基于GNSS的农机自动导航路径搜索及转向控制

为提高农机自动导航系统性能,提出了一种基于全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)的农机自动导航路径搜索方法和基于预瞄点搜索的纯追踪模型。根据农机不同作业需求,导航系统可选择直线路径搜索或曲线路径搜索,实现农机直线和曲线自动导航作业;建立基于预瞄点搜索的纯追踪模型,并将其用于农机转向控制,该模型不涉及复杂的控制理论,适用性较强。为验证路径搜索方法和纯追踪模型性能,以John Deere拖拉机为试验平台,进行了农机直线跟踪和转向控制导航试验。结果表明:直线路径跟踪导航试验,车速为0.8、1.0和1.2 m/s时,导航均方根误差分别为3.79、4.28和5.39 cm;转向导航试验,车速为0.6 m/s时,在弓形转弯和梨形转弯导航方式下,导航均方根误差分别为25.23和14.42 cm;与模糊控制方法对比试验,直线路径导航方式下,应用该文方法和模糊控制方法的导航均方根误差分别为4.30和5.95 cm,在曲线路径导航方式下,应用该文方法和模糊控制方法的导航均方根误差分别为13.73和21.40 cm;基于GNSS的农机自动导航路径搜索方法和预瞄点搜索的纯追踪模型可以得到较好的定位控制精度,可满足田间实际作业的要求。     

基于GPS/INS和线控转向的农业机械自动驾驶系统

研究旨在设计出一套农用车辆自动导航控制系统,让机器人代替农民进行田间作业,实现农用车辆自动驾驶,从而可以有效提高农业机械的作业精度、生产效率和使用安全性,并且为精细农业研究提供技术支持,改善农业生产的方法。该文通过GPS/INS(global positioning system/inertial navigation system)组合导航技术实时获得载体的导航信息(位置、速度、航向、姿态),根据导航信息与预设轨迹参数计算出载体的目标前轮转向角,并以该目标前轮转向角与当前前轮转角的差值作为控制输入,实现对转向执行电机的精确控制,从而实现载体的路径跟踪控制。同时对整个系统的软硬件进行设计,并对系统控制策略进行仿真和试验验证。最终结果表明,本文所设计的组合导航系统定位精度高,其定位精度可达到0.1~0.5 m;路径跟踪系统误差小,当车速分别为0.5 m/s和1 m/s时,路径跟踪的最大横向误差分别为0.16 m和0.27 m;整个系统响应速度快,可达到0.1s。通过将GPS/INS组合导航技术与线控转向技术相结合,能够实现农用车辆的自动驾驶。     

小地块履带农机UWB导航系统设计及其基站布置

针对中国南方分布零散和土壤黏重的稻麦、稻油轮作区小地块长期使用轮式农机导致深泥脚现象加重造成自主导航性能变差且卫星导航面对普通大众使用门槛高用户友好性欠缺、难以满足便捷跨区作业要求,该研究以履带农机为研究对象,提出一种基于快速稳态转向原理的路径跟踪控制方法,以农田边界布置随插近距超宽带（UWB,Ultra Wide Band）基站组作为参照路径设计了具备基站偏移误差自诊断自主导航系统,实现小地块内高精度自主导航。近距UWB基站布置最佳方式选取与优化结果表明：双UWB基站平行农机于目标作业路径布置在农田外侧是最佳方式且距农田边界最佳临界距离为10 m。静态校正试验结果表明：快速稳态转向路径校正控制器的跟踪控制误差≤1 cm,变异系数＜5%,路径校正时间≤1 s,变异系数＜3%。动态校正试验结果表明：中低车速的直线作业精度误差≤8 cm,随作业车速增大,直线作业精度略有降低,但精度误差≤10 cm,变异系数≤5%。研究结果表明,改进AOA模式大田农机自主导航位姿检测方法与快速稳态路径校正控制策略组合导航具有较高的稳定性和较好的鲁棒性,可满足大田农机自主导航作业需求。研究结果可为高精度小地块农田自主导航技术研究提供参考。     

