套袋对‘三红蜜柚’果实着色的影响

【目的】‘三红蜜柚’[Citrus maxima(Brum.)Merr.‘Sanhongmiyou’]的海绵层和果肉红色,外果皮橙黄色,经套袋后也呈现紫红色,但套袋对外果皮呈色的作用机制尚不清楚。因此,本研究通过分析不同套袋对外果皮色素积累的影响,筛选出最适套袋方案,指导生产,也为今后进一步研究果面色泽形成机理提供研究基础。【方法】以’三红蜜柚’果实为试材,分别选用3种不同的果袋对果实进行套袋,以不套袋作为对照,测定果实在发育期间的外果皮色泽参数、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,使用超高效液相色谱法测定外果皮番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素和玉米黄素的含量。【结果】3种套袋处理的果皮亮度值L*、红绿色度值a*、黄蓝色度值b*和色泽饱和度在果实发育过程中均呈上升趋势,显著高于对照组;在3种套袋处理间,L*值无显著差异,处理A和处理B的果实比处理C的果实更早退绿,更早着色。相比较于对照组,套袋处理能够显著提高成熟果实果皮的番茄红素含量,不同处理间的果皮番茄红素含量差异显著,其中,处理A的果皮番茄红素含量最高,达44.54 mg·kg^-1。在果实发育过程中,套袋处理果实的果皮β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量均呈下降趋势,显著低于对照组。【结论】套袋显著降低‘三红蜜柚’果实的果皮叶绿素含量,促使果皮提前退绿;双层和三层果袋显著提高成熟期果实的果皮番茄红素含量,增加果皮的红色成分,有效提高‘三红蜜柚’果实的果面着色效果。     

套袋对翠冠梨果皮特征及品质的影响

翠冠为南方主栽梨品种之一,自然生长状况下果面极易形成锈斑,严重影响其外观品质。通过对翠冠梨进行不同类型果袋的套袋处理,系统定量研究了套袋条件下果皮的形态特征、果实外观和内在品质的变化。结果表明,套袋处理显著提高了无绣果和少绣果的比率,增加了果面亮度,改善了果实外观色泽,减小了果点直径,减淡了果点色泽。在电子显微镜下可清晰看到套袋使果面光洁平滑,龟裂程度远小于未套袋果面。套袋处理普遍降低了果实可溶性固形物含量;不透光袋显著提高了果肉石细胞含量。在外观品质改善上以双层透光蜡纸袋效果最好。研究结果将有助于今后对翠冠梨果实袋的正确选择和使用。     

Irwin杧果果皮着色与相关酶活性的关系

以Irwin杧果为试材,研究外黄内黑复合纸双层果袋对生长发育过程中果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮含量与相关代谢酶活性变化影响及相关性。结果表明,随着果实发育成熟,花青苷含量在果实发育中呈低—高—低的变化趋势。套外黄内黑双层袋显著降低了果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷和类黄酮含量;PAL活性在果实发育60d就达到最高,随后降低,完熟时降至最低;CHI活性随着果实的发育成熟有所降低,DFR活性前期变化平缓,在完熟时升至最高;UFGT随果实发育成熟降至最低;外黄内黑复合纸袋显著抑制了PAL、CHI、DFR和UFGT活性。果皮花青苷、类黄酮与CHI呈极显著正相关,类黄酮与UFGT呈显著正相关。说明Irwin杧果皮着色可能是各种色素与CHI和UFGT等作用的结果。     

套袋对日光温室栽培兴农红桃果实品质的影响

以果皮紫红色的早熟桃品种兴农红为试材,在日光温室栽培条件下,研究了不同类型果袋对果实品质的影响,为生产中选用适宜的果袋提供理论依据。结果表明:3种果袋,以外黄内黑双层袋在提高果实光亮度,降低果皮中胡萝卜素、类胡萝卜素及花青素含量方面,效果最好,外黄内白双层袋次之,白色单层袋最差;3种果袋对单果重也产生较大影响,外黄内黑、外黄内白2种双层袋均使单果重减小,白色单层袋使单果重增加;在果实解袋后的1~5天,3种果袋处理的总糖含量及糖酸比均呈上升趋势,果面光亮度均呈下降趋势,但下降幅度以外黄内黑双层袋最小。综合得出,外黄内黑双层袋在改善兴农红桃果实外观品质方面效果较好。     

套袋对黄花梨果实品质和贮藏性能的影响

以黄花梨为试材,分别用外黄内黑双层袋、自制单层报纸袋对黄花梨果实进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了套袋对果实品质及其贮藏性能的影响。结果表明:套外黄内黑双层袋果实果面浅黄色,与不套袋果相比,着色一致,洁净,光滑,有光泽,果点不明显,病虫果率低,果实硬度较高,但果实偏小;其果实采后在常温贮藏16 d,与对照相比,可显著降低果实腐烂率,抑制果实硬度下降,提高可溶性固形物保存率,从而提高了果实品质和果实的贮藏性能。而套自制单层报纸袋在一定程度上也可改善果实外观品质和提高果实的贮藏性能,但效果不如套外黄内黑双层袋佳。     

