马茹种子生物学特性研究及果实营养成分分析

对陕西吴起马茹种子的生物学特性及果实营养成分进行了分析。结果表明:马茹种子呈卵圆形,棕黄色,种子平均长8.62mm,宽7.64 mm,千粒重为149.90 g;种子生活力为72%,含水率为5.0%;种子发芽率为33%,发芽势23%,发芽速度55 d;马茹果实总糖含量为7.06g/100g,总酸含量为2.00 g/100g;马茹果实中17种氨基酸总量为1.000g/100g,8种人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的16.6%;果实中含有微量元素含量排序为镁钙钾磷钠铁锌铜锰。     

12个蓝莓品种果实氨基酸含量及组成分析

通过氨基酸自动分析仪对福建省12个蓝莓品种果实的氨基酸含量、组成进行测定并分析其组成差异。结果表明：12个蓝莓品种果实含有16种氨基酸，氨基酸总量为407.36～1 227.33 mg/100 g,其中谷氨酸和精氨酸是蓝莓果实最主要的2种氨基酸，二者占氨基酸总量的22.55%～51.18%;第一限制氨基酸是蛋氨酸；人体必需氨基酸含量为151.60～257.41 mg/100 g,占总量的21.03%～37.22%;药用氨基酸含量高达266.82～967.61 mg/100 g,占氨基酸总量的65.50%～78.25%。12个供试品种中，氨基酸总量最高的为乌达德，达1 227.33 mg/100 g,园蓝最低。     

工厂化栽培金耳的氨基酸组成及蛋白质营养评价

为研究工厂化栽培金耳的氨基酸特征,评价其蛋白质营养价值,进行工厂化栽培金耳的氨基酸组成的测定,并基于现行国际模式,采用系统的模型评价其蛋白质品质。试验结果:金耳的蛋白含量为9.2 g/100g(干重),共检测到16种氨基酸(色氨酸未检测,半胱氨酸未检出),其中甜味氨基酸的含量高达4.4785 g/100g(干重),占总氨基酸的比率达41.5%,鲜味氨基酸的含量达4.9746 g/100g(干重),占总氨基酸的比率达46.09%;必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比率为48.94%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为95.85%,均高于FAO/WHO的标准;但氨基酸组成不平衡,蛋氨酸和苯丙氨酸异常丰富,赖氨酸和异亮氨酸含量相对缺乏。     

李果实氨基酸种类和含量分析

利用氨基酸自动分析仪测定了福建8个李品种的氨基酸组成和含量。结果表明,李果实中氨基酸含量高,种类丰富,其中田黄李中含量最高,达492.84mg/100g。不同李品种已检测的17种氨基酸中,均以天冬氨酸含量最高;必需氨基酸含量为59.23～100.41mg/100g,占总氨基酸的20.42%;儿童必需氨基酸含量也很高,平均可达14.60mg/100g;味觉氨基酸含量高,其中田黄李的味觉氨基酸在测试的8种李品种中最高。李果实中药效氨基酸的含量也很丰富,以天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和赖氨酸为主,总量以皇后李最高、田黄李次之,分别为366.95和355.49mg/100g。     

云南野生奶浆菌的化学成分分析

测定了野生奶浆菌(Lactarius volemus)蛋白质、铜、铁、钙、锰、锌、硒等营养成分,以及重金属含量。野生奶浆菌氨基酸总量为1.275%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比值(EAA/TAA)为39.3%,人体必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为0.647,硒75μg/100g。野生奶浆菌是一种含质优蛋白质和各种矿物元素营养丰富的野生菌。     

黑果腺肋花楸和欧李果实成分的分析

对黑果腺肋花楸和欧李果实中粗蛋白、水解氨基酸及矿质元素的含量进行分析。采用凯氏定氮法和全自动氨基酸分析仪分别测定了两种果实中粗蛋白和水解氨基酸含量,采用ICP-OES电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测试了两种果实中各种矿质元素的含量。结果表明:黑果腺肋花楸、欧李果实中,粗蛋白含量分别为5.20%、4.82%;水解氨基酸含量分别为6.95g/100g、2.61g/100g;必需氨基酸含量分别占39.57%、45.59%;矿质元素中Ca含量分别3935.19mg/kg、2686.11mg/kg,Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量较丰富。     