东方红X-804拖拉机的DGPS自动导航控制系统

该文在东方红X-804拖拉机上开发了基于RTK-DGPS的自动导航控制系统。系统主要包括RTK-DGPS接收机、导航控制器、转向操纵控制器、电控液压转向装置和转向轮偏角检测传感器。其中转向操纵控制器、转向轮偏角检测传感器和电控液压转向装置构成转向轮偏角的闭环控制回路,该回路可根据导航控制器提供的期望转向轮偏角实现偏转角的随动控制。将拖拉机运动学模型和转向操纵控制模型相结合,建立了拖拉机直线跟踪的导航控制传递函数模型,模型的输入是横向跟踪误差,输出是期望的转向轮偏角。设计了基于PID算法的导航控制器,仿真分析了系统稳定性和动态响应性能,确定了PID控制参数的较佳取值。针对东方红X-804拖拉机转弯半径大的特点,采用跨行地头转向控制方式,提出了具体的控制流程及算法。田间试验结果表明：采用所设计的DGPS自动导航控制系统,在拖拉机行进速度为0.8 m/s时,直线跟踪的最大误差小于0.15 m,平均跟踪误差小于0.03 m,所提出的跨行地头转向控制方法对试验拖拉机具有良好的适用性。     

谷物联合收割机电控全液压转向系统建模与仿真

为研究谷物联合收割机视觉导航系统中电控全液压转向系统的操纵性能,该文介绍了联合收割机视觉导航系统结构,在建立了电控全液压转向系统各组成部分的数学模型基础上,构建了系统的仿真模型,并进行了Simulink 仿真。仿真结果表明：联合收割机的侧向速度和横摆角速度的稳态值与实车试验结果一致,横摆角速度稳态值约为-12.5°/s,侧向速度稳态值约为-0.25 m/s,二者的稳态误差小于5%;在信号瞬态响应过程中,仿真与实车试验的过渡时间相同,约为1.8 s,仿真试验的侧向速度及横摆角度的响应速度皆快于实车试验结果,但二者总体变化趋势相同。所建立的系统模型准确、可靠,较好地反映了联合收割机转向时动静态特性,为联合收割机视觉导航转向控制器设计提供参考依据。     

改进AOA模式的大田农机无人驾驶导航参数检测系统设计

卫星导航、视觉导航和雷达导航的成本昂贵、系统构成复杂和适用作业场景有限,在生产特征呈现区域化、适度小规模和分布零散的国内南方水田难以实现便捷跨区域作业和无法适用多农业场景。针对上述问题,该研究以大田环境下无人驾驶农机的牛耕式往复作业路径模式为背景,提出了改进AOA(信号到达角度,Angle-of-Arrival)模式的农业机械无人驾驶导航参数检测系统。该系统采用UWB(超宽带通信,Ultra Wide Band)基站-标签作为检测传感器,设计了TBZ(田边双基站-车身纵向双标签)和TBH(田边双基站-车身横向双标签)2种传感器布置方式,实现农业机械无人驾驶过程中导航参数的快速精准检测。静态试验结果表明:对于2种传感器布置方式,在固定的基站间距和标签间距下,随着标签间距或基站间距的增大导航参数检测精度均有所提高,横向偏差检测误差≤8 cm,航向偏差趋近于0,但不大于1°,并通过正交组合试验方差分析明确了2种传感器布置方式的关键参数对横向偏差和航向偏差检测精度影响的显著性,确定了主次因素和较优参数组合。动态试验结果表明:随着车速增大,横向偏差和航向偏差的检测精度有所降低,横向偏差误差均不超过10 cm,航向偏差的检测误差均小于3°,变异系数均小于10%,说明动态环境下自主导航参数检测系统仍具有较高的检测精度,可满足农机大田自主导航作业需求。研究结果可为研制低成本、高精度和便捷的无人驾驶系统提供参考。     

基于速度自适应的拖拉机自动导航控制方法

针对速度因素对拖拉机自动导航系统稳定性的影响,提出了基于横向位置偏差和航向角偏差的双目标联合滑模控制方法,在建立两轮拖拉机-路径动力学模型和直线路径跟踪偏差模型的基础上,应用Matlab/Simulink进行整体系统仿真,验证了控制方法的可靠性;以雷沃TG1254拖拉机为载体搭建了自动导航控制系统田间试验平台,分别在定速和变速条件下,进行了拖拉机直线路径跟踪控制的田间试验;分析了不同速度条件下的动态跟踪控制效果,验证了设计的自动导航控制系统的稳定性和控制精度。试验结果表明:在拖拉机田间作业常见的定速直线行驶工况下,采用基于速度自适应的双目标联合滑模控制方法,拖拉机直线路径跟踪控制的横向位置偏差最大值为10.60 cm,平均绝对偏差在3.50 cm以内;航向角偏差最大值为3.87°,平均绝对偏差在1.70°以内;在进入稳态以后,前轮转向角最大摆动幅度为3°,摆动标准差为0.80°。结论表明,该文提出的基于速度自适应的拖拉机自动导航控制系统,能基本实现不同速度下的直线路径自动跟踪控制。     