烟富8号苹果带袋采收和不套袋果实品质的比较

比较了烟富8号苹果带袋采收和不套袋的果实品质和货架期品质变化。结果表明：烟富8号苹果带袋采收果实单果重和果形指数均高于不套袋果实，但差异均不显著；烟富8号带袋采收果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量和还原糖含量、果皮a*值、类胡萝卜素含量和花青苷含量、果皮果肉总黄酮含量等均显著低于不套袋果实；烟富8号带袋采收果实果皮L*、b*值和果实可滴定酸含量均显著高于不套袋果实；烟富8号带袋采收果实维生素C含量和类胡萝卜素含量与不套袋果实无显著差异。在货架期，烟富8号带袋采收果实硬度和还原糖含量、果皮类胡萝卜素含量和花青苷含量、果皮果肉总黄酮含量显著低于不套袋果实，烟富8号带袋采收果肉类胡萝卜素含量显著高于不套袋果实。     

果袋类型对“黄金蜜柚”果实外观和品质的影响

采用透明薄膜袋、自制黑色无纺布袋、黄色单层柚果专用纸袋和外黄内黑双层柚果专用纸袋等对"黄金蜜柚"果实套袋进行不同材质果袋的对比试验,以不套袋为对照。结果表明,黄色单层纸袋和外黄内黑双层纸袋透气性好,操作方便,套袋果实的果面光洁美观,着色均匀,裂瓣率和木质化率较低,糖酸含量适中,风味、品质较好,综合效益佳,值得推广应用。     

套袋对晚三吉梨果实品质的影响

套报纸袋或蜡纸袋都可以提高晚三吉梨果实硬度和果形指数,套蜡纸袋对果形指数影响显著。套报纸袋对果皮色泽改良效果明显,可使果面光滑、果皮变薄;套蜡纸袋果皮依然黑厚,粗糙程度加重,套袋果实的可溶性固形物含量略低。     

不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实品质的影响

研究了不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实外观、果皮色素、果皮色泽及果实内在品质的影响。结果表明,采用白色单层袋套果后,青熟和完熟时,白色单层纸袋处理的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素质量分数较低,花青苷和类黄酮质量分数均较高,果皮亮度、色彩浓度和色度角均较高或最高,使果皮在青熟时呈紫红色,完熟时呈桃红色。白色单层袋套果后,果实的内在品质如维生素C、可溶性固形物、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖质量分数最高,内在品质最佳。外黄内黑复合纸袋果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮质量分数均较低,果皮亮度、色彩浓度均最高,色度角最低,使果皮在青熟时呈浅黄色,完熟时呈橙黄色,但果实内在品质比白色单层袋差。因此,建议红杧6号杧果用白色单层纸袋进行套袋。     

不同套袋处理对黔中地区‘锦绣’黄桃果实品质及栽培的影响

作者以‘锦绣’黄桃为试材，探究7种不同类型果袋处理对黔中地区的黄桃果实品质及栽培的影响。结果表明，不套袋果实在发育过程中受外界不利因素影响较大，损失率高达82.22%；而套袋处理能极大地降低果实损失率。其中外黄内黑双层袋效果最好，损失率为24.44%。套袋处理提高了果实单果重、纵横径和可食率，外黄内黑双层袋增加最显著，分别较对照提高38.74%,15.41%,12.16%和1.66%。套袋在一定程度上降低果实内在品质，但外黄内黑双层袋和白色葡萄纸袋处理对果实内在品质影响较小，固酸比均显著高于对照；套袋还改善果实外观品质，提升商品性，但不同果袋类型影响不同。综上，外黄内黑双层袋能有效降低果实损失率，提升外在品质，保持较高的固酸比。因此，在黔中地区‘锦绣’黄桃适宜选用外黄内黑双层袋进行套袋，同时加强果园肥水管理，平衡套袋带来的负面影响。     

Identification of S-haplotypes of European cultivars of sour cherry

The sour cherry is known to exhibit the phenomenon of gametophytic self-incompatibility which prevents self-fertilization. In sour cherry, besides self-incompatible cultivars, there often occur self-compatible cultivars. This is due to the occurrence of natural mutations of the S-RNase or SFB genes and, consequently, loss of functionality of S-alleles. Here we present the results of the identification of S-haplotypes of 21 cultivars of sour cherry from various regions of Europe. The analyses were performed using methods based on the amplification of intron I and intron II of the S-RNase gene and fragments specific to the individual alleles of the S-RNase or SFB genes. The tested cultivars were found to contain 15 S-haplotypes: S₁, S_1?, S₄, S₆, S_6m, S_6m2, S₉, S₁₂, S₁₃, S_13?, S₂₆, S₃₅, S_36a, S_36b, and S_36b2. The most frequently occurring S-haplotypes were S_13? (61.9%), S_36a (57.1%), and S₂₆ (47.6%). On the basis of the results, 17 of the 21 cultivars were deduced to be self-compatible. The results will be of use in the production of sour cherry fruit by facilitating the selection of suitable pollinating cultivars. The results are also expected to be useful in the breeding of new cultivars of sour cherry when selecting genotypes for crosses.     