“紫香1号”百香果成熟果实的氨基酸分析与营养评价

用高效液相色谱法测定"紫香1号"百香果成熟果实氨基酸含量,以FAO/WHO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,评价其营养价值。结果表明,"紫香1号"检测出的17种氨基酸,以天冬氨酸含量最高,占氨基酸总量的16.96%;人体必需氨基酸和儿童必需氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的23.36%和13.67%;呈味氨基酸中鲜味氨基酸含量最高,占氨基酸总量的47.89%;药用氨基酸含量也很丰富,占氨基酸总量的62.68%,以天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量为主;氨基酸比值系数分为89.27,第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。说明其氨基酸含量丰富,有较高的营养价值和保健作用。     

梵净山地木耳营养成分分析

以采自梵净山镜内的地木耳为试材,对其主要营养成分、氨基酸含量、矿物质含量进行了分析测定。结果表明:梵净山地木耳含有丰富的人体所需的矿质元素和至少17种氨基酸,除色氨酸外,必需氨基酸种类齐全;其中,地木耳维生素C含量为(6.20±0.04)mg/100g,粗蛋白质含量为(24.30±0.05)g/100g,必需氨基酸含量(EAA)/氨基酸总量(TAA)为52.04%,必需氨基酸含量(EAA)/非必需氨基酸含量(NEAA)为127.87%,均高于FAO/WHO模式推荐的EAA/TAA约为40%,EAA/NEAA约为60%。     

鹿肚耳与3种木耳的营养价值评价

综述皱木耳Auricularia delicata新品种"鹿肚耳"的形态特征和食用特点,测定其与黑木耳、毛木耳、毛木耳白色变种"玉木耳"人工栽培子实体的基本营养成分、矿质元素含量和氨基酸组成,评价其营养价值。结果表明:鹿肚耳热量235 kJ/100g、蛋白质7.21 g/100g、脂肪1.5 g/100g、碳水化合物48.4 g/100g、总膳食纤维29.3g/100g,含有5种常量元素、5种必需微量元素,其中,硒元素含量是黑木耳的4.6倍;含有人体所需的8种必需氨基酸,氨基酸化学评分(CS)和氨基酸评分(ASS)分别为12和18.86,色氨酸为其限制性氨基酸;蛋白质综合评价低于其他3种木耳。     

耐盐蔬菜三角叶滨藜营养成分分析与评价

运用国标法对江苏沿海滩涂引种的耐盐蔬菜三角叶滨藜营养成分进行测定和分析。结果表明:三角叶滨藜主要营养物中含水量90.53%、粗蛋白2.62%、粗脂肪0.31%、粗纤维1.38%、灰分1.52%、总糖4.61%;含18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量为191.19mg/g,鲜味氨基酸含量为48.72mg/g,必需氨基酸模式与FAO/WHO接近;抗坏血酸含量较高,达45.23mg/100g;铁、锰的含量丰富,铜、锌、镉、铬、铅的含量未超国家限量标准,食用安全。     

Identification of S-haplotypes of European cultivars of sour cherry

The sour cherry is known to exhibit the phenomenon of gametophytic self-incompatibility which prevents self-fertilization. In sour cherry, besides self-incompatible cultivars, there often occur self-compatible cultivars. This is due to the occurrence of natural mutations of the S-RNase or SFB genes and, consequently, loss of functionality of S-alleles. Here we present the results of the identification of S-haplotypes of 21 cultivars of sour cherry from various regions of Europe. The analyses were performed using methods based on the amplification of intron I and intron II of the S-RNase gene and fragments specific to the individual alleles of the S-RNase or SFB genes. The tested cultivars were found to contain 15 S-haplotypes: S₁, S_1?, S₄, S₆, S_6m, S_6m2, S₉, S₁₂, S₁₃, S_13?, S₂₆, S₃₅, S_36a, S_36b, and S_36b2. The most frequently occurring S-haplotypes were S_13? (61.9%), S_36a (57.1%), and S₂₆ (47.6%). On the basis of the results, 17 of the 21 cultivars were deduced to be self-compatible. The results will be of use in the production of sour cherry fruit by facilitating the selection of suitable pollinating cultivars. The results are also expected to be useful in the breeding of new cultivars of sour cherry when selecting genotypes for crosses.     