电动方向盘插秧机转向控制系统设计

电动方向盘作为农机导航系统的转向执行机构在中小型旱地拖拉机上已有应用,但在水田农业机械等转向阻力大的农机上的适应性尚有待研究。该文以井关PZ-60型水稻插秧机为平台,采用电动方向盘作为转向执行机构,对插秧机自动转向控制进行了研究。构建了插秧机转向机构的系统模型,采用系统辨识试验获得了系统模型参数。设计了基于PID的嵌套转向控制算法,采用Simulink仿真模型验证了算法的可行性。分别进行了幅值10°的正弦波、水田小角度转向(直线行驶跟踪)和水田大角度转向(调头)控制性能试验,试验结果表明:插秧机正弦波转向跟踪平均绝对误差为0.301 5°,平均延时0.3 s;在泥底层平坦和不平坦的水田中直线行驶时的转向角跟踪平均绝对误差分别为0.354°和0.663°,平均延迟时间均为0.6 s,角度跟踪偏差最大分别为1.4°和3.6°,深泥脚转向阻力大时有1.4 s的控制滞后;插秧机以28°转向角调头时调节时间为2.5 s,稳态误差为0.6%。研究表明,电动方向盘转向系统具有较好的动态响应和控制稳定性,适用于插秧机作业的自动转向控制,满足插秧机自动导航作业要求。     

收获机与运粮车纵向相对位置位速耦合协同控制方法与试验

针对主从导航收获协同卸粮作业过程中作业车辆纵向相对位置控制需求以及拖车驱动系统非线性度较高的问题,该研究设计了一种适用于主从导航协同收获卸粮作业的纵向相对位置协同控制方法。根据协同系统几何关系获得纵向相对位置偏差的平行协同模型,基于动力学原理和位速耦合控制方法设计了纵向相对位置控制器;通过面积辨识方法获取车速系统传递函数,基于传递函数构建仿真模型进行控制器参数全因子仿真优化试验,并与传统PD方法进行仿真对比试验,结果表明该研究方法的最优参数适应性优于传统PD。不同初始偏差的纵向协同田间空载试验结果表明,在主机速度为1 m/s时,3、7和10 m初始纵向偏差下,系统响应平均调节时间分别为7.73、17.2和23.2 s,9组试验的平均稳态绝对偏差为0.091 8 m,平均相对速度稳态误差为0.012 3 m/s,表明该方法具有较好的初始偏差适应性;田间协同收获作业表明,在主机速度为1 m/s时,平均稳态纵向相对位置偏差绝对值为0.077 8 m,标准差为0.091 3 m,协同精度能够满足收获协同卸粮的作业要求。研究结果可为自主收获作业系统研究提供支持。     

基于电动方向盘的拖拉机自动导航转向控制方法

为提高轮式拖拉机自动导航过程中转向控制的精度与稳定性,该研究以雷沃欧豹M704-2H拖拉机作为试验平台,采用电动方向盘作为转向执行机构,分析转向机械间隙对控制精度的影响,针对转向间隙特性设计转向控制算法。首先,为了获得准确的转向角,利用GNSS(global navigation satellite system)与二轮车模型快速标定虚拟轮转角,标定结果表明：虚拟轮转角的最大误差为1.3°,平均误差为0.11°。然后,对转向系统的机械间隙进行分析,设计一种带有间隙补偿的模糊PD(proportional derivative)转向控制算法,并在Simulink中验证算法的可行性。实车试验结果表明,该算法跟踪方波转角信号的响应时间为1.1 s,最大稳态误差为0.65°,平均稳态绝对误差为0.132°。跟踪正弦波转角信号的平均延时为0.5 s,最大误差为1.91°,平均绝对误差为1.09°。与无间隙补偿算法相比,有间隙补偿算法跟踪方波信号最大稳态误差减小了0.022°,平均稳态绝对误差减少了0.112°,角度误差在±0.2°内的时间提升了71%;跟踪正弦波信号最大误差减小了0.68°,平均绝对误差减小0.23°。田间直线导航转向控制试验结果表明,转角跟踪的绝对平均误差为0.61°,最大跟踪误差为2.82°,转向控制跟踪精度较高,稳定性好,满足导航作业需求。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.