypes was more than among the C. annuum genotypes and the C. chinense genotypes were the least similar ones.