化学药剂对香椿休眠解除的影响及其机理

 采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计, 探索6-BA、GA₃ 、(NH₂) ₂CS、ZnSO₄ 、KNO₃ 对香椿休眠解除的影响, 5 种化学药剂解除休眠的作用依次为ZnSO4 > (NH₂) ₂CS > GA₃ > 6-BA > KNO₃ 。打破香椿休眠的最佳药剂组合是: 6-BA 20 mg/L + GA₃ 180 mg/L + (NH₂) ₂CS 1 % + ZnSO4 0.5 % + KNO₃ 2 %。用上述药剂处理可以使香椿提早23 d 萌芽。     

Ozone forming potential of tropical plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state of India

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted by many plants. In this study, sixty common plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India were examined for VOC (isoprene and monoterpene) emissions. Plant species VOC emission rates ranged from undetectable to 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Dalbergia sissoo exhibited a maximum VOC emission rate of 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Ozone forming potentials (OFP) of the sixty plant species were also estimated using the method of Benjamin and Winer (1998). Maximum ozone forming potential of 77 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1 was observed in the case of Mangifera indica. Out of 60 species, 26 species (43.3%) had low OFP (less than 1 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1), 18 species (30%) had medium OFP (less than 1–10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1) and 16 species (26.7%) had high OFP (more than 10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1).     

京白梨等品种S 基因型鉴定及新基因S28 和S30 的核苷酸序列分析

 根据梨S基因高度保守区C1和C3区, 设计1对引物P1和P2, 对梨品种的基因组DNA进行S基因特异扩增、克隆、测序, 并在GenBank中BLAST比较, 确定S 基因特异性片段, 对京白梨等6个供试自交不亲和品种的S基因型比对结果为: 白梨中的‘库尔勒香梨’为S₂₁ S₂₈ , ‘苹果梨’为S₁₇S₁₉ ; 砂梨中的‘台湾蜜梨’为S₁₁ S₂₂ ; 西洋梨中的‘葫芦梨’为S_a S_b; 秋子梨中的‘京白’为S₁₆ S₃₀ , ‘早梨18’为S₄ S₂₈。其中S₂₈和S₃₀为首次登录的新S 基因, 在GenBank的登录号分别为AY562394 (库尔勒香梨) 和AY876945 (京白) 。     

The effect of organic supplementation of solarized soil on the quality of tomato fruit

Soil solarization, used to control weeds and soil-borne pathogens in hot climates, has not yet been widely adapted as a commercial practice because of its lack of efficacy. Experiments were carried out in southern Italy over two growing seasons to study the effect of three levels (0, 0.35 and 0.7 kg m⁻²) of organic supplementation of the soil prior to solarization on soil mineral availability and fruit quality attributes. Soil temperature and chemical properties were monitored, together with changes in the physical characteristics and chemical composition of tomato fruits grown under commercial greenhouse conditions. Organic supplementation increased the soil temperature achieved through solarization by 3.9 to 5.5 °C. Organic supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the soil concentration of NO₃⁻-N, exchangeable K₂O, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ and the level of electrical conductivity in the soil extract. Physical characteristics of tomato fruits were improved by supplementation, with fresh and dry weight enhanced up to 11 and 21%, respectively, mesocarp thickness up to 19%, firmness up to 36% and skin redness (a^*/b^* ratio) up to 24%. As the supplementation rate was raised from 0 to 0.7 kg m⁻², the fruit content of reducing sugars increased (P ≤ 0.01) from 1.75 to 2.14 g per 100 g f.w., ash from 0.49 to 0.62%, soluble solid from 5.12 to 6.18 °Brix, titratable acidity from 0.16 to 0.19%, and ascorbic acid from 25.1 to 32.5 mg 100 mL⁻¹. We concluded that organic supplementation appears to be a valuable and environmentally friendly way to improve the mineral availability in the soil and improve fruit quality of tomato.     