化学药剂对香椿休眠解除的影响及其机理

 采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计, 探索6-BA、GA₃ 、(NH₂) ₂CS、ZnSO₄ 、KNO₃ 对香椿休眠解除的影响, 5 种化学药剂解除休眠的作用依次为ZnSO4 > (NH₂) ₂CS > GA₃ > 6-BA > KNO₃ 。打破香椿休眠的最佳药剂组合是: 6-BA 20 mg/L + GA₃ 180 mg/L + (NH₂) ₂CS 1 % + ZnSO4 0.5 % + KNO₃ 2 %。用上述药剂处理可以使香椿提早23 d 萌芽。     

Ozone forming potential of tropical plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state of India

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted by many plants. In this study, sixty common plant species of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India were examined for VOC (isoprene and monoterpene) emissions. Plant species VOC emission rates ranged from undetectable to 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Dalbergia sissoo exhibited a maximum VOC emission rate of 75.2 μg g^?1 h^?1. Ozone forming potentials (OFP) of the sixty plant species were also estimated using the method of Benjamin and Winer (1998). Maximum ozone forming potential of 77 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1 was observed in the case of Mangifera indica. Out of 60 species, 26 species (43.3%) had low OFP (less than 1 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1), 18 species (30%) had medium OFP (less than 1–10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1) and 16 species (26.7%) had high OFP (more than 10 g O₃ (tree)^?1 d^?1).     

京白梨等品种S 基因型鉴定及新基因S28 和S30 的核苷酸序列分析

 根据梨S基因高度保守区C1和C3区, 设计1对引物P1和P2, 对梨品种的基因组DNA进行S基因特异扩增、克隆、测序, 并在GenBank中BLAST比较, 确定S 基因特异性片段, 对京白梨等6个供试自交不亲和品种的S基因型比对结果为: 白梨中的‘库尔勒香梨’为S₂₁ S₂₈ , ‘苹果梨’为S₁₇S₁₉ ; 砂梨中的‘台湾蜜梨’为S₁₁ S₂₂ ; 西洋梨中的‘葫芦梨’为S_a S_b; 秋子梨中的‘京白’为S₁₆ S₃₀ , ‘早梨18’为S₄ S₂₈。其中S₂₈和S₃₀为首次登录的新S 基因, 在GenBank的登录号分别为AY562394 (库尔勒香梨) 和AY876945 (京白) 。     

金嘴蝎尾蕉切花苞片褐变的控制

 研究了金嘴蝎尾蕉切花最佳采收时期和对其苞片褐变具有良好控制效果的预处理保鲜液及瓶插方法。结果表明: 金嘴蝎尾蕉以中蕾期采收最佳; 整个花枝水平放置, 完全浸泡于500 mg·L ^{- 1} H₃BO₄或500 mg·L ^{- 1} MgSO₄中1 h后, 结合2 mg·L ^{- 1} 6-BA + 200 mg·L ^{- 1} Al₂ ( SO₄ ) 3瓶插保鲜及0.1%聚乙烯醇喷洒花枝, 可显著控制苞片褐变, 保持组织较低水平pH值, 减缓膜透性的上升。其瓶插寿命分别达12 d和11.5 d, 显著高于对照的4 d。     

The effect of organic supplementation of solarized soil on the quality of tomato fruit

Soil solarization, used to control weeds and soil-borne pathogens in hot climates, has not yet been widely adapted as a commercial practice because of its lack of efficacy. Experiments were carried out in southern Italy over two growing seasons to study the effect of three levels (0, 0.35 and 0.7 kg m⁻²) of organic supplementation of the soil prior to solarization on soil mineral availability and fruit quality attributes. Soil temperature and chemical properties were monitored, together with changes in the physical characteristics and chemical composition of tomato fruits grown under commercial greenhouse conditions. Organic supplementation increased the soil temperature achieved through solarization by 3.9 to 5.5 °C. Organic supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the soil concentration of NO₃⁻-N, exchangeable K₂O, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ and the level of electrical conductivity in the soil extract. Physical characteristics of tomato fruits were improved by supplementation, with fresh and dry weight enhanced up to 11 and 21%, respectively, mesocarp thickness up to 19%, firmness up to 36% and skin redness (a^*/b^* ratio) up to 24%. As the supplementation rate was raised from 0 to 0.7 kg m⁻², the fruit content of reducing sugars increased (P ≤ 0.01) from 1.75 to 2.14 g per 100 g f.w., ash from 0.49 to 0.62%, soluble solid from 5.12 to 6.18 °Brix, titratable acidity from 0.16 to 0.19%, and ascorbic acid from 25.1 to 32.5 mg 100 mL⁻¹. We concluded that organic supplementation appears to be a valuable and environmentally friendly way to improve the mineral availability in the soil and improve fruit quality of tomato.     