金嘴蝎尾蕉切花苞片褐变的控制

 研究了金嘴蝎尾蕉切花最佳采收时期和对其苞片褐变具有良好控制效果的预处理保鲜液及瓶插方法。结果表明: 金嘴蝎尾蕉以中蕾期采收最佳; 整个花枝水平放置, 完全浸泡于500 mg·L ^{- 1} H₃BO₄或500 mg·L ^{- 1} MgSO₄中1 h后, 结合2 mg·L ^{- 1} 6-BA + 200 mg·L ^{- 1} Al₂ ( SO₄ ) 3瓶插保鲜及0.1%聚乙烯醇喷洒花枝, 可显著控制苞片褐变, 保持组织较低水平pH值, 减缓膜透性的上升。其瓶插寿命分别达12 d和11.5 d, 显著高于对照的4 d。     

Comparison of anthocyanins in non-blotches and blotches of the petals of Xibei tree peony

A comparison in non-blotches and blotches of 35 cultivars of Xibei tree peony was investigated to explore flower coloration of Xibei tree peony (the second cultivar group in Chinese tree peony). With high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, six anthocyanins including peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg3G) were detected in non-blotches and blotches of petals. Total anthocyanins (TA), total flavones and flavonols (TF), and the copigmentation index (CI) were also analyzed. Cyanidin-based glycosides, which accumulated abundantly at the basal petal, resulted in blotch formation. Some peculiar cultivars with only one kind of anthocyanins or without anthocyanins in non-blotches were found in this study. For example, ‘Feng Zi Xiu Se’, ‘Ou Duan Si Lian’, and ‘Xi Wang’ contained only Pn3G5G; ‘Bing Shan Cang Yu’ and ‘Jin Bo Dang Yang’ contained only Cy3G; while no anthocyanins were found in ‘Bing Shan Xue Lian’. Several cultivars were rich in Pg-based glycosides, such as ‘Ni Hong Huan Cai’, and ‘Ju Yuan Shao Nv’. These cultivars would be excellent parents for creating new cultivars with novel flower color in the future.     

DNA profiling of Capsicum landraces of Manipur

Seven chilli landraces of Manipur belonging to three cultivated species of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense) form economically important food crops of the region. The genotypes were characterized using ten random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient calculated by UPGMA method differentiated the genotypes into two main cluster groups. One cluster represented the C. annuum genotypes while the other cluster represented the C. frutescens and the C. chinense genotypes. C. chinense genotypes were more close to C. frutescens genotypes. Genetic variation between the C. frutescens genotypes was more than among the C. annuum genotypes and the C. chinense genotypes were the least similar ones.     

Analyses of pollen-tube growth and biological action of S-RNase in the style of self-compatible Japanese pear

The Japanese pear ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄^SM) (SM = stylar-part mutant) is a self-compatible bud mutant that originated from self-incompatible ‘Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄). The S₄-allele of the pear is deleted and it shows unilateral incompatibility to cultivar with an S₂S₄ genotype. However, when pollen-tube growth was compared between cross-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Okusankichi’ (S₅S₇)], unilateral-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Kikusui’ (S₂S₄)], self-compatible (‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), and unilateral-incompatible pollination (‘Kikusui’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), pollen-tube growth clearly showed the following order: cross-compatible > unilateral-compatible > self-compatible > unilateral-incompatible. This indicates that the ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ style produces specific inhibitor(s) not only to S₂- and S₄-pollen but also “self-pollen”, because the phenotype of S₄^SM-pollen is the same as S₄-pollen. Stylar protein analysis demonstrated that ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ produces S₂-RNase (RNase associated with S₂-allele) together with a small amount of S₄-RNase. The purified S₄-RNase possessed almost the same inhibitory action on the growth of S₄-pollen-tubes in vitro at 1 μg μl⁻¹ as that from original ‘Nijisseiki’. These results suggest that the depressed growth of unilateral-compatible and self-pollen-tubes in ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ is due to this biologically active S₄-RNase. Growth of self-pollen-tubes may also be depressed by inhibitor(s) specific to “self-pollen” unrelated to S-alleles.     

Cross-compatibility of apple cultivars possessing S-RNase alleles of similar sequence

Summary

We investigated the functional differences in three pairs of S-RNase alleles having similar sequences. It was confirmed using pollination tests that S₁₉ and S₂₈ behaved as different alleles, while S₁₇ and S₁₉ appeared to be the same allele. Our previous new allele designation of S_6b in place of S₁₇ and S₁₉, and not S₁₉ and S₂₈, from S-RNase sequence analyses was therefore confirmed. The deduced amino acid sequences of S₃ and S₁₀, although showing high similarity (94%), were functionally distinct.