Comparison of anthocyanins in non-blotches and blotches of the petals of Xibei tree peony

A comparison in non-blotches and blotches of 35 cultivars of Xibei tree peony was investigated to explore flower coloration of Xibei tree peony (the second cultivar group in Chinese tree peony). With high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, six anthocyanins including peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg3G) were detected in non-blotches and blotches of petals. Total anthocyanins (TA), total flavones and flavonols (TF), and the copigmentation index (CI) were also analyzed. Cyanidin-based glycosides, which accumulated abundantly at the basal petal, resulted in blotch formation. Some peculiar cultivars with only one kind of anthocyanins or without anthocyanins in non-blotches were found in this study. For example, ‘Feng Zi Xiu Se’, ‘Ou Duan Si Lian’, and ‘Xi Wang’ contained only Pn3G5G; ‘Bing Shan Cang Yu’ and ‘Jin Bo Dang Yang’ contained only Cy3G; while no anthocyanins were found in ‘Bing Shan Xue Lian’. Several cultivars were rich in Pg-based glycosides, such as ‘Ni Hong Huan Cai’, and ‘Ju Yuan Shao Nv’. These cultivars would be excellent parents for creating new cultivars with novel flower color in the future.     

Analyses of pollen-tube growth and biological action of S-RNase in the style of self-compatible Japanese pear

The Japanese pear ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄^SM) (SM = stylar-part mutant) is a self-compatible bud mutant that originated from self-incompatible ‘Nijisseiki’ (S₂S₄). The S₄-allele of the pear is deleted and it shows unilateral incompatibility to cultivar with an S₂S₄ genotype. However, when pollen-tube growth was compared between cross-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Okusankichi’ (S₅S₇)], unilateral-compatible [‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Kikusui’ (S₂S₄)], self-compatible (‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), and unilateral-incompatible pollination (‘Kikusui’ × ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’), pollen-tube growth clearly showed the following order: cross-compatible > unilateral-compatible > self-compatible > unilateral-incompatible. This indicates that the ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ style produces specific inhibitor(s) not only to S₂- and S₄-pollen but also “self-pollen”, because the phenotype of S₄^SM-pollen is the same as S₄-pollen. Stylar protein analysis demonstrated that ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ produces S₂-RNase (RNase associated with S₂-allele) together with a small amount of S₄-RNase. The purified S₄-RNase possessed almost the same inhibitory action on the growth of S₄-pollen-tubes in vitro at 1 μg μl⁻¹ as that from original ‘Nijisseiki’. These results suggest that the depressed growth of unilateral-compatible and self-pollen-tubes in ‘Osa-Nijisseiki’ is due to this biologically active S₄-RNase. Growth of self-pollen-tubes may also be depressed by inhibitor(s) specific to “self-pollen” unrelated to S-alleles.     

DNA profiling of Capsicum landraces of Manipur

Seven chilli landraces of Manipur belonging to three cultivated species of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense) form economically important food crops of the region. The genotypes were characterized using ten random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient calculated by UPGMA method differentiated the genotypes into two main cluster groups. One cluster represented the C. annuum genotypes while the other cluster represented the C. frutescens and the C. chinense genotypes. C. chinense genotypes were more close to C. frutescens genotypes. Genetic variation between the C. frutescens genotypes was more than among the C. annuum genotypes and the C. chinense genotypes were the least similar ones.     

5种国兰( Cymbidium ) 的光合特性

 通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光分析等方法研究了5种国兰(Cymbidium ) 的光合特性。其光饱和点、光补偿点、CO₂ 补偿点和CO₂ 饱和点表明它们具有C3 植物特征; 光合速率在3.0 ～5.9 μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}之间, 在低于2 000 μmol·mol^{- 1} CO₂ 浓度下, 光合速率受CO₂ 浓度影响较大; 5种国兰的光合能力、表观量子效率、羧化效率等都有所差异; 光饱和点在350～650μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}之间, 属于喜阴植物,其中春兰、建兰耐阴性相对较低, 墨兰、春剑耐阴性相对较高, 蕙兰居中。从暗处暴露到强光下, 5种国兰的光化学反应启动差异较大, 启动后的光化学效率差异也较大, 这可能与国兰不同种起源地的生态环境,适应性及进化有关。